UNIT 3.

4 SALTS
A. Theory questions:
Exercise 1: Three ways of making salts are:
⚫ titration using a soluble base or carbonate
⚫ neutralisation using an insoluble base or carbonate
⚫ precipitation.

a Copy and complete the following table of salt preparations.

Method Reagent 1 Reagent 2 Salt

titration HNO3
…………………. NaOH
…………………. sodium nitrate

neutralisation nitric acid ………………….

CuO copper(II) nitrate

precipitation ………………….
AgNO3 HCl
…………………. silver(I) chloride

neutralisation sulfuric acid zinc(II) carbonate ………………….

ZnSO4

b i Write an ionic equation with state symbols for the preparation of silver(I) chloride.
Ag(+) +Cl(-) --> AgCl
………………………………………………………………………………………………....
ii Complete the following equation.
H2O
ZnCO3 + H2SO4 → ……………….
ZnSO4 + ……………….
CO2 + ……………….

Exercise 2: The analysis of titration results

This exercise will develop your understanding of some of the practical skills involved in
acid-base titrations and the processing and evaluation of experimental results.

A student investigated an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and its reaction with hydrochloric
acid. He carried out two experiments.
Experiment 1
Using a measuring cylinder, 10 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution
was placed in a conical flask. Phenolphthalein indicator was added to
the flask. A burette was filled to the 0.0 cm3 mark with hydrochloric
acid (solution P).
The student added solution P slowly to the alkali in the flask until the
colour just disappeared. Use the burette diagram to record the volume in
the results table and then complete the column for experiment 1.

Hoàng Thị Thu Hồng - Chemistry teacher

Hanoi - Amsterdam High School for the Gifted
Email: honghtt-ams@[Link]
 Experiment 2
Experiment 1 was repeated using a different solution of hydrochloric
acid (solution Q).
Use the burette diagrams to record the volumes in the results table and
complete the column.
Table of results
Burette readings/cm3 Experiment 1 Experiment 2
final reading ……………….. ………………..
36.1
initial reading 0.0 ………………..
14.9
difference ……………….. 21.2
………………..
a What type of chemical reaction occurs when hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide?
Neutralisation
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
b Write a word equation for the reaction.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Hydrochloric acid + Sodium Hydroxide --> sodium chloride + water
c What was the colour change of the indicator observed?
Change to green
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
d Which of the experiments used the greater volume of hydrochloric acid?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
experiment 2
e Compare the volumes of acid used in experiments 1 and 2 and suggest an explanation for the
difference between the volumes.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
f Predict the volume of hydrochloric acid P that would be needed to react completely if
experiment 1 was repeated with 25 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.
Volume of solution needed ………………………………...
Explanation
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
g Suggest one change the student could make to the apparatus used in order to obtain more
accurate results.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Hoàng Thị Thu Hồng - Chemistry teacher

Hanoi - Amsterdam High School for the Gifted
Email: honghtt-ams@[Link]
B. Multiple choice questions
1 A method used to make copper(II) sulfate crystals is shown.
(1) Place dilute sulfuric acid in a beaker. (4) Filter the mixture.
(2) Warm the acid. (5) Evaporate the filtrate until crystals start to form.
(3) Add copper(II) oxide until it is in excess. (6) Leave the filtrate to cool.
What are the purposes of step 3 and step 4?
step 3 step 4
A to ensure all of the acid has reacted to obtain solid copper(II) sulfate
B to ensure all of the acid has reacted to remove excess copper(II) oxide
C to speed up the reaction to obtain solid copper(II) sulfate

D to speed up the reaction to remove excess copper(II) oxide

2 What is the correct sequence of steps for the preparation of a pure sample of copper(II) sulfate
crystals from copper(II) oxide and sulfuric acid?
A. dissolving → crystallisation → evaporation → filtration
B. dissolving → evaporation → filtration → crystallisation
C. dissolving → filtration → crystallisation → evaporation
D. dissolving → filtration → evaporation → crystallisation
3 Salts can be made by adding different substances to dilute hydrochloric acid.
For which substance could any excess not be removed by filtration?
A. copper(II) oxide C. sodium hydroxide
B. magnesium D. zinc hydroxide
4 Four stages in the preparation of a salt from an acid and a solid metal oxide are listed.
(1) Add excess solid. (3) Filter to remove unwanted solid.
(2) Evaporate half the solution and leave to cool. (4) Heat the acid.
In which order should the stages be carried out?
A. 1 → 3 → 4 → 2 C. 4 → 1 → 3 → 2
B. 2 → 1 → 3 → 4 D. 4 → 2 → 1 → 3
5 A salt is produced in each of the following reactions.
(P) magnesium + dilute hydrochloric acid (R) sodium hydroxide + dilute hydrochloric acid
(Q) zinc oxide + dilute sulfuric acid (S) copper carbonate + dilute sulfuric acid
Which statements about the products of the reactions are correct?
1 A flammable gas is produced in reaction P.
2 Water is formed in all reactions.
3 All the salts formed are soluble in water.
A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1 and 2 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 2 and 3 only

Hoàng Thị Thu Hồng - Chemistry teacher

Hanoi - Amsterdam High School for the Gifted
Email: honghtt-ams@[Link]
6 Zinc sulfate is a soluble salt and can be prepared by reacting excess zinc carbonate with dilute
sulfuric acid.
Which piece of equipment would not be required in the preparation of zinc sulfate crystals?
A. beaker C. evaporating dish
B. condenser D. filter funnel
7 Four steps to prepare a salt from an excess of a solid base and an acid are listed.
(1) crystallisation. (3) filtration.
(2) evaporation. (4) neutralisation.
In which order are the steps carried out?
A. 2 → 4 → 3 → 1 C. 4 → 1 → 2 → 3
B. 3 → 2 → 4 → 1 D. 4 → 3 → 2 → 1
8 Which method is used to make the salt copper sulfate?
A. dilute acid + alkali C. dilute acid + metal
B. dilute acid + carbonate D. dilute acid + non-metal oxide
9 Which of the following methods are suitable for preparing both zinc sulfate and copper sulfate?
1 Reacting the metal oxide with warm dilute aqueous sulfuric acid.
2 Reacting the metal with dilute aqueous sulfuric acid.
3 Reacting the metal carbonate with dilute aqueous sulfuric acid.
A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2

10 Which two processes are involved in the preparation of magnesium sulfate from dilute sulfuric
acid and an excess of magnesium oxide?
A. neutralisation and filtration C. thermal decomposition and filtration
B. neutralisation and oxidation D. thermal decomposition and oxidation
11 How many different salts could be made from a supply of dilute sulfuric acid, dilute hydrochloric
acid, copper, magnesium oxide and zinc carbonate?
A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
12 Which salt preparation uses a burette and a pipette?
A. calcium nitrate from calcium carbonate and nitric acid
B. copper(II) sulfate from copper(II) hydroxide and sulfuric acid
C. potassium chloride from potassium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid
D. zinc chloride from zinc and hydrochloric acid
13 Which acid reacts with ammonia to produce the salt ammonium sulfate?
A. hydrochloric B. nitric C. phosphoric D. sulfuric

14 Copper carbonate reacts with dilute sulfuric acid to make copper sulfate.
CuCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) → CuSO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Which row gives the correct order of steps for making copper sulfate crystals?
Hoàng Thị Thu Hồng - Chemistry teacher
Hanoi - Amsterdam High School for the Gifted
Email: honghtt-ams@[Link]
 step 1 step 2 step 3 step 4

A. add excess acid to the copper filter evaporate filtrate to leave to cool
carbonate point of crystallisation
B. add excess acid to the copper filter evaporate to dryness leave to cool
carbonate
C. add excess acid to the copper evaporate to point leave to cool filter
carbonate of crystallisation
D. add excess acid to the copper filter evaporate filtrate to leave to cool
carbonate point of crystallisation

15 Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate can be made by heating hydrated copper(II) sulfate.

CuSO4.5H2O → CuSO4 + 5H2O
What can be added to anhydrous copper(II) sulfate to turn it into hydrated copper(II) sulfate?
A. concentrated sulfuric acid C. sulfur dioxide
B. sodium hydroxide powder D. water
16 A compound is a salt if it
A. can neutralise an acid. C. dissolves in water.
B. contains more than one element. D. is formed when an acid reacts with a base.

17 Salts X and Y are separately dissolved in water.

Samples of the solutions obtained are separately tested with dilute hydrochloric acid and with
aqueous sodium hydroxide. In two of the tests, a gaseous product is formed. No precipitate is
formed in any of the tests. X Y
What are salts X and Y? A. AgNO3 BaSO4
B. BaSO4 Na2CO3
C. Na2CO3 NH4Cl
D. NH4Cl AgNO3

18 A liquid turns white anhydrous copper sulfate blue and has a boiling point of 103°C.
Which could be the identity of the liquid?
A. alcohol B. petrol C. salt solution D. pure water

19 A salt is made by adding an excess of an insoluble metal oxide to an acid.

How can the excess metal oxide be removed?
A. chromatography B. crystallisation C. distillation D. filtration

20 An excess of copper(II) oxide is added to dilute sulfuric acid to make crystals of hydrated
copper(II) sulfate.

Hoàng Thị Thu Hồng - Chemistry teacher

Hanoi - Amsterdam High School for the Gifted
Email: honghtt-ams@[Link]
 The processes listed may be used to obtain crystals of hydrated copper(II) sulfate.
(1) concentrate the resulting solution. (3) heat the crystals.
(2) filter. (4) wash the crystals.
Which processes are needed and in which order?

A. 1, 2, 3 B. 1, 2, 4 C. 2, 1, 3 D. 2, 1, 4

21 Salts can be prepared by reacting a dilute acid

1 with a metal.
2 with a base.
3 with a carbonate.
Which methods could be used to prepare copper(II) chloride?

A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2

Hoàng Thị Thu Hồng - Chemistry teacher

Hanoi - Amsterdam High School for the Gifted
Email: honghtt-ams@[Link]