MET

2024

JANUARY
Q1
Explain with a simple line sketch, a main engine jacket cooling automatic control
system capable of maintaining the jacket water temperature within close limits
during wide changes in engine load. (16)
Control system
Jan 2024
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Jun 2024
A temperature-controlled HT (high-temperature) circulating system is a good example of a control
system that can be enhanced by the inclusion of cascade control. The system involves two
controllers in cascade, each equipped with its own temperature sensor.

The first controller (outer loop) regulates the temperature of the water outlet and utilizes a PI
(proportional-integral) controller.
The control valve is located far from the outlet, where it accurately measures the temperature.
The error term of this first PI controller is the difference between the desired HT temperature and
the measured temperature at the outlet.
Instead of directly controlling the valve, the first PI controller sets the input for the second P
(proportional) controller.
The second controller (inner loop) compares the inlet temperature of the system with the output
from the first controller.
The second controller sends a signal to the control valve based on this comparison.
The proportional and integral terms of the two controllers are designed to be different. The outer PI
controller has a longer time constant, considering the entire system's thermal mass, while the inner
loop responds more quickly.
This cascade control configuration allows each controller to be tuned to match the specific
characteristics of the part of the system it controls, optimizing the overall system response. The
outer loop addresses slower changes in the system, while the inner loop provides rapid
adjustments, resulting in a more robust and efficient temperature control system.

ALTERNATE METHOD:
Combination of cascade and split range control. Cascade control is where the output from a
master controller is used to adjust automatically the desired value of a slave controller. The master
controller obtains an outlet temperature reading from the engine which is compared with a desired
value. Any deviation acts to adjust the desired value of the slave controller. The slave controller
also receives a signal from the water inlet temperature sensor which it compares with its latest
desired value. Any deviation results in a signal to two control valves arranged for split range
control. If the cooling water temperature is high, the Low temp water valve is opened to admit more
cooling water to the cooler. If the cooling water temperature is low, then the sea water valve will be
closed in. If the sea water valve is fully closed, then the steam inlet valve will be opened to heat
the water. Both master and slave controllers will be identical instruments and will be two-term (P+I)
in action

Q2
(a) What is the function of insulation in an electric conductor? (3)
(b) What are the various classes of insulation? (8)
(c) What are the desired properties of insulating material? (5)
Electrical safety & Maintenance
Jan 2024
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Jun 2024
Jan 2023
(a) Electrical insulators are used to hold conductors in position, separating them from one another
and from surrounding structures. They form a barrier between energized parts of an electric circuit
and confine the flow of current to wires or other conducting paths as desired.
(b)
Class Y Insulating Materials- 90°C
Cotton, silk, paper, and similar organic materials.
Class A Insulating Materials – 105°C
Impregnated paper, silk, cotton, polyimide and resins.
Class E Insulating Materials – 120°C
Enameled wire insulations on the base of molded polyvinyl epoxy resins and powder plastics.
Class B Insulating Materials – 130°C
Inorganic material (Mica, Fibre, Glass, Asbestos) impregnated with varnish and other compounds.
Class F Insulating Materials – 155°C
Mica, polyester epoxide varnished, and other varnish and in the high heat resistance.
Class H Insulating Materials – 180°C
Composite materials on mica, fiberglass, and other asbestos bases, impregnated in the silicon
rubber except for other rubber compounds.
Class C Insulating Materials – >180°C
Mica, Ceramics, Glass, Teflon, and Quartz.
(c) The insulating material should have the following properties:
High insulation resistance i.e. high resistivity.
High dielectric strength
Low permittivity
High mechanical strength
Non-hygroscopic i.e., it should not absorb moisture from air or soil
Non-inflammable
Unaffected by acids and alkalis
The electrical and chemical properties of the material should not be affected by the temperature.

Q3
(a) How protection is provided for electrical short circuit. (4)
(b) Describe the construction and operation of HRC fuses. (8)
(c) What are the advantages of HRC fuses. (4)
Generator & circuit protection
Jan 2024
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Jun 2024
Jan 2023
(a) To protect the devices and people from short circuit hazards, protecting devices are used in
electrical circuits. These devices can detect the faults and trip the circuit immediately before the
surge current reaches to the maximum. There are two popular protecting devices used frequently
in every electrical circuit.
Fuse is operated once in the circuit and then must be replaced after the trip occurs. It is helpful for
phase by phase (single pole) protection. It offers a high breaking capacity at low volume, which
limits electro-dynamic stress.
Circuit breakers can be reset either manually or automatically. It automatically breaks the circuit
within a short cutoff time and separates the load from the power supply which protects the circuit
from any damage. The magnetic triggers of CB open the poles. CBs limit both the thermal and
thermodynamic effects. It works faster than a fuse.
(b) HRC fuse (high rupturing capacity fuse) is one kind of fuse, where the fuse wire carries a short
circuit current in a set period. If the fault occurs in the circuit then it blows off. The HRC fuse is
made with glass otherwise some other kind of chemical compound.
HRC Fuse Type The enclosure of the fuse can be closed tightly to avoid the air from the
atmosphere. At both sides of the fuse, the ceramic enclosure is made with a metal cap which is
welded with fusible silver wire. Its enclosure includes some space that is surrounding by wire
otherwise element of the fuse. HRC fuse is consistent & it has the feature like if it has a high fault
current then break time is low. Similarly, if the fault current is not high, then break time is long.

Working Principle of HRC Fuse In normal conditions, the flow of current through the fuse doesn’t
provide sufficient energy to soften the element. If the huge current flows through the fuse then it
melts the element of the fuse before the fault current achieves the climax.
When the fuse is in an overload condition, then the element of the fuse will not blow-off however if
this condition exists for an extended period, then the material like Eutectic will dissolve & break the
element of the fuse. When the fuse is in short circuit condition, then the thin parts of the fuse
element is less area will dissolve quickly & will smash before the eutectic material. So this is the
reason to provide the limitations within the element of HRC Fuse.
(c) The advantages of these fuses include the following:
These are cheaper as compared with other types
Easy to design and very simple
Maintenance is not necessary
High breaking capability
The performance of this is consistent.
Easy operation
The inverse time characteristic is suitable for overload protection

Q4
(a) Shunt generators having drooping characteristics are best suited for parallel
operation. Discuss. (6)
 (b) Two 220 V d.c. generators each having linear external characteristics, operated in
parallel. One machine has a terminal voltage of 270 V on no-load and 220 V at a load
current of 35 A, while the other has a voltage of 280 V at no-load and 220 V at 50 A.
Calculate the output current of each machine and the bus bar voltage when [10] the
total load is 60 A. What is the kW output of each machine under this condition. (10)
Calculations
Jan 2024
3
Jun 2024
Mar 2024
Apr 2023
(a) For stable parallel operation, the most suitable type of d.c. generator is shunt generator as it
has slightly drooping characteristics. If there is any tendency for a generator to supply more or less
than its proper share of load it changes system voltage which certainly opposes this tendency.
This restores the original division of load. Thus the shunt generators automatically remains in
parallel, once they are paralleled.
Consider voltage-current characteristics of a shunt generator as shown in the Fig. 1(a) and
Fig1(b).

Two shunt generators are considered. For common terminal voltage, the two generators are
supplying a current of I1 and I2 respectively. It can be seen that generator 2 has more dropping
characteristics and supplied less current.
The load will be divided properly within the two generators at all the points provided their voltage
characteristics are similar with each generator having same voltage drop from no load to full load
(b)
Alternate method:

Q5
(a) Briefly explain Static Induction and dynamic Induction. (6)
(b) A coil of 250 turns is wound uniformly over a wooden ring of mean circumference
500mm and uniform cross-sectional area of 400mm2. If the current passed through
the coil is 4A find (10)
(i) the magnetizing force
(ii) the total flux.
Calculations
Jan 2024
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Jun 2024
Jan 2023
(a) Statically Induced EMF
When the conductor is stationary and the magnetic field is changing, the induced EMF in such a
way is known as statically induced EMF (as in a transformer). It is so called because the EMF is
induced in a conductor which is stationary. The statically induced EMF can also be classified into
two categories.
Self Induced EMF
Mutually Induced EMF
Dynamically induced EMF:
When the conductor is moved in a stationary magnetic field, the magnetic flux linking with it
changes in magnitude. As the conductor is subjected to a changing magnetic field, an EMF will be
induced in it. The EMF induced in this way is known as dynamically induced EMF (as in a DC or
AC generator). It is so-called because EMF is induced in a conductor that is moving (dynamic).
(b)
Q6
(a) Explain how excitation of the rotor is produced and supplied. (6)
(b) A shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.2 ohms and with an armature
current of 120 amperes runs at 750 r.p.m. off a 400-volt supply. Calculate the speed
and armature current of the motor if the flux per pole is reduced to 75 per cent of its
initial value, the total torque remaining unaltered (10)
Calculations
Jan 2024
2
Jun 2024
Apr 2023
(a) In an AC generator, excitation of the rotor is a process that involves creating a magnetic field in
the rotor, leading to the generation of alternating current in the stator windings. Excitation is
necessary to induce the flow of electric current within the generator.
There are typically two main types of excitation systems in AC generators: brushless excitation
systems and brush excitation systems.
Brushless Excitation System: In brushless excitation systems, the rotor is equipped with a
rotating field winding. The excitation process involves the following steps:
AC Voltage Generation: The stator windings of the generator produce an initial AC voltage. This
voltage is often derived from an auxiliary AC power source or from the generator itself during initial
startup.
Rectification: The AC voltage is then rectified into DC voltage by a rectifier system. This system
usually includes diodes or thyristors (SCRs) that convert the AC voltage into a unidirectional flow
of current.
Rotor Excitation: The DC voltage is supplied to the rotor winding, creating a magnetic field. This
field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in the stator windings, leading to the generation of AC
power.
Voltage Regulation: The excitation system may include a control mechanism to regulate the DC
voltage supplied to the rotor. This control ensures that the generator output voltage remains stable
and within the desired range.

Brush Excitation System: In brush excitation systems, the rotor is equipped with a direct current
(DC) field winding. The excitation process involves the following steps:
External DC Source: A separate DC source, often a DC generator or a rectified DC power supply,
provides the initial excitation to the rotor.
Rotor Winding Excitation: The external DC source supplies a constant DC voltage to the rotor's
field winding, creating a strong and steady magnetic field.
AC Voltage Generation: As the rotor rotates within the stator windings, the magnetic field induces
an AC voltage in the stator windings, generating electrical power.
Voltage Regulation: Similar to the brushless excitation system, a control mechanism is employed
to regulate the DC voltage supplied to the rotor, ensuring stable generator output.

(b)
Q7
(a) State the conditions, which must be satisfied before an a.c. generator can be
paralleled with live bus-bars. (4)
(b) Sketch a lamp-bright configuration for synchronizing lamps (8)
(c) Discuss the advantages & disadvantages of the lamps-bright system over the
lamps-dark system. (4)
Generator & circuit protection
Jan 2024
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Jun 2024
(a) The requirement for synchronisation is the incoming machine should be
Voltage should be equal to or slightly higher than the busbar voltage (check from voltmeter)
Frequency should equal or slightly higher than the busbar voltage (check from frequency meter)
There should be no phase angle between the incoming and running generator. (Checked by
synchroscope)
When the above criteria are met, the circuit breaker of the incoming generator is closed.
(b) Lamp-bright configuration for synchronizing lamps:
A cheap method for synchronization by using 3 lamps is called synchronizing lamps method.
By using these three lamps, it is easy to check the condition for synchronization.
This method is generally used for low-power machines.
When a generator is rotated at its rated speed by using a prime mover, then it is ready to connect
to the infinite busbar by adjusting the field current of the infinite busbar to get its terminal voltage
equal to the busbar voltage.
Voltage may vary from 0 V to twice the phase voltage, so it is required to use a suitable lamp.
Three bright lamp method

For this method, all three lamps are connected in parallel to the switches A1 to B2, B1 to C2 and
C1 to A2.
If all the phases are connected properly, all lamps will be bright and dark at the same time.
If not flicker at the same time, the phase sequence is not corrected so need to change the phase
and observe until all lamps flicker at the same time.
These 3 lamps flicker at a rate that is equal to the difference in frequency of incoming machine and
busbars.
Now, the frequency of the incoming machine needs to be adjusted so that it will equal to busbar's
frequency which is known by observing these 3 lamps.
Adjusting the frequency until the lamps flicker at a slow rate (i.e. less than one bright period per
second). Finally, all switches are closed in the middle of the bright period

(c) Advantages & disadvantages of the lamps-bright system over the lamps-dark
system:Advantages:
The lamps-bright system is more accurate than the lamps-dark system because the lamps are
much more sensitive to changes in voltage at their maximum brightness than when they are dark.
This makes it easier to identify the exact moment of synchronization.
The midpoint of the bright period in the lamps-bright system can be identified more easily
compared to the dark lamp method.
This provides a clearer indication of when to close the circuit breaker.
The lamps-bright system allows for more effective synchronization and closing of the breaker, as
the exact moment of synchronization can be easily identified.
Disadvantages:
There is a possibility of inaccuracies in synchronizing and closing the breaker in the lamps-bright
system, especially if the lamps become dark or flicker due to fluctuations in voltage.
This can lead to errors in timing the closure of the breaker, potentially causing disruptions or
damage.
The lamps in the bright lamp system become dark at about half of their rated voltage. As a result,
there is a risk that the synchronizing switch might be turned off even when a phase difference
between the machines exists, leading to incorrect synchronization.
There is a risk of filament burnout in the lamps due to the continuous operation at maximum
brightness. This could result in the failure of the lamps and the loss of synchronization indication.
Q8
With reference to a three phase shipboard electrical distribution system;
(a) Enumerate the advantages of an insulated neutral system:
(b) Enumerate the disadvantages of an insulated neutral system;
(c) Compare the use of an insulated neutral system as opposed to the use of an
Earthed neutral system with regard to the risk of electric shock from either system.
Generator & circuit protection
Jan 2024
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Jun 2024
Jul 2023
(a) Advantages of insulated neutral systems:
Reduced risk of electric shock
Reduced risk of fire and explosion
Reduced risk of damage to equipment
It avoids the risk of loss of essential services like steering gear
One earth fault doesn't interrupt the supply but an earth fault detection system will give a warning
(b) Disadvantages of insulated neutral systems:
More difficult to troubleshoot faults
Requires more complex and expensive protection equipment
(c) Insulated Neutral System: When the neutral of the generator is completely insulated from the
earth or ship`s hull it is called an insulated neutral system. It is very advantageous because it does
not pose any danger to human life even if there is a single earth fault because the whole ship will
be at the same potential leading to no damage to machinery and life. An alarm system will detect
this earth fault.

Earthed Neutral System: When the generator's neutral is connected to the earth or ship`s hull it is
called earth neutral system. A single fault can cause a very large current to flow causing damage
to the machinery. But still, it is used in HV systems because if there is only one earth fault the
machinery will trip and protect the equipment.

Q9
(a) Differentiate between resistance, inductance and impedance in an a.c. circuit. (6)
(b) A circuit is made up from four resistors of value 2R, 4R, 5R and 10R connected in
parallel. If the current is 8.6A, find the voltage drop across the arrangement and the
current in each resistor. (10)
Calculations
Jan 2024
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Jun 2024
Jan 2023
(a) Resistance:
Resistance (R) represents the opposition to the flow of electric current in a circuit.
It is caused by the interaction of electrons with the atoms in a material, resulting in the conversion
of electrical energy into heat.
Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω) and remains constant regardless of the frequency of the AC
signal.
Inductance:
Inductance (L) is a property of an electrical circuit that opposes changes in current.
It is caused by the presence of an inductor, which is a passive component typically made of coiled
wire.
Inductance stores energy in a magnetic field when current flows through it.
Inductance is measured in henries (H) and increases with the number of turns in the coil and the
strength of the magnetic field.
Impedance:
Impedance (Z) is the total opposition to the flow of alternating current in a circuit, which includes
both resistance and reactance.
Reactance is the opposition to the change in voltage or current caused by inductive or capacitive
elements in the circuit.
Impedance accounts for both resistance and reactance and is represented as a complex number
with a real (resistive) component and an imaginary (reactive) component.
Impedance is measured in ohms (Ω) and depends on the frequency of the AC signal.
(b)
 FEBRUARY/JULY
Q1
(a) With reference to single phasing applied to a.c. motors: (8)
(i) Explain the meaning of single phasing
(ii) Describe its effect (iii) State the most common cause of single phasing.
(b) Sketch a simple diagram of a direct on line starter, showing in detail the overload
and single phase protection trip. (8)
AC Starters
Feb 2024
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Jul 2024
Apr 2023
Dec 2022
(a) (i) Single Phasing of AC motor: Single phasing is a condition in which one of the phases of a
three-phase alternating current (AC) motor is disconnected or interrupted, resulting in the loss of
one phase of power. This can occur due to a fault in the power supply, a loose connection, or a
problem with the motor itself.

(ii) Effects of single phasing:

The loss of one phase causes an imbalance in the current flow, resulting in an increase in current
in the remaining two phases. This can lead to overheating and damage to the motor windings.
The motor's torque, which is the force that causes it to rotate, is significantly reduced when single
phasing occurs. This can cause the motor to slow down or even stall.
The unbalanced current flow and reduced torque can cause the motor to vibrate excessively,
leading to noise and mechanical stress on the motor and its components.
The increased current and vibration can cause the motor to overheat, which can damage the
insulation and lead to a motor failure.
(iii) Causes of single phasing:
One or more out of three fuses blow.
If one of the contactor is open-circuited.
If a protection device has improper settings.
If the relay contact for the motor is damaged.
Contactor are coated due to oxidation & hence not conducting.
If circuit wires are damaged or short-circuited.
(b)
Q2
If the motor terminal markings are unknown how would you identify the start, run and
common terminal connections. (16)
AC Motor
Feb 2024
2
Jul 2024
Apr 2023
Start, Run and Common terminals belong to single phase induction motor where a parallel starter
winding with a series capacitor (as shown in figure) is used to produce rotating magnetic field and
help motor generate net torque in one direction, especially while starting.
Procedure to find out the terminals:
Use a well calibrated multimeter to check insulation between earth and all terminals individually.
Now with the multimeter knob on resistance setting, check and note the values of resistance
between all three terminals.
The terminals having lowest resistance between them are Common and Run , so mark the left
out terminal as the START terminal.
The terminals having highest resistance between them are run and start, since start is already
identified then mark the other one here as RUN.
Now the remaining terminal is the COMMON terminal.
Verify Rotation Direction: After identifying the start, run, and common terminals, you can verify the
rotation direction of the motor. Energize the motor temporarily and observe the direction of
rotation. If the rotation is incorrect, swap any two of the three wires to reverse the direction.

Q3
(a) Sketch and describe the working of a Lead-Acid battery. (12)
(b) What routine maintenance is carried out on these batteries? (4)
Batteries & E’mcy power supplies
Feb 2024
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Jul 2024
Jun 2023
Feb 2023
a)
Lead and lead peroxide plates are arranged alternatively and immersed in a dilute sulphuric acid
electrolyte solution.
Lead combines with the sulphate ion of the electrolyte to create lead sulphate and electrons.
Lead dioxide, hydrogen ions, sulphate ions and electrons from the lead plate combine to form lead
sulphate and water.
As the battery discharges both the plates build up with lead sulphate and water build up in the
electrolyte tank.
2V is released from the cell, six such constitutes a 12V battery.
Reaction is completely reversible if you apply DC voltage to the battery higher than the EMF of the
battery, lead and lead oxide form again and the battery is recharged.

b) Routine maintenance of Lead Acid batteries:

The battery terminals must be kept clean and petroleum jelly to be applied to prevent corrosion.
The battery vent should be checked and cleared so that the gases developed during the charging
can escape.
Battery connections should be tightened adequately.
Top off the electrolyte in the battery to the correct level due to loss of water during electrolysis. The
electrolyte should cover the electrodes and be below the vent cap.
Check specific gravity to check the concentration of electrolyte using a voltmeter or hydrometer
test.

Q4
With the aid of a circuit diagram, explain how a Galvanometer can be used as an
Ammeter. (16)
Electrical circuits & components
Feb 2024
3
Jul 2024
Nov 2023
Feb 2023
Conversion of Galvanometer to Ammeter:
A Galvanometer is converted into an ammeter by connecting it in parallel with a low resistance
called shunt resistance. Suitable shunt resistance is chosen depending on the range of the
ammeter.
In the given circuit,
Rg - Resistance of the galvanometer
G - Galvanometer coil
I - Total current passing through the circuit
lg - Total current passing through the galvanometer, which corresponds to full-scale reading
Rs - Value of shunt resistance
When current lg passes through the galvanometer, the current through the shunt
resistance is given by Is = I - lg. The voltages across the galvanometer and shunt resistance are
equal due to the parallel nature of their connection.
Therefore, Rg*Ig = (I-lg)*Rs
The value of s can be obtained using the above equation.

Q5
With the aid of a simple circuit diagram, explain the electrical distribution system for
essential loads on board a cargo ship. (16)
Electrical distribution
Feb 2024
2
Jul 2024
Feb 2023
Main generators produce electricity for the ship during normal operation.
Emergency generator produces electricity for the ship in the event of an emergency.
The main bus bar is a central electrical distribution point that connects the main generators,
emergency generators, and emergency switchboards. The main bus bar supplies 440V directly,
220V via transformers and 24V DC via transformers and rectifiers
Emergency switchboard distributes electricity to the ship's emergency systems, such as navigation
lights, communication equipment, and life support systems. The emergency generator is also
connected to the emergency switchboard.
Bus tiebreaker is a switch that can connect the main bus bar to the emergency switchboard. This
allows the emergency generator to power the ship's emergency systems in the event of a failure of
the main generators. It is the devices that prevent two electrical sources from being connected to
the same circuit at the same time. This helps to prevent electrical accidents.
Shore supply is a connection that allows the ship to receive electricity from a shore-based power
source. This is often used when the ship is docked. The general scheme of a ship’s electrical
power system is common to nearly all ships. The below figure shows a typical electrical distribution
system of a vessel.
In normal operation, the main generators are connected to the main bus bar and the main bus bar
is connected to the emergency switchboard. This allows the main generators to power the ship's
entire electrical system.
If there is a failure of the main generators, the bus tie breaker will automatically open,
disconnecting the main bus bar from the emergency switchboard. The emergency generator will
then start automatically and begin powering the ship's emergency systems.
The bus tiebreaker interlock prevents the main generators and the emergency generator from
being connected to the emergency switchboard at the same time. This helps to prevent electrical
accidents.
A shore supply can be used to power the ship's electrical system when the ship is docked. To do
this, the shore supply is connected to the main bus bar. The main generators are then turned off
and the bus tiebreaker is opened. This disconnects the main generators from the ship's electrical
system.
The ship's electrical power system is designed to provide a secure and reliable supply of electricity
to the ship and its crew.

Q6
(a) Explain Kirchoff s current law (6)
(b) In the given circuit, find the current value I2 (10)
Calculations
Feb 2024
2
Jul 2024
Feb 2023
(a) Kirchhoff's current law: This law is otherwise known as Kirchhoff’s point rule, Kirchhoff’s
junction rule (or nodal rule) or Kirchhoff’s first rule. The principle used in Kirchhoff’s current law is
on the basis of law of conversation of electric charge.
According to this law, the sum of currents moving towards the circuit is equal to the sum of
currents leaving the circuit.

In this circuit I1 + I2 = I3 + I4 + I5
Alternatively, I1 + I2 - I3 - I4 - I5 = 0
According to Kirchhoff’s law, the algebraic sum of current in the junction of network is zero. That
means, the sum of currents entering a junction in a circuit is equal to the sum of currents leaving
the junction.
(b) Below is diagram for part (b) of question
Q7
(a) Compare constant current method and constant voltage method of charging
batteries. (6)
(b) A 24V emergency battery is to be charged from the 110V ship's mains when the
e.m.f. per cell has fallen to a minimum value of 1.8V. The battery consists of 12 cells
in series, has a capacity of 100 Ahr at a 10 hr rate and the internal resistance is
0.03Ω/cell. If charging continues until the voltage per cell rises to 2.2V, find the value
of the variable resistor needed to control the charging. The charging current can be
assumed to be equal to the maximum allowable discharge current (10)
Calculations
Feb 2024
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Jul 2024
Feb 2023
(a)

The constant voltage charging is more rapid than the constant current charging. The time of
charge in a constant voltage system as compared to the constant current system is almost
reduced to half.
In a constant voltage charging method of battery, the charging current from discharged to fully
charged condition decrease.
The current control mode is used for constant battery charging.
The constant current charging is more efficient than the consonant voltage charging as in case of
constant voltage charging the charging current may be excessive which causes heating of the
battery during charging.
The practical charging method uses two types of sources. The constant current charging at the
start where the battery is relatively empty.
Once the battery reaches a certain voltage near the maximum voltage then constant voltage
charging is accomplished.
(b)
Q8
(a) Define work, Power and Efficiency (6)
(b) A shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.2 ohms and with an armature
current of 120 amperes runs at 750 r.p.m. off a 400-volt supply. Calculate the speed
and armature current of the motor if the flux per pole is reduced to 75 per cent of its
initial value, the total torque remaining unaltered. (10)
Calculations
Feb 2024
1
Jul 2024
(a) Work: is defined as the transfer of energy that occurs when a force is applied to an object and
causes it to move in the direction of the force. Work (W) is calculated by multiplying the magnitude
of the force (F) applied to an object by the displacement (d) of the object in the direction of the
force. Mathematically, work is expressed as W = F * d. The SI unit of work is the joule (J).
Power: Power is the rate at which work is done or the rate at which energy is transferred or
converted. It measures how quickly work is performed or how quickly energy is transformed.
Power (P) is calculated by dividing the amount of work done (W) by the time (t) taken to do that
work. Mathematically, power is expressed as P = W / t. The SI unit of power is the watt (W).
Efficiency: Efficiency is a measure of how effectively a system or device converts input energy into
useful output energy. It quantifies the ratio of useful output work or energy to the total input work or
energy. Efficiency (η) is calculated by dividing the useful output work or energy (Wout) by the total
input work or energy (Win) and multiplying by 100 to express it as a percentage. Mathematically,
efficiency is expressed as η = (Wout / Win) * 100.
(b)
Q9
(a) Explain what is meant by phase difference between voltage and current values. (6)
(b) An inductance coil has a resistance of 19.5Ω and when connected to a 220V, 50Hz
supply, the current passing is 10A. Find the inductance of the coil. (10)
Calculations
Feb 2024
2
Jul 2024
Apr 2023
(a) In an AC circuit, the phase difference between voltage and current refers to the angle between
their vectors. This angle signifies whether the current is lagging or leading the voltage. The phasor
diagram visually represents this phase difference, indicating whether one alternating quantity is
ahead (leading) or behind (lagging) another. A leading quantity reaches its maximum or zero
values earlier than another, while a lagging quantity reaches them later. The phasor representation
helps visualize electrical parameters and understand the timing relationship between voltage and
current waveforms in the circuit.
(b)
 MARCH
Q1
(a) With the aid of a circuit diagram explain the working of Bridge rectifier. (8)
(b) Compare the performance of Bridge rectifier with Full wave and Half wave rectifier. (8)
Electrical circuits & components
Mar 2024
1
May 2023 - 2
(a) When an AC signal is applied across the bridge rectifier, terminal A becomes positive during
the positive half cycle while terminal B becomes negative. This results in diodes D1 and D3
becoming forward biased while D2 and D4 becoming reverse biased.
During the negative half-cycle, terminal B becomes positive while terminal A becomes negative.
This causes diodes D2 and D4 to become forward biased and diode D1 and D3 to be reverse
biased.

From the figures given above, we notice that the current flow across load resistor RL is the same
during the positive and negative half-cycles. The output DC signal polarity may be either
completely positive or negative. In our case, it is completely positive. If the diodes’ direction is
reversed, we get a complete negative DC voltage.
Thus, a bridge rectifier allows electric current during both positive and negative half cycles of the
input AC signal.
The output waveforms of the bridge rectifier are shown in the below figure.

(b) Efficiency:
Bridge Rectifier: The bridge rectifier has higher efficiency compared to both full-wave and half-
wave rectifiers. This is because it utilizes all four diodes in the bridge configuration, allowing for full
utilization of the input AC voltage.
Full-Wave Rectifier: The full-wave rectifier has higher efficiency compared to the half-wave rectifier
but lower efficiency compared to the bridge rectifier. It uses two diodes to rectify both halves of the
AC input cycle.
Half-Wave Rectifier: The half-wave rectifier has the lowest efficiency among the three. It utilizes
only one diode, resulting in significant power loss as half of the input AC cycle is not utilized.
Voltage Output:
Bridge Rectifier: The bridge rectifier provides a full-wave rectified output with a higher average DC
voltage compared to both full-wave and half-wave rectifiers. It effectively utilizes both halves of the
input AC cycle, resulting in a higher voltage output.
Full-Wave Rectifier: The full-wave rectifier also provides a full-wave rectified output but with a
lower average DC voltage compared to the bridge rectifier. This is due to the voltage drop across
the two diodes used in the rectification process.
Half-Wave Rectifier: The half-wave rectifier provides a half-wave rectified output, resulting in the
lowest average DC voltage among the three rectifier types.
Ripple Content:
Bridge Rectifier: The bridge rectifier has the lowest ripple content in the output waveform. This is
because it utilizes both halves of the input AC cycle, resulting in a smoother output.
Full-Wave Rectifier: The full-wave rectifier has higher ripple content compared to the bridge
rectifier but lower than the half-wave rectifier. The ripple frequency is twice the input frequency.
Half-Wave Rectifier: The half-wave rectifier has the highest ripple content among the three. It only
rectifies one half of the input AC cycle, leading to a more significant ripple in the output waveform.

Q2
(a) Explain, with the aid of a sketch, the principle of operation of an earth leakage detection
system. (8)
(b) Explain why an insulated neutral system is used extensively on-board ships. (4) (c)
State, with reasons, why a single earth fault on an insulated neutral system should always
be cleared as soon as possible (4)
Generator & circuit protection
Mar 2024
(A)

(b) Reason for using an insulated system

The priority requirement on board the ship is to maintain the continuity of the electrical supply to
equipment if a single earth fault occurs. On an insulated system, one earth fault does not interrupt
the supply but raises a warning on the earth's detection system. This allows the operator to locate
and clear the fault.
Advantages of insulated neutral system
It avoids the risk of loss of essential services like steering gear
One earth fault doesn't interrupt the supply but an earth fault detection system will give a warning

(c) While using an insulated neutral electrical system, when a fault occurs, the equipment is not
disconnected.
Instead what happens is that a warning light/alarm will be triggered on the earth fault indicator
panel, but the equipment on that circuit will still operate.
Should a second fault occur on the other phase wire, then the safety trip devices would be
activated, and the equipment would no longer operate.
It is therefore important to repair a single earth fault as quickly as possible, to ensure safety.

Q3
(a) State FIVE essential electrical services that should be operable under fire conditions. (8)
(b) Explain how electric cables for the essential services in part (a) pass through bulkheads
whilst maintaining gas tight and watertight integrity. (4)
(c) State the requirements for the cables which supply electrically driven emergency fire
pumps. (4)
Electrical safety & Maintenance
Mar 2024
(a) Electrical services required to be operable under fire conditions are as follows:
Control and power systems to power-operated fire doors and status indication for all fire doors
Control and power systems to power-operated watertight doors and their status indication
Emergency fire pump
Emergency lighting
Fire and general alarms
Fire detection systems
Fire-extinguishing systems and fire-extinguishing media release alarms
Low location lighting
Public address systems
Remote emergency stop/shutdown arrangements for systems that may support the propagation of
fire and/or explosion
(b) Scew Type gland packing
The male and female halves of the gland packing are screwed together to form a watertight seal
along the bulkhead.
Neoprene seal and felt washer are compressed to make a good seal.
This arrangement provides a passage for cables uninterrupted and without compromising the
integrity of the bulkhead.
(c) Requirements for the cables that supply electrically driven emergency fire pumps:
The cables should not pass through the machinery spaces that contain the main fire pumps and
their power sources.
The cables should be at least flame retardant.
The cables should be routed clear of areas that are high temperatures, like galleys, laundries, and
machinery spaces.

Q4
(a) Name at least three types of temperature sensing devices for remote indication. (4)
(b) Explain the working of a Thermocouple type temperature sensor. (8)
(c) What are various materials used in a thermocouple? (4)
Electrical circuits & components
Mar 2024
1
May 2023 - 2
(a) Three types of temperature sensing devices for remote indication are:
Thermocouples
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)
Infrared (IR) Sensors
Bimetallic thermometer
Fiber optic temperature sensoe
(b) The working of a Thermocouple type temperature sensor:
A thermocouple consists of two different metal wires joined together at one end to form a
measuring junction. When there is a temperature gradient between the measuring junction and the
other end of the thermocouple (reference junction), it creates a voltage known as the Seebeck
voltage or thermoelectric voltage.
The principle behind a thermocouple is based on the Seebeck effect. Different metals have
different characteristics, and when two dissimilar metals are joined, they exhibit a voltage
difference when subjected to a temperature gradient. This voltage difference is measured and
used to determine the temperature.
The Seebeck voltage generated at the measuring junction is a function of the temperature
difference between the measuring junction and the reference junction. By knowing the
characteristics of the thermocouple and measuring the generated voltage, the temperature at the
measuring junction can be determined using calibration tables or mathematical equations specific
to the type of thermocouple being used.

(c) Various materials used in a thermocouple:

Different combinations of metal alloys are used as the materials for thermocouples. The choice of
materials depends on the temperature range and the specific application requirements. Some
common types of thermocouple materials include:
Type K: Chromel (Nickel-Chromium) and Alumel (Nickel-Aluminum)
Type J: Iron and Constantan (Copper-Nickel)
Type T: Copper and Constantan
Type E: Chromel and Constantan
Type N: Nicrosil (Nickel-Chromium-Silicon) and Nisil (Nickel-Silicon)
Type R and Type S: Platinum alloys, such as Platinum-Rhodium and Platinum
Q5
(a) What are the hazards associated with batteries? (4)
(b) What safety precautions are to be taken while operating and maintaining the batteries
including in battery room. (6)
(c) What are the safety arrangements seen in the Battery room of a ship? (6)
Batteries & E’mcy power supplies
Mar 2024
(a) Hazards Associated with Batteries:
Lead-acid batteries and some other types of batteries use acidic electrolytes, such as sulfuric acid.
This acid is highly corrosive and can cause severe burns and damage to skin and clothing upon
contact.
During charging, lead-acid batteries produce hydrogen gas, which is highly flammable and can
lead to explosion hazards if not properly ventilated.
Batteries can store a significant amount of electrical energy, and accidental short circuits or
improper handling can result in electric shocks or electrical fires.
Large batteries can be extremely heavy and pose a risk of physical injury if not handled properly.
Improper disposal of batteries can lead to environmental pollution due to the presence of toxic
materials like lead, cadmium, and mercury.
Overcharging or overheating of batteries can lead to electrolyte leakage, battery swelling, and the
release of harmful gases.
(b) The following are the precautions which must be adhered to for all batteries:
Compartments in which batteries are kept should be well-ventilated to prevent any buildup of
dangerous and flammable toxic gases.
A conspicuous label stating “No Smoking/No Naked Lights” should be displayed on the outside of
the door leading into the compartment as well as inside the compartment so that the personnel
makes no mistakes
The compartment for the storage of batteries should be strictly used for the purpose of storing
batteries and nothing else. For example, other pieces of lights and scraps such as NUC or RAM
lights must not be lying around
The light bulbs in the compartment must be protected by gas-tight enclosures and all the wiring
leading into the lights must be well insulated and not a messy bunch
All battery connections must be clean neat and tight
Batteries must be securely stowed in their position
Metal tools must be squared up and not left lying on top of the batteries as they may lead to short
circuits.
Whenever the batteries are moved, especially big ones, they should be carried horizontally. In
case of a really heavy battery, sufficient personnel must be assigned for the carriage of the same.
The liquid solution within the batteries might cause corrosive injuries and even damage the
clothing, hence utmost care while handling them is important
The circuits formed by the batteries must be dead/inactive when leads are being connected or
disconnected. A live battery can cause a live wire which can lead to serious injuries
The battery compartment must be kept locked to prevent inadvertent use and the key safely
placed in a box outside
Portable electrical instruments must be avoided or not used at all in such compartments When
handling alkaline batteries
The metal cases of these batteries are ‘live’ and should not be touched with the body or tools
The electrolyte is corrosive and in the event of a mishap it should be neutralised with boric acid
powder or by large amounts of fresh water. Eyes should be washed with fresh water and then
washed with a boric acid solution.
Alkaline and lead acid batteries must not be stowed in the same compartment. Every tool used for
the workings of one battery must be thoroughly cleaned before using it on another type of battery.
(c) Safety arrangements in the battery room of a ship typically include:
Ventilation systems to prevent the buildup of hazardous gases like hydrogen.
All the electric equipment in the battery room is Intrinsically safe (Exi).
Acid-resistant flooring and walls to contain spills and prevent corrosion.
Safety showers and eye wash stations in case of contact with battery acid.
Personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, goggles, and acid-resistant clothing for
personnel working in the battery room.
Fire suppression systems like fire extinguishers and sprinkler systems.
Proper signage indicating hazardous areas and emergency procedures.

Q6
(a) How does a moving coil ammeter measure large current (6)
(b) A moving coil instrument with a coil resistance of 1.98Ω, produces full scale deflection
from a current of 10mA. Determine the value of shunt required to extend the range upto
10A. (10)
Calculations
Mar 2024
1
May 2023 - 2
(a) A moving coil ammeter measures large currents through the use of a shunt resistor.
Basic Principle: A moving coil ammeter operates on the principle of a coil placed in a magnetic
field. When current flows through the coil, it experiences a torque that causes it to move, deflecting
a needle to indicate the current.
Shunt Resistor: To measure large currents, a shunt resistor, which is a low-resistance resistor, is
connected in parallel with the moving coil. The shunt resistor allows the majority of the current to
bypass the delicate moving coil.
Current Division: The current is divided between the shunt and the coil based on their resistances.
Since the shunt resistor has a much lower resistance compared to the moving coil, most of the
current flows through the shunt. As current flows through the circuit, the moving coil detects a
small, proportional fraction of the total current (due to the shunt resistor). The needle deflection is
proportional to this small current, but the scale is marked to show the total current, providing an
accurate measurement.
(b)
Alternate method:
Q7
(a) Explain power factor with a.c. Sine wave and phasor diagram. (6)
(b) A circuit has a resistance of 25Ω and an inductance value of 0.3H. If it is connected to a
230V, 50Hz supply, find the curcuit current, the power factor and the power dissipation (10)
Calculations
Mar 2024
1
May 2023 - 2
(a)Power factor is a measure of the efficiency of an electrical system and is defined as the ratio of
true power (real power) to apparent power. Mathematically, it is expressed as Power Factor = True
Power / Apparent Power. The power factor is a dimensionless quantity and is often represented as
a value between 0 and 1 or as a percentage. A typical power factor for ship systems is 0.8 lagging,
indicating that the current waveform lags the voltage waveform by a certain angle (θ).

A low power factor on electrical systems results in increased reactive power, causing higher I2R
heating, reduced overall system efficiency, and elevated energy costs. The inefficient use of
apparent power due to a low power factor leads to higher currents, increased resistive heating in
components, and diminished capacity for useful work, ultimately impacting the system's
performance and contributing to higher operational expenses.
From the graph you can see that it is only the part of the current waveform that is in phase with the
voltage that is actually able to do any work, however this current is causing I2R heating and
costing fuel to generate.
(b)

Q8
(a) Compare Direct current with Alternating current. (6)
(b) A four-pole generator has a flux of 12m Wb/pole. Calculate the value of e.m.f. generated
in one of the armature conductors, if the armature is driven at 900 rev/min. (10)
Calculations
Mar 2024
1
May 2023 - 2
x(a) Comparisiion of DC with AC
Direction of Current:
DC: Electrons flow in one direction, maintaining a constant polarity.
AC: Electrons periodically change direction, resulting in a reversal of polarity.
Voltage Polarity:
DC: Voltage remains constant with a fixed polarity.
AC: Voltage alternates, switching between positive and negative polarities.
Power Transmission:
DC: Suitable for short-distance power transmission.
AC: Efficient for long-distance power transmission due to the ability to change voltage levels using
transformers.
Power Losses:
DC: Power losses are more significant in long-distance transmission.
AC: Power losses are comparatively lower over long distances.
Transmission Efficiency:
DC: High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems improve efficiency for long-distance transmission.
AC: Better suited for local distribution.
Transformer Usage:
DC: Transformers cannot be used for direct current; conversion to AC is required.
AC: Transformers efficiently change voltage levels in AC systems.
Devices and Appliances:
DC: Batteries, electronic devices, and some motors operate on DC.
AC: Common in household appliances, lighting, and most electric motors.
Frequency:
DC: Frequency is not applicable as it involves a constant flow.
AC: Frequency represents the number of cycles per second (Hertz).
Safety:
DC: Generally considered safer for low-voltage applications.
AC: High-voltage AC can be more dangerous due to the potential for stronger shocks.
Generation:
DC: Generated by batteries, solar cells, and certain types of generators.
AC: Produced by most power plants for grid distribution.
Waveform Shape:
DC: Has a constant, unidirectional waveform.
AC: Waveform can vary (e.g., sinusoidal, square, triangular).
(b)
Q9
(a) Shunt generators having drooping characteristics are best suited for parallel operation.
Discuss (6)
(b) Two 220 V d.c. generators each having linear external characteristics, operated in
parallel. One machine has a terminal voltage of 270 V, on no-load and 220 V at a load
current of 35 A, while the other has a voltage of 280 V at no-load and 220 V at 50 A.
Calculate the output current of each machine and the bus bar voltage when the total load is
60 A. What is the kW output of each machine under this condition. (10)
Calculations
Mar 2024
3
Jun 2024
Jan 2024
Apr 2023
(a) For stable parallel operation, the most suitable type of d.c. generator is shunt generator as it
has slightly drooping characteristics. If there is any tendency for a generator to supply more or less
than its proper share of load it changes system voltage which certainly opposes this tendency.
This restores the original division of load. Thus the shunt generators automatically remains in
parallel, once they are paralleled.
Consider voltage-current characteristics of a shunt generator as shown in the Fig. 1(a) and
Fig1(b).

Two shunt generators are considered. For common terminal voltage, the two generators are
supplying a current of I1 and I2 respectively. It can be seen that generator 2 has more dropping
characteristics and supplied less current.
The load will be divided properly within the two generators at all the points provided their voltage
characteristics are similar with each generator having same voltage drop from no load to full load
(b)
 APRIL-2
Q1
With reference to the protection of electric motors explain EACH of the following: (a) Fuse
back up protection (6)
(b) How a motor fitted with fuse back up protection may exceed its rated temperature
without being tripped by the primary protection (6)
(c) The value of current rating at which the over current relay should be set (4)
AC Motor
Apr 2024 - 2

Q2
(a) State the conditions which must be satisfied before an a.c. generator can be paralleled
with live bus-bars. (4)
(b) (i) Sketch a lamps - bright configuration for synchronizing lamps (6)
(ii) State the advantages of the lamps bright system (3)
(iii) State the disadvantages of the lamps dark system (3)
Generator & circuit protection
Apr 2024 - 2
3
Mar 2023
Jan 2023
Aug 2022
(a) The requirement for synchronisation is the incoming machine should be
Voltage should be equal or slightly higher than the busbar voltage (check from voltmeter)
Frequency should equal or slightly higher than the busbar voltage (check from frequency meter)
There should be no phase angle between the incoming and running generator. (Checked by
synchroscope)
When the above criteria is met, the circuit breaker of incoming generator is closed.
(b)
(i) Advantages of Lamps-Bright System:
The lamps-bright system is more accurate than the lamps-dark system because the lamps are
much more sensitive to changes in voltage at their maximum brightness than when they are dark.
This makes it easier to identify the exact moment of synchronization.
The midpoint of the bright period in the lamps-bright system can be identified more easily
compared to the dark lamp method. This provides a clearer indication of when to close the circuit
breaker.
The lamps-bright system allows for more effective synchronization and closing of the breaker, as
the exact moment of synchronization can be easily identified.
(ii) Disadvantages of Lamps-Dark System:
The lamps become dark at about one third of the rated voltage. Hence, faulty synchronizing may
be done in dark period.
The lamp filament might burn out.
The flicker of the lamps does not indicate which machine has the higher frequency.
Using this method it is not possible to find out that the machine is slow or fast.
This method is not applicable for high voltage alternators, because lamp ratings are normally low.

Q3
(a) Sketch, the circuit diagram of an instrument used for measuring electrical insulation
resistance. (8)
(b) Describe the circuit diagram sketched in (a), explaining how it operates when measuring
electrical insulation resistance. (8)
Electrical circuits & components
Apr 2024 - 2
(a)
(b) Working Principle of megger
Megger works on the principle of electromagnetic attraction. The centrifugal clutch on the
generator is the mechanism that provides the constant for the insulation test. The insulation with
low resistance is tested using a steady voltage.
The armature of the generator is rotated by the hand-driven crank lever. The clutch mechanism is
designed to slip at a predetermined speed, which facilitates the generator to maintain a constant
speed and hence the constant voltage while testing.
The two coils A and B constitute a moving coil voltmeter and an ammeter, both are combined to
form one instrument.
The ‘hot’ terminal of the equipment whose Insulation resistance has to be measured is connected
to the testing terminal X terminal Y is connected to the body of the equipment which is generally
grounded.
When the crank handle is rotated the voltage is generated in the generator, the generated voltage
is applied across the voltage-coil A through resistance R1.
When terminals X and Y are free initially, no current flows through coil B. The torque produced by
coil A rotates the moving element to show infinity.
While testing the terminals X and Y are connected across the terminal and body of the machine for
measurement. Now the current passes through the deflecting coil B.
The deflecting torque produced by coil B interacts with the torque of coil A and rotates the moving
element to indicate the resistance value.
The voltage generated by this instrument is 500 V. Megger meters are available to generate 1000
V, 2,500 V, and 5000 V also.
High-voltage meggers are either motor-operated or power operated.

Q4
(a) Explain the working principle of an alkaline battery (8)
(b) Compare the alkaline battery with Lead-Acid battery (8)
Batteries & E’mcy power supplies
Apr 2024 - 2
1
Nov 2023
(a) The common form of an alkaline cell is the Nickel-cadmium type.
In this type of battery,
The positive electrode is made up of nickel hydroxide (NiOOH)
The negative electrode is made of cadmium (CD)
Electrolyte of potassium hydroxide (KOH)
Separators made of rubber Housing made of strong plastic.
A series of alternating positive and negative plates are fully immersed in the electrolyte; separators
are inserted between the interleaving plates to prevent contact/ internal short-circuiting. A non-
return pressure relief valve is fitted in the housing to release the gases, which evolve especially
during the period of overcharge. Relief valves are non-return type to prevent ‘poisoning’ of the
electrolyte from the atmosphere.
Working process:
Discharge: On discharge, nickel hydroxide loses oxygen and is reduced to a lower form, while the
cadmium in the negative plates is oxidised to cadmium oxide.
Charging: On charging, the reverse of discharge occurs, the material at the positive terminal is
oxidised to nickel hydroxide, and the material at the negative terminal is reduced to cadmium.

ALTERNATE ANSWER:
(a) Alkaline Cells: An alkaline battery is defined by the chemical reaction that serves as its power
source, namely the reaction between manganese dioxide and zinc. The battery derives its name
from the alkaline electrolyte involved in the reaction. Chemical Reaction: 2MnO2+H20+(2e-) ---
>Mn2O3+(2OH-) Zn+(2OH-) --->ZnO+H20+(2e-)
Working
Alkaline batteries use zinc and magnesium dioxide. The reaction is electrochemical.
The reaction of either won't work without connecting, so they have a longer shelf life than carbon-
zinc ones.
Alkaline batteries have higher energy density than the carbon-zinc batteries.
They have lower density and shelf life than silver oxide batteries.
Recycling these batteries is the best process since they have some chemicals that are harmful to
the environment and us.
In this battery design, the anode is made of a zinc powder, which offers a greater surface area,
thus increasing the flow of electrons.
The cathode is composed of manganese dioxide.
Electricity is generated by the chemical reaction between the two substances.
For an alkaline battery, the relative density does not change.
Types and problems The alkaline battery is a common design. AA, AAA, and 9-volt batteries are of
this design. Unlike most other batteries, alkaline batteries can be disposed off through regular
trash collection, but this is still not environmentally friendly due to the small quantities of mercury
used during the manufacturing of the cell.
Recharging The charge of an alkaline battery is determined using a voltmeter. Some alkaline
batteries can be recharged. This involves putting electricity into the battery, which reverses the
chemical reaction between the anode and cathode, partially or completely restoring their ability to
discharge electricity. However, most alkaline batteries cannot be recharged because doing so
causes their casings to rupture and leak dangerous potassium hydroxide.
Battery case for alkaline batteries The battery case for alkaline batteries is generally made out of
steel. In some batteries, the battery case also acts as one of the active materials. Example: zinc
can be in a Leclanche cell.
(b)

Q5
(a) What is the purpose of AVR in an alternator? (6)
(b) With the aid of a simple circuit diagram explain the basic working of a brushless
alternator. (10)
Generator & circuit protection
Apr 2024 - 2
1
Nov 2023
(a) An automatic voltage regulator (AVR) is a device that is used to regulate the output voltage of
an electrical generator. It does this by automatically adjusting the excitation current of the
generator's field winding, which in turn adjusts the magnetic field strength and the output voltage of
the generator. The AVR is typically connected to a feedback control system, which uses sensors to
measure the output voltage of the generator and compare it to a reference voltage. When the
output voltage deviates from the reference voltage, the AVR adjusts the excitation current to bring
the output voltage back to the desired level. The AVR helps to maintain a stable and consistent
output voltage, which is important for ensuring the proper operation of the electrical equipment that
is connected to the generator.

A simplified circuit diagram of a typical AVR is shown below. The generator terminal voltage is
transformed to a suitable level, rectified and smoothed within the voltage measurement element, it
is then fed into the comparator circuit consisting of two zener diodes and two resistors.

The comparator circuit produces an error signal which is fed into the thyristor trigger control unit.
This signal controls the output of a pulse generator circuit, to fire a thyristor circuit and adjust the
excitation level in the generator exciter field. In this way, generator voltage is restored to its correct
level and the error voltage returns to near zero.

(b) A brushless alternator is a type of electrical generator that produces alternating current (AC)
without the need for brushes and commutators.
Rotor: Instead of using brushes and a commutator, a brushless alternator has a rotor with
permanent magnets or electromagnets. These magnets generate a rotating magnetic field when
electricity is supplied to them.
Stator: The stator consists of coils of wire arranged around the rotor. As the magnetic field of the
rotor rotates, it induces an alternating current in the stator windings through electromagnetic
induction.
Rectifier: The alternating current produced in the stator windings is then converted into direct
current (DC) by a rectifier assembly, typically consisting of diodes. This DC is necessary for the
excitation of the rotor's magnets.
Excitation: The DC is fed to the rotor's electromagnets or permanent magnets, creating a steady
magnetic field. This field interacts with the rotating magnetic field of the rotor, inducing a three-
phase AC current in the stator windings.
Output: The three-phase AC output from the stator windings is then available for use in powering
electrical devices or for distribution in an electrical grid.

Q6
In the following circuit E1 = 13V, E2 = 19.5V, R1 = 5Ω, R2 = 7Ω, R3 = 9Ω: Find the current
flowing through each resistor (16)
Calculations
Apr 2024 - 2
1
Nov 2023
Answer
Q7
A 24V emergency battery is to be charged from the 11OV ship's mains when the e.m.f. per
cell has fallen to a minimum value of 1.8V. The battery consists of 12 cells in series, has a
capacity of 100 Ahr at a 10 hr rate and the internal resistance is 0.03Ω/cell. If charging
continues untill the voltage per cell rises to 2.2V, find the value of the variable resistor
needed to control the charging. The charging current can be assumed to be equal to the
maximum allowable discharge current.
Calculations
Apr 2024 - 2
1
Nov 2023
Q8
A wooden ring having a mean diameter of 200 mm and a cross-sectional area of 400mm is
wound uniformly with a coil of 300 turns. If the current passed through the coil is 5A
calculate the value of flux produced in the coil. (16)
Calculations
Apr 2024 - 2
1
Nov 2023
Q9
A coil of resistance 10Ω and inductance 0.1H is connected in series with a capacitor of
capacitance 150pF, across a 200V, 50Hz supply. Calculate:
(a) The inductive reactance (3)
(b) The capacitive reactance (3)
(c) The circuit impedance (2)
(d) The circuit current (2)
(e) The circuit power factor (2)
(f) The voltage drop across the coil (2)
(g) The voltage drop across the capacitor (2)
Calculations
Apr 2024 - 2
1
Nov 2023
 APRIL
Q1
(a) Explain the term single phasing as applied to poly phase induction motors. (4)
(b) State the likely causes of single phasing and the consequences if motors are not
adequately protected. (4)
(c) Describe with the aid of sketches THREE methods for motor protection should single
phasing occur. (8)
AC Motor
Apr 2024
2
Jul 2023
Oct 2022
(a) Single phasing in a polyphase induction motor can be caused by a fault in the electrical supply
system, such as a blown fuse or a break in one of the phases. Consequences of single phasing
include unbalanced currents, overheating of the motor windings, reduced torque output, and
potential mechanical damage due to increased stresses on the motor components. Without
adequate protection, such as phase failure relays or motor overload protection devices, the motor
is at risk of damage, reduced lifespan, and operational downtime.
(b) The likely causes of single phasing are:
A blown fuse.
A loose connection.
A problem with the power line.
The consequences of single phasing are:
The motor will continue to run, but it will be much less powerful.
The motor may overheat.
The motor may catch fire or even explode.
(c) Motor Protection Methods for Single Phasing:
Thermal Overload Relay:
A thermal overload relay is connected to each phase of the motor. When single phasing occurs,
the relay senses the increased current in the remaining two phases and trips the motor to prevent
damage.
Phase Failure Relay:
A phase failure relay monitors the presence of all three phases. If one phase is lost, the relay
immediately disconnects the motor from the power supply to protect it.
Electronic Motor Protection Relay:
An electronic motor protection relay offers advanced features like phase loss detection,
overcurrent protection, and phase imbalance protection. It can be programmed to trip the motor
based on specific parameters, providing comprehensive protection
Q2
With reference to a three phase shipboard electrical distribution system:
(a) Enumerate the advantages of an insulated neutral system (4)
(b) Enumerate the disadvantages of an insulated neutral system (4)
(c) State why an Earthed neutral system may be earthed through a resistor (4)
(d) Compare the use of an insulated neutral system as opposed to the use of an Earthed
neutral system with regard to the risk of electric shock from either system (4)
Electrical distribution
Apr 2024
(a) Insulated Neutral System: When the neutral of the generator is completely insulated from the
earth or ship`s hull it is called an insulated neutral system. It is very advantageous because it does
not pose any danger to human life even if there is a single earth fault because the whole ship will
be at the same potential leading to no damage to machinery and life. An alarm system will detect
this earth fault.

(b) Earthed Neutral System: When the generator's neutral is connected to the earth or ship's hull
it is called earth neutral system.

Disadvantages of insulated neutral systems:

More difficult to troubleshoot faults
Requires more complex and expensive protection equipment

(c) The resistors limit the fault current in the case of a phase-to-ground short circuit. A NER limits
damage, resulting in shorter and fewer downtimes. The main advantages of NERs over alternative
grounding methods is that they limit fault currents, allow simple fault-detection and do not produce
over-voltages.

Q3
(a) Describe the principle of operation of EACH of the following detecting elements: (8)
(i) Bi-metal strips
(ii) Thermisters
(b) Explain, with the aid of sketches, typical applications where the devices described in (a)
may be employed in high voltage electrical systems. (8)
Electrical circuits & components
Apr 2024
(a) (i) A bimetallic strip works on the principle of thermal expansion, which is defined as the change
in volume of metal with the change in temperature. The bimetallic strip works on two basic
fundamentals of metals.
The first fundamental is the thermal expansion, which states that the metals expand or contract
based on variation in temperature
The second fundamental is the temperature coefficient, where each metal (having its own
temperature coefficient) expands or contracts differently at a constant temperature.
(ii) The name "thermistor" is created by combining the words "thermal" and "resistor". As a passive
component with temperature-sensitive properties, it is primarily employed as a temperature
sensor.
A thermistor is a type of resistor that undergoes a significant change in resistance in response to
variations in temperature.
Every type of resistor exhibits a certain level of temperature dependency, a characteristic
encapsulated by their temperature coefficient. Thermistors, specifically, can achieve a high current
coefficient. In thermistors, resistance decreases as temperature rises, leading to what is commonly
known as a negative temperature coefficient (NTC). Conversely, thermistors with a positive
temperature coefficient are referred to as positive temperature coefficient thermistors (PTC).

Q4
(a) Sketch the following types of electric motor connections: (8)
(i) A star connection
(ii) A delta connection
(b) Explain how and why star and delta connections are combined to produce a Star / Delta
starter for an electric motor. (8)
AC Motor
Apr 2024
(a)
(b) Explanation of how and why star delta connections are combined to produce star delta starter:
This starter reduces both starting torque and starting current during the starting period.
Both end connections of the 3 windings of the induction motor are usually brought out to facilitate
the star delta starting scheme.
Suitable change-over provision from star to delta connection is available in the starter assembly
These change-over contacts enable the 6 ends to be star-connected for starting and then
reconnected in delta after the rotor comes up to speed.
In Star connection, phase voltage equals 1/√3 Line voltage; in delta connection, phase voltage
equals line voltage.
During starting, the contactor closes and stator winding is connected in star.
The voltage applied to the individual motor windings is therefore reduced by a factor of 1/√3
(57.8%). Hence, the starting torque is reduced by one-third
The starting current will be one-third of what it would be in DOL starting.
This is because torque is proportional to the square of applied voltage and current is proportional
to the applied voltage
When the motor reaches normal running speed, the contactor KM1 opens and KM2 closes.
Now stator winding is connected in delta.

Q5
(a) State the necessary conditions required prior to the synchronizing of electrical
alternators. (6)
(b) Describe the type of cumulative damage that may be caused when alternators are
incorrectly Synchronized. (6)
(c) Explain how the damage referred to in (b) can be avoided/reduced. (4)
Generator & circuit protection
Apr 2024
(a) The conditions to be satisfied for synchronizing two generators are:
Voltage should be equal to or slightly higher than the busbar voltage (check from voltmeter)
Frequency should equal or slightly higher than the busbar voltage (check from frequency meter)
There should be no phase angle between the incoming and running generator. (Checked by
synchroscope)
Look at the dial indicator on the synchro panel. The indicator should be rotating in the clockwise
direction.
Operate the governer switch in such a way that the pointer slowly comes to 12 'O' clock position by
rotating in a clockwise direction.
When the pointer is at the 11 'O'clock position, close the circuit breaker of the incoming generator
The circuit breaker of the incoming generator will close. The pilot indicating lamp will change from
red to green
Operate the incoming generator's governor switch to slowly increase the load on the generator till
the active and reactive loads of both generators equalize.
After putting the generator on load, switch off the synchroscope.
(b) Wrong Synchronization When two alternators are synchronised wrongly when they are 180 deg
away, it is equal to a three-phase short circuit on the alternator. Connecting a stationary alternator
to an active bus bar also causes a three-phase short circuit.

During wrong synchronising, the rotor phase difference causes a large circulating current
increasing synchronising torque and producing large magnetic forces to pull the generator into
synchronism. This leads to rapid acceleration of one machine and faster deceleration of the other
machine.
Any such out-of-step synchronism may cause severe strain on the mechanical parts including
bearings and structures like foundations due to the mechanical reactions of an oscillatory nature
transmitted. Also, the end lashings of the armature winding may be damaged.
All these may happen before the protection operates and trips them. If the incoming machine is
comparatively larger than the running one, the entire electrical system may get de-stabilized.

(c) To avoid the above-stated damage the synchronising operation is to be carried out very
carefully.
Parallel running is achieved in the two stages i.e. Synchronising and then Load Sharing. Both
operations are, usually carried out automatically but manual control is still in common use and is
generally provided as a backup to the auto control. The generator already on-the-bars is called the
running machine and the generator to be brought into service is the incoming machine.
To smoothly parallel the incoming generator, it must be synchronised with the live bus bars. To
achieve smooth manual synchronising, the incoming generator must be brought up to speed to
obtain approximately the same frequency. The incoming generator voltage is set by its AVR or
manually trimmed to be equal to the bus-bar voltage. Fine-tuning of the speed can now be
observed on the synchroscope or synchronising lamps. The incoming generator is adjusted so that
the synchroscope indicator rotates slowly clockwise (fast direction) at about 4 seconds per
indicator revolution. The circuit breaker should be closed as the indicator approaches slowly to the
12 o'clock (in phase) position.

Q6
(a) Explain the principle of conservation of charge and its relationship to Kirchhoff's current
law. (6)
(b) The open-circuit voltage of a cell as measured by a voltmeter of 100 ohm resistance,
was 1.5 V, and the p.d. when supplying current to a 10 ohm resistance was 1.25 V,
measured by the same voltmeter. Determine the e.m.f. and internal resistance of the cell.
(10)
Calculations
Apr 2024
(A)
Conservation of charge is the principle that the total electric charge in an isolated system never
changes

.
Kirchhoff's first law states that the sum of all currents entering a node is equal to the sum of all
currents leaving the node, which implies conservation of charge. The total charge entering a node
must be equal to the charge leaving the node.
Q7
The loads of a 4-wire, 3-phase systems are: Red line to neutral current = 50 A, power factor
of 0.707 (lagging) Yellow line to neutral current = 40 A, power factor of 0.866 (lagging) Blue
line to neutral current = 40 A, power factor 0.707 (leading) Determine the value of the
current in the neutral wire. (16)
Calculations
Apr 2024
Q8
(a) Describe the effect of running an induction motor on reduced voltage.
(b) A motor takes a current of 60 amperes at 230 volts, the power input being 12 kW.
Calculate the power component and the reactive component of the input current. (10)
Calculations
Apr 2024
(a) As voltage is decreased, the current will increase to meet the load demand of the induction
motor. Due to which:
Temperature increase
Motor overload
Losses increase
Efficiency drops
Winding can get damaged
Speed decreases when voltage reduced
Q9
(a) Describe the basic principles of self-excited generators (6) (b) The armature resistance
of a 200V-shunt motor is 0.4 Ohms. The no load (this is the term used when the motor is
running light, i.e. not loaded) armature current is 2A. When loaded and taking an armature
current of 50A, the motor speed is 1200 rev/min. Find the approximate no load speed (10)
Calculations
Apr 2024
 MAY-2/AUGUST
Q1
(a) Sketch a diesel electric propulsion arrangement for a ship (8)
(b) Describe the operation of the propulsion arrangement sketched in (a), including in your
description how reversal of the propulsion motor is achieved (8)
Electric Propulsion
May 2024 - 2
1
Aug 2024
A.

This system has an a.c. conduction motor driving its direct current generator. Field current for both
generator and motor is delivered through a 3phase rectifier from the a.c. supply.
This arrangement is an all d.c. scheme with a diesel engine as the prime mover driving the single
d.c. generator at constant speed. An exciter mounted on an extension of the generator shaft
provides field current both for the generator and for the direct current propulsion motor. The exciter
is itself a d.c. shunt generator.
At Start up, the armature windings of the exciter have current generated in them when they pass
through the field emanating from the residual magnetism of the exciter poles. The small current
generated initially, circulates through the windings of the exciter poles, strengthening their
magnetic fields until full output is reached.
The current generated in the d.c. exciter is delivered unchanged to its own field poles and to the
field poles of the d.c. propulsion motor. It is available to the field poles of the generator, but only
through the regulating resistances of the maneuvering control.
If the contacts control are at the mid positions of the resistances, then no current flows to the main
generator poles and there is no output from it to the propulsion motor.
Rotation of the maneuvering handwheel and gears turns the threaded bars to move the contacts
along the resistances, in opposite directions. As the contacts travel towards extremities and
resistance lessens, current from the exciter flows to the generator field poles.
The direction of current flow and the level are used to control the output of the generator and, in
turn, the propulsion motor. Propeller speed is proportional to the actual voltage produced in the
generator and fed to the propulsion motor.
Advantages
The large amount of electric power available for main propulsion can be diverted for cargo or
dredge pump operation as well as for bow or stern tube thrusters or fire pumps of the emergency
and support vessel (ESV).
Reduction in size of propulsion machinery spaces.
Electric propulsion separates the shaft and parallel system from the direct effect of a diesel prime
mover and from transmitted terminal vibrations.
Flexible and absence of physical constraints on machinery layout.
Very smooth speed control system over a very wide range.
Speed can be controlled in both direction of rotation of motor.
Disadvantages
Higher installation cost and lower efficiency compared with a diesel propulsion system.

Q2
Differentiate between squirrel cage and wound rotor motors, of the three phase a.c. induction type,
in respect of the following: (16)
(a) Rotor construction
(b) Torque characteristics
(c) Speed variation
AC Motor
May 2024 - 2
2
Aug 2024
Oct 2020
Differences between squirrel cage and wound rotor motors:

(a) Rotor Construction:

Squirrel Cage Motor:
Rotor consists of aluminium or copper bars embedded in the laminated steel core.
These bars are short-circuited at both ends by end rings, forming a cage-like structure.
This construction is simple, robust, and relatively inexpensive.
Wound Rotor Motor:
The rotor has a three-phase winding similar to the stator winding.
This winding is connected to slip rings and brushes.
The slip rings allow external resistors to be connected to the rotor winding, controlling the rotor
current.
This construction is more complex and expensive than the squirrel cage motor.
(b) Torque Characteristics:
Squirrel Cage Motor:

Offers high starting torque (typically 150% to 200% of full-load torque) due to the short-circuited
rotor bars.
Has low slip at full load, resulting in constant speed operation.
Suitable for applications requiring high starting torque
Wound Rotor Motor:
Lower starting torque compared to squirrel cage motors due to the resistance in the rotor circuit.
Offers adjustable torque by varying the resistance in the rotor circuit.
Can be used for high inertia loads and applications requiring smooth starting and acceleration.
(c) Speed Variation:
Squirrel Cage Motor:

Speed is almost constant at a fixed frequency due to the low slip.

Speed regulation is poor, with slight variation under load.
Speed control is limited, typically achieved by varying the supply voltage or using variable
frequency drives (VFDs).
Wound Rotor Motor:
Wide speed variation is possible by controlling the external resistance connected to the rotor
winding.
Good speed regulation can be achieved with appropriate control methods.
Adjustable speed makes them suitable for applications requiring speed control.

Q3
(a) Explain open loop contol system and closed loop control system with suitable examples (8)
(b) What are the merits and demerits of the two systems? (8)
Instrumentation & control
May 2024 - 2
1
Aug 2024
(a) Open loop control system:
In this kind of control system, the output doesn’t change the action of the control system otherwise,
the working of the system, which depends on time, is also called the open-loop control system. It
doesn’t have any feedback. It is very simple, needs low maintenance, is quick operation, and is
cost-effective. The accuracy of this system is low and less dependable. The example of the open-
loop type is shown below. The main advantages of the open-loop control system are that it is easy
and needs less protection, the operation of this system is fast & inexpensive, and the
disadvantages are it is reliable and has less accuracy.

E.g. The clothes dryer is one of the examples of the open-loop control system. In this, the control
action can be done physically through the operator. Based on the clothing’s wetness, the operator
will fix the timer to 30 minutes. So after that, the timer will discontinue even after the machine
clothes are wet. The dryer in the machine will stop functioning even if the preferred output is not
attained. This displays that the control system doesn’t give feedback. In this system, the controller
of the system is the timer.
Closed loop:
The closed-loop control system can be defined as the output of the system that depends on the
input of the system. This control system has one or more feedback loops among its input & output.
This system provides the required output by evaluating its input. This kind of system produces the
error signal, and it is the main disparity between the output and input of the system.

The best example of a closed-loop control system is AC or air conditioner. The AC controls the
temperature by evaluating it with the nearby temperature. The evaluation of temperature can be
done through the thermostat. Once the air conditioner gives the error signal, it is the main
difference between the room and the surrounding temperature. So, the thermostat will control the
compressor. These systems are accurate, expensive, reliable, and require high maintenance

(b)
Q4
(a) Explain why it is necessary to have reverse power protection for alternators intended for
parallel operation (6)
(b) (i) Sketch a reverse power trip (5)
(ii) Explain briefly the principle on which the operation of this power trip is based and how tripping
is activated (5)
Generator & circuit protection
May 2024 - 2
3
Aug 2024
Dec 2022
Oct 2020
(a) When two or more power units are running in parallel and if reverse power flow occurs, the
same unit will start drawing power from the main bus bar. It can cause overloading of the other
power supply unit and hence lead to the preferential trip or may lead to total power
failure(Blackout). At the same time, the faulty unit will draw power from the main bus bar and go for
motoring effect, and RPM will soot up, which leads to over speed trip or, in the worst case, some
mechanical failure to the prime mover,
When does reverse power flow occur:
When the prime mover of a generator is not supplying sufficient torque to keep the generator rotor
spinning at the same frequency as the bus to which the generator is supposed to be connected,
the generator will start behaving like a motor, and instead of supplying power it will draw power
from bus bar this phenomenon is called the motoring effect.
During synchronisation, it might be possible to have the synchroscope rotate slowly (anticlockwise
direction) and then close the breaker under this condition. The generator would then be drawing
current from the bus instead of supplying current through the bus (which occurs when the breaker
is closed with the synchroscope rotating in the fast anticlockwise direction). Faulty governor of the
prime mover. Loss of excitation in the alternator can also be the reason for reverse power.

(b)
Q5
With reference to the condition monitoring of electrical machinery:
(a) State TWO important parameters that may be recorded (8)
(b) Explain how the parameters are measured and what defects may be revealed (8)
May 2024 - 2
2
Aug 2024
Dec 2022
(a) Two important parameters that may be recorded for condition monitoring of electrical
machinery on board a ship are:
Temperature: Monitoring the temperature of electrical machinery is crucial as it can provide
valuable insights into the health of the equipment. Electrical machinery, such as motors,
generators, and transformers, generate heat during operation. By recording and analyzing the
temperature, abnormal heating patterns or excessive temperature rise can be detected. High
temperatures may indicate issues such as inadequate cooling, insulation degradation, bearing
problems, or overloading, which can lead to equipment failure if not addressed.
Vibration: Vibration analysis is another important parameter for monitoring the condition of
electrical machinery. Vibration sensors are used to measure the magnitude, frequency, and
patterns of vibrations produced by rotating or moving components. Excessive vibration can
indicate misalignment, imbalance, bearing wear, mechanical looseness, or other faults within the
machinery. By monitoring vibration levels, deviations from normal behavior can be identified,
allowing maintenance personnel to take corrective actions before serious damage occurs.
(b) Measurement and Defects Revealed:
Vibration: Vibration can be measured using transducers such as accelerometers, velocity pick-ups,
and seismic transducers. These transducers are installed on the machine casing, bearing housing,
or rotor to detect vibrations at various frequencies. Different types of faults can be revealed
through vibration analysis. For example:
Imbalance: A peak at the shaft speed frequency indicates an imbalance in the rotating machinery.
Misalignment: Typically, vibrations at 1X, 2X, and 3X the shaft speed frequency indicate
misalignment issues.
Bearing Damage: Higher frequency peaks between 2 KHz and 5 KHz, depending on shaft speed
and transducer resonance, can indicate bearing damage.
Electrical Problems: Synchronous frequency and sidebands in the vibration signal can reveal
electrical issues.
Gear Damage: Gear mesh frequency and its harmonics indicate gear damage, depending on shaft
speed and the number of gear teeth.
Cracked or Bent Shaft: Vibrations at 2X and 3X the shaft speed frequency may indicate the
presence of a cracked or bent shaft.
Temperature: Temperature can be measured using thermocouples or infrared cameras. These
sensors are installed in the vicinity of the bearings or electrical components to monitor temperature
changes. The recorded temperatures can reveal potential defects such as:
Bearing Failure: Rising temperatures in the bearings indicate potential bearing failure due to
increased friction.
Insulation Deterioration: Temperature rise on the outside surface of an insulating material can
indicate insulation deterioration, signaling a need for inspection or replacement.
Overload or Loose Connections: Hot spots on electrical panels detected by infrared cameras can
indicate overload or loose connections.

Q6
(a) Describe the basic principles a self-excited generator (6)
(b) The armature resistance of a 200 V, shunt motor is 0.4 ohms and the no-load armature current
is 2A. When fully loaded and taking an armature current of 50 A, the speed is 1200 rev/min. Find
the no-load speed and state the assumption made in the calculation (10)
Calculations
May 2024 - 2
2
Aug 2024
Aug 2022
(a) The basic principles of a self-excited generator:
When the generator is first started, there is a small amount of residual magnetism in the rotor
winding. This residual magnetism is due to the fact that the rotor winding is made of ferromagnetic
material, which retains a small amount of magnetism even when there is no current flowing
through it. The prime mover (usually a diesel engine or a turbine) rotates the rotor of the generator.
As the rotor rotates, the residual magnetism in the rotor winding induces an electromotive force
(EMF) in the stator winding. The EMF induced in the stator winding is proportional to the speed of
rotation of the rotor and the strength of the residual magnetism.
The EMF induced in the stator winding is fed to the automatic voltage regulator (AVR). The AVR
rectifies the AC voltage from the stator winding and uses it to excite the rotor winding. The DC
current from the AVR flows through the rotor winding, creating a magnetic field. This magnetic field
interacts with the residual magnetism in the rotor winding, creating a stronger magnetic field. The
stronger magnetic field induces a higher EMF in the stator winding.
The process of self-excitation continues until the generator reaches its rated voltage. At this point,
the AVR reduces the excitation current to maintain the generator voltage at the desired level.
Q7
A 4 pole, lap wound shunt generator delivers 200 A at terminal voltage of 250 V. It has a field and
armature resistance of 50 Ω and 0.05 Ω respectively. Determine: (16)
(a) Armature current
(b) Generated e.m.f
(c) Current per armature parallel paths
(d) Power developed
Calculations
May 2024 - 2
1
Aug 2024
Q8
(a) State the relationship between impedence, voltage and current (6)
(b) The filament of a 230V lamp takes a current of 0.261A when working at its normal temperature
of 2000° C. The temperature coefficient of the tungsten filament material can be taken as 0.005°
C^-1 at 0º C. Find the approximate current which flows at the instant of switching on the supply to
the cold lamp, which can be considered to be at a room temperature of 20° C (10)
Calculations
May 2024 - 2
3
Aug 2024
Nov 2022
Aug 2022
(a) Impedance is the effective resistance of an electric circuit or an electric circuit component
whose resistance changes with a different frequency of AC. Impedance can also be due to the
combined effect of ohmic resistance and reactance. Impedance is represented by the letter 'Z'.
Since impedance is a frequency-dependent resistance, then the relationship between voltage
current and impedance can be defined by Ohm‟s law as
V=IZ
Where,
V is the voltage drop across the impedance,
I is current across the impedance, and
Z is the impedance,
Although V = I Z is the scalar equation as we know impedance is a function of frequency, then it
can also be defined

Impedance can be defined for any two-port passive network which can contain a resistor,
capacitor, or inductor. When the network is condensed into one component, the voltage drop
across that component is the impedance voltage.
(b) Goven:
Voltage = 230V
Current = 0.261A
Temperature = 2000°C
Temperature co-efficient = 0.005
To find:
current at 20°C
Resistance of lamp at 2000°C
Q9
(a) Describe the effect of running an induction motor on reduced voltage (6)
(b) A 90V d.c. generator is used to charge a battery of 40 cells in series, each cell having an
average e.m.f. of 1.9 V and an internal resistance of 0,0025 Ω. If the total resistance of the
connecting cells is 1Ω, calculate the value of the charging current (10)
Calculations
May 2024 - 2
2
Aug 2024
Aug 2022
(a) Running an induction motor on reduced voltage has several effects, including:
When the voltage supplied to the motor is reduced, the current drawn by the motor increases to
maintain the power requirement (P = VI). Higher current can lead to several issues.
The increased current results in higher losses in the motor windings, leading to elevated
temperatures. Overheating is a major concern as it can damage the insulation, winding, and other
components of the motor.
Lower voltage leads to reduced starting torque, affecting the motor's ability to accelerate and start
rotating properly. This can result in difficulties in starting heavy loads or moving the motor from a
standstill.
The pullout torque, which is the maximum torque the motor can deliver without stalling, is
significantly reduced under reduced voltage conditions.
Operating the motor at reduced voltage results in lower efficiency. Motors are designed to operate
optimally at their rated voltage, and deviating from this value can lead to inefficiencies in power
consumption.
The combination of increased current, overheating, and reduced performance can contribute to a
shortened overall lifespan of the motor. Continuous operation at reduced voltage accelerates wear
and tear on the motor components.
Induction motors are sensitive to voltage sags or fluctuations. A significant drop in voltage, even
for a short duration, can cause a motor to stall or operate erratically.
 MAY
Q1
(a) Sketch a circuit diagram for an automatic voltage regulator illustrating how the A.V.R.
utilizes a silicon-controlled rectifier to control the excitation system for an alternator. (10)
(b) Describe how the A.V.R. monitors output and controls the excitation system. (6)
AC Generator
May 2024
4
Dec 2020
Mar 2019
Dec 2018
Oct 2018
(a) The terminal voltage is sensed by a 3-ph star-delta stepdown transformer and rectifier to D.C
by a 3-ph bridge rectifier bank and smoothened by an L-C filter to represent the actual terminal
voltage in a reduced D.C form. This voltage is compared in a Zener reference bridge circuit with
the desired voltage provided by the Zener breakdown voltage so that the output gives the error or
deviation between the two ( voltage difference between actual and desired value). This error
voltage is utilised for the thyristor trigger control in the diode bridge. This thyristor diode bridge is
provided with an A.C supply and the output depends on the conduction period of the thyristor
which is triggered by the error voltage as mentioned earlier. The output from the thyristor diode
bridge goes to the A.C exciter field of the alternator which in turn includes A.C voltage in A.C
exciter 3-ph armature winding. This voltage is rectified by a bridge rectifier mounted on the rotor
shaft and finally provides excitation for the main alternator field winding. This will generate a 3-ph
AC voltage in the main armature winding.

(b) The magnetic field crossing conductors produce relative motion between the two. The magnetic
field is created by the field windings of the generator. The conductors are the armature windings of
the generator. The relative motion of the magnetic field across the conductors is provided by the
rotor shaft. The more magnetic field lines cross conductors the more current is induced in the
conductors. The way you get more magnetic field is to put more current through the magnetic field
windings so if you want more voltage induced you need to apply more current to the field windings,
and If output voltage drops, the AVR applies more current to the field windings, if output voltage
increases because of reduce load the AVR reduces current to the field windings
An Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) regulates the generator terminal voltage by controlling the
amount of current supplied to the generator field winding by the exciter.
The AVR controls the alternator output voltage by automatic adjustment of the exciter stator field
strength. The AVR provides closed-loop control by sensing the alternator output voltage at the
main stator windings and adjusting the exciter stator field strength
Q2
Overcurrent protection relays are built into main alternator breakers to safeguard the
individual alternators and the distribution system against certain faults.
(a) Sketch a typical relay. (8)
(b) Describe the operation of the relay sketched in (a) (8)
Generator & circuit protection
May 2024

Q3
(a) Sketch and describe a power (watt) meter for an a.c. switchboard. (8)
(b) State why type of load governs power factor and give examples of power factor for a
resistance load and for normal marine operation. (8)
Electrical circuits & components
May 2024
(a) A power measuring meter, called a wattmeter, can be connected into a circuit to measure
power instead of making two measurements (current and voltage) and then calculating the power.
The power dissipated can be read directly from the scale of the wattmeter.
Working Principle: A wattmeter consists of two stationary coils connected in series, and one
moving coil. The stationary coils, wound with many turns of thick wire, have a low resistance. The
moving coil wound with many turns of fine wire, has high resistance. For power measurements, the
moving coil is connected across the source voltage with a series resistance of high value which
determines the current through the coil in phase and proportional to voltage. The fixed coil is
connected in series with the load, which can carry the load current.
The interaction of the two magnetic fields, produced by the fixed and moving coils, will cause the
moving coil and its pointer to rotate in proportion to the voltage (across the load) and current
(through the load).
Q4
Explain clearly why, in D.C. installation, a compound-wound electric generator is usually
adopted for ship lighting purposes. Compare its performance with that of shunt and series
wound machines. What attention does such a machine require when working and what care
is necessary for its maintenance in a satisfactory condition? (16)
DC Generator
May 2024
1
Jul 2023
DC installations on ships, a compound-wound electric generator is often preferred for lighting
purposes due to its superior performance characteristics compared to shunt and series wound
machines.

Compound-wound generators
Voltage Regulation:
Compound-wound generators combine the characteristics of both series and shunt wound
generators. They have both series and shunt windings. The series winding helps to boost the
voltage under heavy load conditions, while the shunt winding provides good voltage regulation
under varying load conditions. This results in better overall voltage regulation, making compound-
wound generators ideal for lighting systems where consistent voltage is crucial to avoid flickering
and ensure steady light output.
Load Handling:
Ships' lighting systems experience varying loads. Compound-wound generators handle these
variations better because the series winding compensates for the voltage drop caused by
increased load. This adaptability to changing loads ensures that the lighting system remains stable
and reliable.

Comparison with Shunt and Series Wound

Shunt Wound Generators:
Performance: Shunt wound generators have good voltage regulation under steady load conditions.
However, their voltage can drop significantly under heavy loads because the field current
decreases as the load increases. Use Case: Suitable for applications with relatively constant loads
but not ideal for varying loads like lighting systems on ships.
Series Wound Generators:
Performance: Series wound generators produce high voltage under no-load or light-load conditions
and low voltage under heavy loads due to the nature of series winding where the field current
depends on the load current. Use Case: Typically used for applications requiring a high starting
torque but not suitable for stable voltage applications like lighting.
Compound Wound Generators:
Performance: Combine the benefits of both shunt and series wound generators. They maintain
relatively stable voltage across a wide range of loads. Use Case: Ideal for ship lighting systems
where load can vary significantly and stable voltage is necessary.

Attention and Maintenance

Regular Monitoring:
Continuously monitor voltage and current output to ensure the generator operates within specified
parameters. Check for any abnormal noises or vibrations during operation.
Load Management:
Ensure that the load connected to the generator is within its rated capacity to prevent overloading,
which can damage the windings and affect voltage regulation.
Inspection and Cleaning:
Regularly inspect and clean the generator to remove dust, dirt, and debris that could cause
overheating or electrical faults. Pay special attention to the commutator and brushes, ensuring
they are clean and in good condition.
Brush and Commutator Maintenance:
Check the brushes for wear and ensure they are making good contact with the commutator.
Replace brushes that are worn out. Inspect the commutator for signs of wear or scoring and
smooth it if necessary.
Lubrication:
Lubricate bearings as per the manufacturer’s recommendations to ensure smooth operation and
prevent mechanical wear.
Electrical Connections:
Tighten and inspect all electrical connections to prevent loose contacts that can lead to arcing and
potential faults.
Testing:
Periodically test the generator under load conditions to ensure it performs as expected. Perform
insulation resistance tests to check for any insulation degradation.
By selecting compound-wound generators for ship lighting, you achieve better voltage regulation
and adaptability to varying loads, ensuring reliable and stable lighting. Proper attention and regular
maintenance are essential to keep the generator in optimal working condition and prolong its
service life.

Q5
With reference to an emergency source of electrical power in cargo ships:
(a) Describe a typical power source. (6)
(b) Give a typical list of essential services, which must be supplied simultaneously. (5)
(c) Explain how the emergency installation can be periodically tested. (5)
Batteries & E’mcy power supplies
May 2024
4
Apr 2024 - 2
Dec 2023
Mar 2023
Aug 2022
(a) A typical power source for emergency generators in cargo ships is typically an internal
combustion engine, often diesel-powered. The engine is connected to an alternator, which
generates electrical power. The size and capacity of the emergency generator depend on the
ship's size and requirements. Emergency generators are designed to provide electrical power in
case of a main power failure, ensuring essential systems like emergency lighting, communication,
and safety equipment remain operational.
(b) List of essential services, which must be supplied simultaneously are:
One Steering gear motor
Emergency fire pump
Emergency air compressor
BA compressor
Sprinkler/ Hi-fog pump
Fire detectors
Navigation equipment
Communication equipment
Water tight doors
Life boat davits
CO2 room exhaust fan
One E/R vent fan
E/R pumps and system required for first start from 'Dead ship'
Emergency lights
Battery chargers
E/R alarms system
UPS system
(c) To ensure the proper functioning of the emergency generator and its associated systems,
regular testing is essential. The periodic testing of the emergency installation can be performed as
follows:
Weekly tests involve simulating the loss of normal power supply to trigger the automatic start-up
sequence of the emergency generator. This can be done by using a push button to interrupt the
normal voltage supply to the control panel, which initiates the start-up process. Additionally, the
loss of main power supply can be simulated by pulling a fuse in the auto start panel, which
activates the under-voltage or under-frequency relay.
Regular no-load running checks are performed to ensure the emergency generator is in working
condition. The generator is run up to speed for short test runs to comply with safety regulations.
This test verifies the basic functionality of the generator and its prime mover (the engine) without
putting any load on the generator.
Occasionally, an actual load test should be conducted to supplement the no-load running checks.
During a load test, the emergency generator is disconnected from the normal mains power, and
the generator is loaded up to near its rated capacity. This test verifies the performance of the
emergency generator under actual load conditions, including the operation of the prime mover and
the circuit-breaker.
Q6
(a) What are the different types of DC motors? (6)
(b) A 10 H.P. 230 V shunt motor takes an armature current of 6A from 230 V mains at no
load runs at 1200 r.p.m. The armature resistance is 0.25Ω. Determine speed and
electromagnetic torque when the armature takes 36 amps. with the same flux. (10)
Calculations
May 2024
(a) D.C motors are classified as series, shunt and compound motors based on these armature and
field winding connections.
Series motor: In series motor field windings are connected in series with the armature windings
Shunt motor: In the shunt motor field, windings are connected in parallel with the armature
winding.
Compound motor: These have both series and shunt field windings.
Compound motors are classified as long-shunt and short-shunt compound motors
In long shunt compound motors, the shunt field winding is connected parallel to the series
combination of series field and armature winding
In a short shunt compound motor, the series field is connected series to the parallel combination of
the armature and shunt field winding.
The compound motors are further classified into cumulative and differential compound motors.
In cumulative compound motor, series field flux and shunt field flux are in the same direction.
In differential compound motor, series field flux opposes the direction of shunt field flux.
Q7
An amplifier has an open-circuit voltage gain of 1000, an input resistance of 2000 Ω and an
output resistance of 1.0 Ω. Determine the input signal voltage required to produce an
output signal current of 0.5A in a 4.0Ω resistor connected across the output terminals. If the
amplifier is then used with negative series voltage feedback so that one tenth of the output
signal is fed back to the input, determine the input signal voltage to supply the same output
signal current.
Calculations
May 2024
Alternate method:
Q8
(a) Explain how fluorescent tubes power factor is improved. (6)
(b) A fluorescent lamp taking 80W at 0.7 power factor lagging from a 230V, 50-Hz supply is
to be connected to unity power factor. Determine the value of the correcting approach
required. (10)
Calculations
May 2024
1
Dec 2022
(a) Fluorescent tube power factor can be improved by using power factor correction techniques
such as adding capacitor banks or using electronic ballasts. These methods help offset the
reactive power consumed by the fluorescent tubes, resulting in a higher power factor. Capacitor
banks store energy and release it to counteract the inductive reactive power, while electronic
ballasts regulate the power delivered to the tubes more efficiently. These measures reduce power
losses, improve energy efficiency, and optimize the utilization of the electrical system's capacity.
(b)
Q9
(a) Explain about non-linear resistors with some examples and illustration on how they
differ from linear resistor. (6)
(b) A half-wave rectifier is used to supply 50V d.c. to a resistive load of 800Ω. The diode has
a resistance of 25 Ω. Calculate a.c. voltage required. (10)
Calculations
May 2024
(a) the non-linear resistor is a resistive component that doesn't change linearly in response to
voltage, current, temperature, or other parameters. Non-linear resistors are used for a variety of
purposes, including:
Transient and surge protection: Non-linear resistors can help protect circuits from transient and
surge issues.
ESD protection: Non-linear resistors can help protect circuits from ESD issues.
Temperature detection and compensation: Non-linear resistors can help detect and compensate
for temperature changes.
There are several types of non-linear resistors, including:
Light-dependent resistors (LDRs): These resistors have a resistance that decreases as light
increases.
Voltage-dependent resistors (VDRs): These resistors have a resistance that decreases
significantly when the voltage exceeds a certain value.
Thermistors: These resistors are sensitive to temperature changes.
Varistors: These resistors are sensitive to current changes.
Memristors: These resistors depend on the previous stage.
The difference between linear and non-linear resistance is based on the relationship between the
current and voltage in a circuit element. A component with non-linear resistance will have a non-
linear I-V curve.
(b)
Alternate method:
 JUNE
Q1
Explain with a simple line sketch, a main engine jacket cooling automatic control system
capable of maintaining the jacket water temperature within close limits during wide
changes in engine load. (16)
Instrumentation & control
Jun 2024
1
Jan 2024
A temperature-controlled HT (high-temperature) circulating system is a good example of a control
system that can be enhanced by the inclusion of cascade control. The system involves two
controllers in cascade, each equipped with its own temperature sensor.

The first controller (outer loop) regulates the temperature of the water outlet and utilizes a PI
(proportional-integral) controller.
The control valve is located far from the outlet, where it accurately measures the temperature.
The error term of this first PI controller is the difference between the desired HT temperature and
the measured temperature at the outlet.
Instead of directly controlling the valve, the first PI controller sets the input for the second P
(proportional) controller.
The second controller (inner loop) compares the inlet temperature of the system with the output
from the first controller.
The second controller sends a signal to the control valve based on this comparison.
The proportional and integral terms of the two controllers are designed to be different. The outer PI
controller has a longer time constant, considering the entire system's thermal mass, while the inner
loop responds more quickly.
This cascade control configuration allows each controller to be tuned to match the specific
characteristics of the part of the system it controls, optimizing the overall system response. The
outer loop addresses slower changes in the system, while the inner loop provides rapid
adjustments, resulting in a more robust and efficient temperature control system.

ALTERNATE METHOD:
Combination of cascade and split range control. Cascade control is where the output from a
master controller is used to adjust automatically the desired value of a slave controller. The master
controller obtains an outlet temperature reading from the engine which is compared with a desired
value. Any deviation acts to adjust the desired value of the slave controller. The slave controller
also receives a signal from the water inlet temperature sensor which it compares with its latest
desired value. Any deviation results in a signal to two control valves arranged for split range
control. If the cooling water temperature is high, the Low temp water valve is opened to admit more
cooling water to the cooler. If the cooling water temperature is low, then the sea water valve will be
closed in. If the sea water valve is fully closed, then the steam inlet valve will be opened to heat
the water. Both master and slave controllers will be identical instruments and will be two-term (P+I)
in action

Q2
(a) What is the function of insulation in an electric conductor? (3)
(b) What are the various classes of insulation? (8)
(c) What are the desired properties of insulating material? (5)
Electrical safety & Maintenance
Jun 2024
2
Jan 2024
Jan 2023
(a) Electrical insulators are used to hold conductors in position, separating them from one another
and from surrounding structures. They form a barrier between energized parts of an electric circuit
and confine the flow of current to wires or other conducting paths as desired.
(b)
Class Y Insulating Materials- 90°C
Cotton, silk, paper, and similar organic materials.
Class A Insulating Materials – 105°C
Impregnated paper, silk, cotton, polyimide and resins.
Class E Insulating Materials – 120°C
Enameled wire insulations on the base of molded polyvinyl epoxy resins and powder plastics.
Class B Insulating Materials – 130°C
Inorganic material (Mica, Fibre, Glass, Asbestos) impregnated with varnish and other compounds.
Class F Insulating Materials – 155°C
Mica, polyester epoxide varnished, and other varnish and in the high heat resistance.
Class H Insulating Materials – 180°C
Composite materials on mica, fiberglass, and other asbestos bases, impregnated in the silicon
rubber except for other rubber compounds.
Class C Insulating Materials – >180°C
Mica, Ceramics, Glass, Teflon, and Quartz.
(c) The insulating material should have the following properties:
High insulation resistance i.e. high resistivity.
High dielectric strength
Low permittivity
High mechanical strength
Non-hygroscopic i.e., it should not absorb moisture from air or soil
Non-inflammable
Unaffected by acids and alkalis
The electrical and chemical properties of the material should not be affected by the temperature.

Q3
(a) How protection is provided for electrical short circuit. (4)
(b) Describe the construction and operation of HRC fuses. (8)
(c) What are the advantages of HRC fuses. (4)
Electrical safety
Jun 2024
2
Jan 2024
Jan 2023
(a) To protect the devices and people from short circuit hazards, protecting devices are used in
electrical circuits. These devices can detect the faults and trip the circuit immediately before the
surge current reaches to the maximum. There are two popular protecting devices used frequently
in every electrical circuit.
Fuse is operated once in the circuit and then must be replaced after the trip occurs. It is helpful for
phase by phase (single pole) protection. It offers a high breaking capacity at low volume, which
limits electro-dynamic stress.
Circuit breakers can be reset either manually or automatically. It automatically breaks the circuit
within a short cutoff time and separates the load from the power supply which protects the circuit
from any damage. The magnetic triggers of CB open the poles. CBs limit both the thermal and
thermodynamic effects. It works faster than a fuse.
(b) HRC fuse (high rupturing capacity fuse) is one kind of fuse, where the fuse wire carries a short
circuit current in a set period. If the fault occurs in the circuit then it blows off. The HRC fuse is
made with glass otherwise some other kind of chemical compound.
HRC Fuse Type The enclosure of the fuse can be closed tightly to avoid the air from the
atmosphere. At both sides of the fuse, the ceramic enclosure is made with a metal cap which is
welded with fusible silver wire. Its enclosure includes some space that is surrounding by wire
otherwise element of the fuse. HRC fuse is consistent & it has the feature like if it has a high fault
current then break time is low. Similarly, if the fault current is not high, then break time is long.

Working Principle of HRC Fuse In normal conditions, the flow of current through the fuse doesn’t
provide sufficient energy to soften the element. If the huge current flows through the fuse then it
melts the element of the fuse before the fault current achieves the climax.
When the fuse is in an overload condition, then the element of the fuse will not blow-off however if
this condition exists for an extended period, then the material like Eutectic will dissolve & break the
element of the fuse. When the fuse is in short circuit condition, then the thin parts of the fuse
element is less area will dissolve quickly & will smash before the eutectic material. So this is the
reason to provide the limitations within the element of HRC Fuse.
(c) The advantages of these fuses include the following:
These are cheaper as compared with other types
Easy to design and very simple
Maintenance is not necessary
High breaking capability
The performance of this is consistent.
Easy operation
The inverse time characteristic is suitable for overload protection
Q4
(a) Shunt generators having drooping characteristics are best suited for parallel operation.
Discuss. (6)
(b) Two 220 V d.c. generators each having linear external characteristics, operated in
parallel. One machine has a terminal voltage of 270 V on no-load and 220 V at a load current
of 35 A, while the other has a voltage of 280 V at no-load and 220 V at 50 A. Calculate the
output current of each machine and the bus bar voltage when the total load is 60 A. What is
the kW output of each machine under this condition. (10)
Calculations
Jun 2024
3
Mar 2024
Jan 2024
Apr 2023
(a) For stable parallel operation, the most suitable type of d.c. generator is shunt generator as it
has slightly drooping characteristics. If there is any tendency for a generator to supply more or less
than its proper share of load it changes system voltage which certainly opposes this tendency.
This restores the original division of load. Thus the shunt generators automatically remains in
parallel, once they are paralleled.
Consider voltage-current characteristics of a shunt generator as shown in the Fig. 1(a) and
Fig1(b).

Two shunt generators are considered. For common terminal voltage, the two generators are
supplying a current of I1 and I2 respectively. It can be seen that generator 2 has more dropping
characteristics and supplied less current.
The load will be divided properly within the two generators at all the points provided their voltage
characteristics are similar with each generator having same voltage drop from no load to full load
Q5
(a) Briefly explain Static Induction and dynamic Induction. (6)
(b) A coil of 250 turns is wound uniformly over a wooden ring of mean circumference
500mm and uniform crosssectional area of 400mm2. If the current passed through the coil
is 4A find: (10)
(i) The magnetising force
(ii) The total flux.
Calculations
Jun 2024
2
Jan 2024
Jan 2023
(a) Statically Induced EMF
When the conductor is stationary and the magnetic field is changing, the induced EMF in such a
way is known as statically induced EMF (as in a transformer). It is so called because the EMF is
induced in a conductor which is stationary. The statically induced EMF can also be classified into
two categories.
Self Induced EMF
Mutually Induced EMF
Dynamically induced EMF:
When the conductor is moved in a stationary magnetic field, the magnetic flux linking with it
changes in magnitude. As the conductor is subjected to a changing magnetic field, an EMF will be
induced in it. The EMF induced in this way is known as dynamically induced EMF (as in a DC or
AC generator). It is so-called because EMF is induced in a conductor that is moving (dynamic).
Q6
(a) Explain how excitation of the rotor is produced and supplied. (6)
(b) A shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.2 ohms and with an armature current of
120 amperes runs at 750 r.p.m. off a 400-volt supply. Calculate the speed and armature
current of the motor if the flux per pole is reduced to 75 per cent of its initial value, the total
torque remaining unaltered (10)
Calculations
Jun 2024
2
Jan 2024
Apr 2023
(a) In an AC generator, excitation of the rotor is a process that involves creating a magnetic field in
the rotor, leading to the generation of alternating current in the stator windings. Excitation is
necessary to induce the flow of electric current within the generator.
There are typically two main types of excitation systems in AC generators: brushless excitation
systems and brush excitation systems.
Brushless Excitation System: In brushless excitation systems, the rotor is equipped with a
rotating field winding. The excitation process involves the following steps:
AC Voltage Generation: The stator windings of the generator produce an initial AC voltage. This
voltage is often derived from an auxiliary AC power source or from the generator itself during initial
startup.
Rectification: The AC voltage is then rectified into DC voltage by a rectifier system. This system
usually includes diodes or thyristors (SCRs) that convert the AC voltage into a unidirectional flow
of current.
Rotor Excitation: The DC voltage is supplied to the rotor winding, creating a magnetic field. This
field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in the stator windings, leading to the generation of AC
power.
Voltage Regulation: The excitation system may include a control mechanism to regulate the DC
voltage supplied to the rotor. This control ensures that the generator output voltage remains stable
and within the desired range.

Brush Excitation System: In brush excitation systems, the rotor is equipped with a direct current
(DC) field winding. The excitation process involves the following steps:
External DC Source: A separate DC source, often a DC generator or a rectified DC power supply,
provides the initial excitation to the rotor.
Rotor Winding Excitation: The external DC source supplies a constant DC voltage to the rotor's
field winding, creating a strong and steady magnetic field.
AC Voltage Generation: As the rotor rotates within the stator windings, the magnetic field induces
an AC voltage in the stator windings, generating electrical power.
Voltage Regulation: Similar to the brushless excitation system, a control mechanism is employed
to regulate the DC voltage supplied to the rotor, ensuring stable generator output.
Q7
(a) State the conditions, which must be satisfied before an a.c. generator can be paralleled
with live bus-bars. (4)
(b) Sketch a lamp-bright configuration for synchronizing lamps (8) (c) Discuss the
advantages & disadvantages of the lamps-bright system over the lamps-dark system. (4)
Generator & circuit protection
Jun 2024
1
Jan 2024
(a) The requirement for synchronisation is the incoming machine should be
Voltage should be equal to or slightly higher than the busbar voltage (check from voltmeter)
Frequency should equal or slightly higher than the busbar voltage (check from frequency meter)
There should be no phase angle between the incoming and running generator. (Checked by
synchroscope)
When the above criteria are met, the circuit breaker of the incoming generator is closed.
(b) Lamp-bright configuration for synchronizing lamps:
A cheap method for synchronization by using 3 lamps is called synchronizing lamps method.
By using these three lamps, it is easy to check the condition for synchronization.
This method is generally used for low-power machines.
When a generator is rotated at its rated speed by using a prime mover, then it is ready to connect
to the infinite busbar by adjusting the field current of the infinite busbar to get its terminal voltage
equal to the busbar voltage.
Voltage may vary from 0 V to twice the phase voltage, so it is required to use a suitable lamp.
Three bright lamp method

For this method, all three lamps are connected in parallel to the switches A1 to B2, B1 to C2 and
C1 to A2.
If all the phases are connected properly, all lamps will be bright and dark at the same time.
If not flicker at the same time, the phase sequence is not corrected so need to change the phase
and observe until all lamps flicker at the same time.
These 3 lamps flicker at a rate that is equal to the difference in frequency of incoming machine and
busbars.
Now, the frequency of the incoming machine needs to be adjusted so that it will equal to busbar's
frequency which is known by observing these 3 lamps.
Adjusting the frequency until the lamps flicker at a slow rate (i.e. less than one bright period per
second). Finally, all switches are closed in the middle of the bright period

(c) Advantages & disadvantages of the lamps-bright system over the lamps-dark
system:Advantages:
The lamps-bright system is more accurate than the lamps-dark system because the lamps are
much more sensitive to changes in voltage at their maximum brightness than when they are dark.
This makes it easier to identify the exact moment of synchronization.
The midpoint of the bright period in the lamps-bright system can be identified more easily
compared to the dark lamp method.
This provides a clearer indication of when to close the circuit breaker.
The lamps-bright system allows for more effective synchronization and closing of the breaker, as
the exact moment of synchronization can be easily identified.
Disadvantages:
There is a possibility of inaccuracies in synchronizing and closing the breaker in the lamps-bright
system, especially if the lamps become dark or flicker due to fluctuations in voltage.
This can lead to errors in timing the closure of the breaker, potentially causing disruptions or
damage.
The lamps in the bright lamp system become dark at about half of their rated voltage. As a result,
there is a risk that the synchronizing switch might be turned off even when a phase difference
between the machines exists, leading to incorrect synchronization.
There is a risk of filament burnout in the lamps due to the continuous operation at maximum
brightness. This could result in the failure of the lamps and the loss of synchronization indication.

Q8
With reference to a three phase shipboard electrical distribution system:
(a) Enumerate the advantages of an insulated neutral system. (4)
(b) Enumerate the disadvantages of an insulated neutral system. (4)
(c) Compare the use of an insulated neutral system as opposed to the use of an Earthed
neutral system with regard to the risk of electric shock from either system. (8)
Electrical distribution
Jun 2024
2
Jan 2024
Jul 2023
(a) Advantages of insulated neutral systems:
Reduced risk of electric shock
Reduced risk of fire and explosion
Reduced risk of damage to equipment
It avoids the risk of loss of essential services like steering gear
One earth fault doesn't interrupt the supply but an earth fault detection system will give a warning
(b) Disadvantages of insulated neutral systems:
More difficult to troubleshoot faults
Requires more complex and expensive protection equipment
(c) Insulated Neutral System: When the neutral of the generator is completely insulated from the
earth or ship`s hull it is called an insulated neutral system. It is very advantageous because it does
not pose any danger to human life even if there is a single earth fault because the whole ship will
be at the same potential leading to no damage to machinery and life. An alarm system will detect
this earth fault.

Earthed Neutral System: When the generator's neutral is connected to the earth or ship`s hull it is
called earth neutral system. A single fault can cause a very large current to flow causing damage
to the machinery. But still, it is used in HV systems because if there is only one earth fault the
machinery will trip and protect the equipment.

Q9
(a) Differentiate between resistance, inductance and impedance in an a.c. circuit. (6)
(b) A circuit is made up from four resistors of value 2R, 4R, 5R and 10R connected in
parallel. If the current is 8.6A, find the voltage drop across the arrangement and the current
in each resistor. (10)
Calculations
Jun 2024
2
Jan 2024
Jan 2023
(a) Resistance:
Resistance (R) represents the opposition to the flow of electric current in a circuit.
It is caused by the interaction of electrons with the atoms in a material, resulting in the conversion
of electrical energy into heat.
Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω) and remains constant regardless of the frequency of the AC
signal.
Inductance:
Inductance (L) is a property of an electrical circuit that opposes changes in current.
It is caused by the presence of an inductor, which is a passive component typically made of coiled
wire.
Inductance stores energy in a magnetic field when current flows through it.
Inductance is measured in henries (H) and increases with the number of turns in the coil and the
strength of the magnetic field.
Impedance:
Impedance (Z) is the total opposition to the flow of alternating current in a circuit, which includes
both resistance and reactance.
Reactance is the opposition to the change in voltage or current caused by inductive or capacitive
elements in the circuit.
Impedance accounts for both resistance and reactance and is represented as a complex number
with a real (resistive) component and an imaginary (reactive) component.
Impedance is measured in ohms (Ω) and depends on the frequency of the AC signal.
(b)