এডুকাটুম স্কুল

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হেড অফিস: ২৭/এ, হ াড ৩, ধানমফি, ঢাকা ১২০৯

মব্ষে: সােন ১ম পত্র

টমপক

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র াল
ব্যাচ

এডু কাটু ম অ্যাকাডডমম সাডে র ামা পেচলা মসৃণ র াক!

ওডেব্সাইট রেইসব্ুক রপইজ রেইসব্ুক গ্রুপ

Educatum School 1

2q Aa¨vqt ¸YMZ imvqb

UwcK- 1t cigvYy g‡Wj, wewKiY eY©vwj I eY© wbY©q Ges eY©vwji e¨envi|
Av‡jvPbvt
➢ iwk¥i eY©vjx msµvšÍ mgm¨vt
G ai‡Yi mgm¨v mgvavb Gi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB AbymÜvb Ki‡Z n‡e B‡jKUªbwU KZ Zg Kÿc‡_ Ae¯’vb (𝑛1 )
Ki‡Q Ges KZ Zg Kÿc_ ‡_‡K Mgb Ki‡Q (𝑛2 )|

1 1 1
myZivs = 𝑅𝐻 (
 𝑛 12
−
𝑛22
) 𝑍 2 m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv Zi½‰`N©¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡ev|
Avi mveavbZvi welq n‡jv 𝑅𝐻 (wiWevM© aªæeK) Gi gvb 109678 𝐶𝑚−1 A_©vr cm GK‡K| ZvB 
(Zi½‰`N©¨) Gi GKK I cm GK‡K †ei n‡e hv 10−7 Øviv ¸Y K‡i nm GK‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e| Z n‡”Q
cvigvbweK msL¨v|

AZci hw` eY© wbY©q Ki‡Z nq Z‡e cvigvbweK eb©vjxi wb‡¤œv³ PvU Gi mv‡_ wgwj‡q mn‡RB Avgiv eY© kbv³
Ki‡Z cvi‡ev|

eY© Zi½‰`‡N©i cwimi () nm

‡e¸Yx 380-424 nm
bxj 425-450 nm
Avmgvbx 451-500 nm
meyR 501-575nm
njy` 576-590 nm
Kgjv 591-647 nm
jvj 648-780 nm

wewKiY eY©vwji e¨envit

➢ Rvj UvKv kbv³Ki‡Y: UvKvi Dci UV †d¬v‡iv‡mÝhy³ Kvwji cª‡jc †`qv _v‡K †hLv‡b UV Av‡jv co‡jB
†Kej cªwZdwjZ nq| hLb UV Av‡jv e¨vsK †bv‡Ui Dci †djv nq| ZLb we‡kl Kvwj‡Z Dcw¯’Z †d¬v‡iv‡mÝ
dm‡dvi wewµqv K‡i `„k¨gvb Av‡jv m„wó K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K Rvj †bv‡U `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi `„wó nq bv| Gfv‡e Rvj
†bvU kbv³Kiv nq |
➢ Rvj cvm‡cvU© kbv³Ki‡Y: Rvj cvm‡cvU© UV †d¬v‡iv‡mÝhy³ Kvwji cª‡jc bv _vKvq UV Av‡jv wewµqv K‡i
`„k¨gvb Av‡jvi m„wó K‡i bv | Gfv‡e Rvj cvm‡cvU© kbv³KiY Kiv nq|
➢ M‡elYvq: wewfbœ M‡elYvq †hgb: wewfbœ hš¿cvwZ ˆZix‡Z, cvwbi cwi‡kvab, d‡iwÝK we‡kølY, gv`K
kbv³KiY, †cªvwUb we‡kølY BZ¨vw`‡Z UV ray e¨envi nq|
➢ wPwKrmv‡¶‡Î: wewfbœ wPwKrmv‡Z †hgb: `v‡Zi wPwKrmvq, Wvg©v‡UvjwR‡Z, d‡Uv‡_ivwc BZ¨vw`‡Z UV ray
e¨envi nq|

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Educatum School 2

bgybv cÖkœt
e

B‡jKUªb

 wbDwK¬qvm K L M N

g‡Wj=A
wPÎ: H cigvYyi D‡ËwRZ Ae¯’v
g‡Wj=B

(M) A I B Gi g‡a¨ †Kvb g‡WjwU ‡ewk Dc‡hvMx e¨vL¨v Ki|

(N) DÏxc‡Ki e- wUi ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii d‡j m„ó eY©vwji eY© Kx n‡e MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY K‡iv|

(M) bs cÖ‡kœi bgybv DËit

A g‡Wj n‡jv iv`vi‡dvW© cigvYy g‡Wj Ges B n‡jv †evi cigvYy g‡Wj| iv`vi‡dvW© cigvYy g‡Wj B‡jKUª‡bi
K¶c‡_i AvKvi I AvK„wZ m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv bv w`‡jI †evi cigvYy g‡Wj B‡jKUª‡bi K‡qKwU wbw`©ó gv‡bi
¯’vqx K¶c‡_i aviYv †`q|

iv`vi‡dvW© cigvYy g‡Wj B‡jKUª‡bi †KŠwYK fi‡eM I kw³i †kvlY I wewKiY m¤ú‡K© aviYv bv w`‡Z cvi‡jI
†evi cigvYy g‡Wj Gi h_vh_ e¨vL¨v cª`v‡b m¶g| iv`vi‡dvW© cigvYy g‡W‡ji mxgve×Zvi A‡bK AskB †evi
cigvYy g‡W‡ji gva¨‡g mgvavb Kiv hvq| GRb¨ iv`vi‡dvW© cigvYy g‡W‡ji †_‡K †evi cigvYy g‡Wj AwaKZi
Dc‡hvMx|

(N) bs cÖ‡kœi bgybv DËit

DÏxc‡Ki H cigvYyi B‡jKUªbwU N †kj †_‡K L †k‡j avcvšÍwiZ nq|
AZGe, 𝑛1 = 2, 𝑛2 = 4
Avgiv Rvwb,
1 1 1

= 𝑅𝐻 (
𝑛12
−
𝑛 22
) 𝑍2
1 1 1
or, =1.09678 x 107 x ( 2 − 2)
 2 4
⸫  = 486.2nm
Avmgvbx e‡Y©i Rb¨ Zi½‰`‡N¨©i cwimi = 450-500 nm|' myZivs D³ B‡jKUªbwUi ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii d‡j m„ó eY©vwj
`„wó‡MvPi n‡e hvi eY© n‡e Avmgvbx|

AwaKZi Abykxjwbi Rb¨t DB-22 (N), MB-22 (M) CB-(M) 22, SB-22 (M), JB-22 (M,N), BB-22
(M), MD-21 (M), MB-21 (N), SB-21 (N)|

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Educatum School 3

UwcK- 2t †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v, AvDdevD bxwZ cvDwji eR©b bxwZ Ges û‡Ûi bxwZ msµvšÍ mgm¨v|

bgybv cÖkœt

(i) ........................ሺ𝑛 − 1ሻ𝑑5 𝑛𝑠1 [𝑛 = 4]

(ii)
K L M N

(M) i Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vmwU e¨wZµgag©x- e¨vL¨v Ki/û‡Ûi bxwZi gva¨‡g B‡jKUªb web¨vm e¨vL¨v Ki|
(N) N ‡k‡j l I m Gi gvb wbY©qc~e©K ‡gvU B‡jKUªb aviY ÿgZv 2𝑛2 m~·K mg_©b K‡i wKbv †`LvI|
bgybv mgvavbt

(M) bs cÖ‡kœi DËit

n=4
B‡jKUªb web¨vm = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1
‡gŠjwU †µvwgqvg 24Cr
AvDdevD bxwZ Abymv‡i, Cr Gi B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m 4s AiweUvj c~Y© K‡i Zvici 3d AiweUv‡j B‡jKUªb cª‡ek
Kivi K_v wQj| wKš‘ AiweUv‡ji w¯’wZkxjZvi Rb¨ B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m e¨wZµg N‡U|
Cr Gi 3d4 Gi †P‡q 3d5 A_©vr Aa©c~Y© Ae¯’vq 3d AwaK w¯’wZkxj cvkvcvwk 4s1 I Aa©c~Y© B‡jKUªb _vKvq
Cr Gi D³ web¨vmwU AwaK w¯’wZkxj| ZvB 4s Gi GKwU B‡jKUªb 3d AiweUv‡j wM‡q AwaK w¯’wZkxj Ae¯’vq
weivR K‡i|
û‡Ûi bxwZi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨vt
i †gŠjwUi B‡jKUªb web¨vm n‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1

Avgiv û‡Ûi bxwZ n‡Z †`wL †h, mgkw³ m¤úbœ AiweUv‡j B‡jKUªb mg~n Ggbfv‡e cª‡ek K‡i †hb Zviv
me©vwaK AhyM¥ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| Cr Gi B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m †`wL †h d Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwU Dckw³i ¯Í‡i B‡jKUªb
aviY¶gZv `yBwU K‡i n‡jI 1wU K‡i B‡jKUªb cª‡ek K‡i| d‡j me©vwaK msL¨K we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb msL¨v
wbwðZ K‡i‡Q| AZGe Cr †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb web¨vm û‡Ûi bxwZ †g‡b P‡j|

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Educatum School 4

(N) bs cÖ‡kœii DËit

N ‡k‡ji Rb¨ n Gi gvb 4 | 2n2 Gi m~Î Abyhvqx †gvU B‡jKUªb msL¨v n‡e 2×42=32 |
GLb n Gi gvb I Gi Rb¨ AiweUvj msL¨vi wnmve wb¤œiƒct

n 𝒍 m AiweUvj msL¨v aviYK…Z msL¨v

B‡jKUªb
0 0 1 2
1 -1,0,+1 3 6
4 2 -2,-1,0,+1,+2 5 10
3 -3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3 7 14
‡gvU=16 32
A_©vr n=4 Gi Rb¨ AiweUvj i‡q‡Q 16 wU
me©ewnt¯’ †k‡ji me©vwaK B‡jKUªb aviY ÿgZv n‡e = 16×2=32 wU|

AwaKZi Abykxjwbi Rb¨t (D.B-22), (D.B-22), (C.B-22) (D.B-21), (B.B-21) (J.B-21).

UwcK- 3t `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj, Aat‡ÿc ci‡e wKbv? Ges mgAvqb cÖfve msµvšÍ mgm¨v

bgybv †Kv‡ðBbt

𝑨𝒈𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑
𝒁𝒏𝟐+ Gi m¤ú„³
𝑨𝟏𝟑+ Rjxq `ªeY
1bs cvÎ
1bs cvÎ

(M) 2 bs cv‡Îi `ªve¨Zv wbY©q K‡iv/ Ag+ Gi NbgvÎv wnmve Ki|

Ag₂CO3 ⇌ 2Ag+ + CO2−

3
S 2S S

`ªve¨Zv S n‡j,
`ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj, S×(2S)2 = 8.5 × 10-12
⟹ 4S3=8.5 × 10-12
⟹ S=1.29 × 10-4 M
Ag+ Gi NbgvÎv 2S = 2.57×10-4 M (Ans)

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Educatum School 5

(N) 1 bs cv‡Îi `ªe‡Y NH4Cl Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z NH4OH ‡hvM Kiv n‡j †Kvb AvqbwU Av‡M Aatwÿß n‡e| we‡kølY
Ki|

N Gi bgybv DËit
DÏxc‡Ki 1 bs cv‡Îi `ªe‡Y NH4OH Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z NH4Cl †hvM Kiv n‡j Zn2+ I Al3+ Avq‡bi g‡a¨ Al3+
AvqbwU Av‡M Aatw¶ß n‡e|

GLv‡b, (i) bs cv‡Î Zn2+ I Al3+ Avqb Dcw¯’Z|

Gi g‡a¨ NH4OH †hvM Kiv n‡j,

Zn2++2 NH4OH→ Zn(OH)2 + 2NH4+

Al3++3 NH4OH→ Al(OH)3 + 3NH4+
†`Lv hv‡”Q, Zn2+ ,NH4OH Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i Zn(OH)2 I Al3+, NH4OH Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i
Al(OH)3 Drcbœ Ki‡e| Avgiv Rvwb, ‡Kvb jeY A_ev `ª‡ei AvqwbK ¸Ydj hLb Zvi `ªve¨Zvi ¸Ydj‡K AwZµg
Ki‡e ZLb †mB `ªewU H `ªe‡Y Aatw¶ß n‡e|

DÏxc‡K †`qv Av‡Q, Zn(OH)2 Gi Ksp = 3 ×10-17

Al(OH)3, Gi Ksp = 3 ×10-34

NH4OH ⇌ NH4+ +OH-
NH4Cl→ NH4+ +Cl-

NH4Cl jeY Dcw¯’Z _vKvq NH4OH Kg we‡qvwRZ n‡e| d‡j mvgvb¨ cwigvY OH- Avqb `ªe‡Y Dcw¯’Z _vK‡e|
G‡Z K‡i Zn(OH)2 Gi Ksp Gi gvb Al(OH)3, Gi Zyjbvq †ewk nIqvq Zn2+ Avqb Aatw¶ß n‡Z †ewk cwigvY
OH- Avqb jvM‡e| Ab¨w`‡K, Al(OH)3 Gi Ksp Gi gvb Kg nIqvq `ªe‡Yi Kg cwigvY OH- Avq‡bi mv‡_ Al3+
wewµqv K‡i Al3+ Aatw¶ß n‡q hv‡e| myZivs, Al3+ I Zn2+ Gi g‡a¨ Al3+ Av‡M Aatw¶ß n‡e|

bgybv cÖkœt
25C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU weKv‡i 𝑆𝑟𝐹2 Gi cvwb‡Z m¤ú„³ GK wjUvi `ªeY Av‡Q| 𝑆𝑟𝐹2 Gi `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj n‡jv
8.010−10 H weKv‡ii `ªe‡Y 0.1 mo1 NaF ¸ov †hvM Kiv n‡jv|
(M) 25C ZvcgvÎvq cvwb‡Z 𝑆𝑟𝐹2 Gi `ªve¨Zv MYbv Ki|
(N) cvwb‡Z 𝑆𝑟𝐹2 Gi `ªve¨Zv I 0.1 mo1 NaF wgwkÖZ wgkÖ `ªe‡Y 𝑆𝑟𝐹2 Gi `ªve¨Zv gv‡bi cv_©K¨ MYbv Ki Ges
Dfq Ae¯’vq `ªve¨Zv gv‡bi cv_©‡K¨i KviY we‡kølY Ki|

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Educatum School 6

bgybv mgvavbt
(M) cvwb‡Z 𝑆𝑟𝐹2 Gi `ªve¨Zv wbY©q:
aiv hvK, 25C G 𝑆𝑟𝐹2 Gi `ªve¨Zv n‡jv S mol L-1|
𝑆𝑟𝐹2 je‡Yi m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y GwU wb¤œiƒc mvg¨ve¯’v _v‡K:
𝑆𝑟𝐹2 ሺ𝑎𝑞ሻ ⇌ 𝑆𝑟 2+ ሺ𝑎𝑞ሻ + 2𝐹 − ሺ𝑎𝑞ሻ
S mol S mol 25 mol
Dc‡iv³ mgxKiY g‡Z, S mol 𝑆𝑟𝐹2 `ªe‡Y we‡qvwRZ n‡q S mol Sr2+ Avqb Ges 2S mol F- Avqb ˆZwi K‡i|
 cvwb‡Z 𝑆𝑟𝐹2 Gi `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj, 𝐾𝑠𝑝 = [𝑆𝑟 2+ ][𝐹 − ]2 = 𝑆ሺ2𝑆ሻ2 = 4𝑆 3
8.010−10
cÖkœ g‡Z, 4𝑆 3 = 8.010−10 ; ev, 𝑆 3 = = 2.010−10
4
𝑆 = √2.010−10 = 5.84810−4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐿−1 DËi
3

bgybv mgvavbt
(N) 0.1 mol NaF wgwkÖZ GK wjUvi m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y 𝑆𝑟𝐹2 Gi m¤ú„³ `ªi‡Y cwiewZ©Z `ªve¨Zv n‡jv 𝑆1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐿−1 |
Rjxq `ªe‡Y Dfq je‡Yi we‡qvRb wb¤œiƒc:
𝑆𝑟𝐹2 ሺaqሻ ⇌ Sr2+ ሺ𝑎𝑞ሻ + 𝟐𝑭− ሺ𝒂𝒒ሻ [`ye©j Zwor we‡køl¨]
NaF (aq) → 𝑁𝑎+ ሺ𝑎𝑞ሻ + 𝑭− ሺ𝒂𝒒ሻ [mej Zwor we‡køl¨]

DcwiD³ Dfq mgxKiY g‡Z, GLv‡b F − Avqb n‡jv Ômg-AvqbÕ;

ZvB 𝑆𝑟 2+ Avq‡bi NbgvÎ nq 𝑆1 𝑚𝑜1 𝐿1 Avq‡bi NbgvÎv nq ሺ2𝑆1 + 0.1ሻ mol L-1|
 wgkÖ `ªe‡Y 𝑆𝑟𝐹2 Gi 𝐾𝑠𝑝 = [𝑆𝑟 2+ ] × [𝐹 − ]2 = 𝑆1 × ሺ2𝑆1 × 0.1ሻ2
 8.0 × 1010 = 𝑆1 ሺ2𝑆1 + 0.1ሻ2 = 𝑆1 [4𝑆12 + 2 × 2𝑆1 × 0.1 + ሺ0.1ሻ2 ]
 8.0 × 10−10 = 4𝑆13 + 0.4 𝑆12 + 0.01𝑆1 ; G †ÿ‡Î 𝑆1 Gi gvb Lye †QvU nIqvi D”P NvZhy³ 0.4 2𝑆12 I
4 𝑆13 c` `ywUi gvb Av‡iv †QvU I bMY¨ nq| ZvB 4𝑆13 I 0.4𝑆12 c` `ywU ev` w`‡q mnRfv‡e MYbv Kiv hvq|
8.0×10−10
ev, 0.01S1 = 8.0×10-10 nq; ev, 𝑆1 = = 8.0 × 10−8 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐿−1
0.01
djvdj we‡kølY:
(i) cvwb‡Z 𝑆𝑟𝐹2 Gi `ªve¨Zv (25˚C-G)=5.848×10-4 mol L-1 Ges
(ii) 0.1 mol NaF wgwkÖZ Ae¯’vq 𝑆𝑟𝐹2 Gi `ªve¨Zv =8.0×10-8 mol L-1 nq!
G‡ÿ‡Î 0.1 mol NaF wgwkÖZ Ae¯Ívq m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y SrF2 Gi `ªve¨Zv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwigv‡Y n«vm †c‡q‡Q| Gi KviY
mej Zwor we‡køl¨ NaF ‡_‡K AwaK F − Avqb †hvM nIqvq K sp Gi gvb aªæe ivKvi Rb¨ wgkÖ `ªe‡Y mg-Avqb
F − Avq‡bi cÖfv‡e `ye©j Zwor we‡køl¨ SrF2 Gi we‡qvRb Gi mvg¨ve¯’v cðvrgyLx nq A_©vr we‡qvRb n«vm cvq| GwU‡K
mg-Avqb cÖfve e‡j|

AwaKZi Abykxjbxi Rb¨t

DB-21, (SD-17), (B.B-16), (R.B-16), (Din. B-17), (Cu. B-16), (JB-15)

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Educatum School 7

Z…Zxq Aa¨vqt ‡gŠ‡ji ch©vqe„Ë ag© I ivmvqwbK eÜb|

UwcK- 1t B‡jKUªb Avmw³ AvqbxKiY kw³|

bgybv cÖkœt
➢ B‡jKUªb Avmw³i e¨wZµg e¨vL¨v| †hgbt F Ges Cl Gi B‡jKUªb Avmw³i ZviZg¨ e¨vL¨v|

bgybv DËit
𝐹ሺ9ሻ → 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝5
𝐶𝐼 ሺ17ሻ → 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝5 3𝑠 2 3𝑝5
‡d¬vwi‡bi B‡iKUªb Avmw³ †K¬vwib A‡vcKi&lv Kg| Gi KviY †K¬vwib cigvYyi ÿz`ª AvKvi| †d¬vwi‡bi web¨v‡mi
me©‡kl kw³¯Íi n‡jv wØZxq kw³¯Íi| Z…Zxq kw³¯Í‡ii Zzjbvq wØZxq kw³¯Í‡ii AvKvi †QvU nIqvq Ges ÿy`ª
cwim‡i mvZwU B‡jKUªb _vKvq Zv‡Z B‡jKUªb †g‡Ni Nb Z¡ Zzjbv gyjK ev‡e A‡bK †ewk| d‡j AvMgbKvix
B‡jUª‡bi cÖwZ wØZxq kw³¯Í‡ii B‡jKUªbmg~n cvi¯úwiK weKl©Y †ewk nIqvq mvgwMÖK fv‡e †d¬vwi‡bi B‡jKUªb
Avmw³i gvb Kg nq| Aciw`‡K †K¬vwi‡bi Z…Zxq kw³¯Íi eo nIqvq G‡Z †hvR¨Zv ¯Í‡ii mvZwU B‡jKUªb mn‡R
¯’vb K‡i ‡bq| B‡jKUªb †g‡Ni NbZ¡ n«vm cvIqvq B‡jKUªb-B‡jKUªb weKl©Y Kg nq| G‡Z AvMgYKvix B‡jKUªb
mn‡R †hvR¨Zv ¯Í‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j †K¬vwi‡bi B‡jKUªb Avmw³i gvb †d¬vwi‡bi †P‡q †ewk nq|

➢ bgybv cÖkœt AvqwbKiY wef‡ei µg cwieZ©‡b e¨wZµg e¨vL¨v| †hgbt Be(4), B(5) I N(7), O(8) Gi
AvqwbKiY wef‡ei cwieZ©b we‡kølY Ki|
bgybv DËit
M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji GK †gvj wew”Qbœ wbi‡c¶ cigvYy †_‡K GKwU K‡i B‡jKUªb mwi‡q G‡K M¨vmxq
wew”Qbœ GK †gvj GKK abvZ¥K Avq‡b cwiYZ Ki‡Z †h cwigvY kw³i cª‡qvRb nq Zv‡K †mB †gŠ‡ji
AvqwbKiY kw³ ejv nq| cigvYyi AvKvi, Dckw³¯Íi, B‡jKUªb web¨vm G¸‡jv †gŠ‡ji AvqwbKiY kw³i
wewfbœ wbqvgK|
GKB ch©v‡q cvigvYweK msL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ †gŠ‡ji AvqwbKiY kw³ µgk ev‡o| †Kv‡bv GKwU ch©v‡q
†gŠjmg~‡ni cvigvYweK msL¨v e„w×i d‡j B‡jKUªb Gi kw³¯Íi ev‡o bv, Dckw³¯Íi ev‡o; d‡j wbDwK¬qvm
†_‡K me©ewn¯’ B‡jKUª‡bi `~iZ¡ ev‡o bv, ei wKQy K‡g hvq| Dciš‘ wbDwK¬qv‡mi PvR© e„w×i d‡j me©ewn¯’
B‡jKUªbwU AwaKZi `„pfv‡e AvK„ó nq A_©vr Zv Acmvi‡Yi Rb¨ AwaKZi kw³i cª‡qvRb nq| ZvB, †h‡Kv‡bv
ch©v‡q Mªæc-1 †gŠjmg~‡ni AvqwbKiY kw³ me‡P‡q Kg Ges Zv µgvš^‡q e„w× †c‡q wbw®Œq M¨vmmg~‡ni
AvqwbKiY me‡P‡q †ewk nq| Z‡e †gŠjmg~‡ni AvqwbKiY kw³i e„w×i gv‡S K‡qKwU e¨wZµg †`Lv hvq| 2q
ch©v‡q B(5) I O(8) Gi †ejvq AvqbxKiY kw³i gvb µge„w×i cwie‡Z© nVvr nªvm cvq| B(5) I O(8) Gi
AvqwbKiY kw³i µge„wׇZ GB e¨wZµ‡gi KviY Zv‡`i B‡jKUªb web¨vm| û‡Ûi bxwZ Abymv‡i, Aa©c~Y©
(‡hgb: ns1, np3, nd5) Ges cwic~Y© (‡hgb: ns2, np6, nd10) AiweUvjmg~n Ab¨vb¨ AiweUvj mg~n A‡c¶v
AwaK myw¯’Z| d‡j Zv‡`i B‡jKUªb AcmviY Ki‡Z AwaK kw³i cª‡qvRb nq|
Be ሺ4ሻ → 1s2 2s2 N ሺ4ሻ → 1s2 2s2 2p3
{Bሺ5ሻ→1s2 2s2 2p1 {Oሺ8ሻ1s2 2s2 2p4

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Be(4) I N(7) Gi Aa©c~Y© AiweUv‡ji Kvi‡Y G‡`i AvqwbKiY wefe AcªZ¨vwkZfv‡e AwaK nq Ges Zv
h_vµ‡g B(5) I O(8) Gi AvqwbKiY wefe A‡c¶v †ewk| djvdj¯^iƒc 2q ch©v‡qi AvqwbKiY wef‡ei µg
cwieZ©‡b e¨wZµg cwijw¶Z nq|

AwaKZi Abykxjwbi Rb¨t

i. B‡jKUªb Avmw³ → MB – 22(M), BB-22 (M), DB-21 (M)
ii. Mjbv¼, ùzUbv¼- RB-22 (M), CB-22 (N)
iii. AvqbxKiY kw³- DJB-21(M), DB-15(N), RB-16 (N)
UwcK-2t Ae¯’všÍi †gŠjt
bgybv cÖkœ
➢ mKj Ae¯’všÍi †gŠjB d- eøK †gŠj wKš‘ mKj d- eøK †gŠj Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj bq| D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Ki|
bgybv DËit ‡hme †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb web¨vm me©‡kl B‡jKUªb d- AiweUv‡j cª‡ek K‡i; Zv‡`i d-eøK †gŠj e‡j|
Acic‡¶ †hme d-eøK †gŠ‡ji †Kvb myw¯’Z Avq‡bi d- AiweUvj AvswkK c~Y© (d1-9) _v‡K Zv‡`i Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj e‡j|

3wU †gŠj n‡jv ‡hgbt Sc, Fe I Zn | G‡`i myw¯’Z Avq‡bi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wbgœiƒc:
Sc3+→ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d0 4s0
Fe2+→ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s0
Fe3+→ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s0
Zn2+→ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s0
‡`Lv hv‡”Q Sc I Zn Gi `ywU myw¯’Z Avqb Sc3+ I Zn2+ Gi B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m d AiweUvj k~b¨ I c~Y© _v‡K| ZvB
Giv d-eøK †gŠj n‡jI Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj bq| wKš‘ Fe G d AiweUvj AvswkK ch©vq c~Y© _v‡K ZvB GwU Ae¯’všÍi I d-eøK
†gŠj DfqB|
➢ bgybv cÖkœt Ae¯’všÍi †gŠ‡ji ‡PŠ¤^K a‡g©i e¨vL¨v| †hgbt [𝐹𝑒ሺ𝐶𝑁ሻ6 ]4− Wvqvg¨vM‡bwUK wKš‘
[𝐹𝑒ሺ𝐶𝑁ሻ6 ]3− c¨vivg¨vM‡bwUK KviY we‡kølY Ki|
bgybv DËit
[𝐹𝑒ሺ𝐶𝑁ሻ6 ]4− , Gi †K›`ªxq cigvYyi Avqb n‡jv Fe2+;
Fe2+ - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s0 4p0 ‡h‡nZz Fe2+ Gi mKj AiweUv‡j `yBwU K‡i B‡jKUªb we`¨gvb Ges
†Kvb wm‡½j B‡jKUªb †bB| ZvB GwU Wvqvg¨M‡bwUK -

[𝐹𝑒ሺ𝐶𝑁ሻ6 ]4−
‡n·vmvq‡bv
‡d‡iU (II) Avqb

GLv‡b, [𝐹𝑒ሺ𝐶𝑁ሻ6 ]4− RwUj Avq‡b Fe Gi PvR©+2 ‡h‡nZz 𝐹𝑒 2+ Gi mKj AiweUv‡j 2wU K‡i B‡jKUªb
we`¨vgvb| ZvB GwU Wvqvg¨vM‡bwUK|
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[𝐹𝑒ሺ𝐶𝑁ሻ6 ]4−
‡n·vmvq‡bv
‡d‡iU (II) Avqb
[𝐹𝑒ሺ𝐶𝑁ሻ6 ]4− evwn¨K ‡PŠ¤^K †ÿÎ Øviv AvK…ó nq bv| eis g„`y weKwl©Z nq& Gi wbR¯^ †PŠ¤^K ag© _v‡K bv|
GLv‡b, [𝐹𝑒ሺ𝐶𝑁ሻ6 ]3− RwUj Avq‡b Fe Gi PvR© +3. †h‡nZz Fe3+ Gi GKwU 3d AiweUv‡j B‡jKUªb we‡Rvo
Ae¯’vq Av‡Q| ZvB GwU c¨vivg¨vM‡bwUK|

[𝐹𝑒ሺ𝐶𝑁ሻ6 ]3−
‡n·vmvq‡bv
‡d‡iU (III) Avqb
➢ bgybv cÖkœt Ae¯’všÍi †gŠ‡ji cwieZ©bkxj RviY Ae¯’vi e¨vL¨v| †hgbt Fe cwieZ©bkxj RviY Ae¯’v cÖ`k©b
K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki|
bgybv DËit
(Fe-Gi cwieZ©bkxj RviY Ae¯’v cª`k©‡bi cªavb KviY Fe cigvYyi ewnt¯’¯Í‡i AvswkKfv‡e c~Y© d-AiweUv‡ji
Dcw¯’wZ| ewnt¯’¯Í‡i d-AiweUvj _vKvq cigvYyi B‡jKUªbhyMj †f‡O wM‡q wfbœ msL¨K AhyMj B‡jKUªb m„wó Ki‡Z
cv‡i| d‡j wewfbœ †gŠ‡ji mv‡_ ms‡hv‡Mi m¤¢ve¨Zv m„wó nq| G Qvov Ae¯’všÍi avZy mg~‡ni 4d Ges 4s Dfq
AiweUv‡ji kw³ gvb Lye KvQvKvwQ| ZvB †Kv‡bv GKwU Ae¯’všÍi †gŠ‡ji cigvYyi ewnt¯’ 4s2 AiweUv‡ji `ywU B‡jKUªb
Acmvi‡Yi ci cieZ©x 3d AiweUvj n‡Z wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ msL¨K B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i cªvq mgvb ¯’vwq‡Z¡i GKvwaK
Avqb MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| G Rb¨ Fe cwieZ©bkxj †hvR¨Zv cª`k©b K‡i|

2
26Fe-1s 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2

3d, n+ l Gi gvb = 3 + 2 = 5
kw³i gvb Lye KvQvKvwQ|
4s, n + 1 Gi gvb = 4 +0 = 4

‡hgb: i. 2Fe + O2 → 2FeO ; [RviY gvb + 2]

1
ii. Fe + H2O + O2 → Fe(OH)2
2

4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2 → 2Fe2O3.3H2O ; [RviY gvb + 3]

➢ bgybv cÖkœt Ae¯’všÍi ‡gŠ‡ji iwOb †hŠM MVb e¨vL¨v| †hgbt CuCl2 Ges ZnCl2 Gi e‡Y©i wfbœZvi KviY
e¨vL¨v Ki|

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Educatum School 10

bgybv DËit
Ae¯’všÍi avZyi AwaKvsk †hŠM Ges Zv‡`i Avq‡bi `ªeYmg~n iwOb| Ae¯’všÍi avZy I Avq‡b Ac~Y© d AiweUvj _v‡K
e‡jB Giv iwOb nq|
Ae¯’všÍi avZyi cigvYyi ewn¯Í‡ii d AiweUvjmg~‡ni kw³ mgvb| G‡K wW‡Rbv‡iU Ae¯’v e‡j| wKš‘ †hŠM MV‡bi mgq
Ab¨ cigvYyi AiweUv‡ji m‡½ Ae¯’všÍi avZe Avq‡bi d AiweUv‡ji AwaµgY NUvq d AiweUvjmg~‡ni g‡a¨ kw³i
wKQyUv cv_©K¨ m„wó
nq (bb-wW‡Rbv‡iU Ae¯’v)| myZivs, †hŠ‡Mi `ªe‡Y Av‡jv co‡j d B‡jKUªb `„k¨gvb A‡ji Av‡jv †kvlY K‡i
KvQvKvwQ kw³i Aci d AiweUv‡j ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| †h e‡Y©i Av‡jv †kvlY K‡i Zvi m¤ú~iK e‡Y©i Av‡jv `„k¨gvb nq|
d‡j Ae¯’všÍi avZyi Avq‡bi `ªeYwU H wbw`©ó e‡Y©i nq| Zn2+ Avq‡b myw¯’Z d10 KbwdMv‡ikb _vKvq B‡jKUª‡bi †Kvb
d-d ¯’vbvšÍi m¤¢e bq| GRb¨ wRsK ¯^Ymg~n eY©nxb | wKš‘ Cu2+ Avq‡b Ac~Y© d AiweUvj Av‡Q| GRb¨ wKDwcªK
jeY¸‡jv iwOb|
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ G Cu2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9

wPÎ: Ae¯’všÍi †gŠ‡ji iwOb †hŠ‡Mi MV‡bi e¨vL¨v

iwOb †hŠ‡Mi †¶‡Î g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, wjM¨vÛ, Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj, Ae¯’všÍi †gŠ‡ji PvR©, wjM¨v‡Ûi msL¨v-G‡`i
†h‡Kv‡bvwUi cwieZ©b n‡j bb-wW‡Rbv‡iUi Ae¯’vq kw³i cv_©K¨ wfbœ n‡e| G‡Z kw³i †kvlY-wewKiY wfbœ n‡e hv wfbœ
wfbœ eY© cª`k©b Ki‡e|

UwcK-3t msKivqb, dvRv‡bi bxwZ, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜbt

bgybv cÖkœ
➢ GKB iKg msKivqb m‡ËI †hŠMmg~‡ni AvK…wZ Ges eÜb †Kv‡bi cv_©K¨ e¨vL¨v| †hgbt 𝐶𝐻4 , 𝑁𝐻3 Ges
𝐻2 𝑂 Gi msKivqb, AvK…wZ Ges eÜb †Kv‡bi cv_©K¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| (Abyiƒc CCl4, NCl3, Cl2O)
bgybv DËit
wZbwU Aby n‡jv CH4, NH3, I H2O |
GLb, CH4, AYy‡Z C Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm:
C6 → 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1

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wg‡_b AYy‡Z Kve©‡bi PviwU sp3 msKi AiweUv‡ji m‡½ PviwU H- cigvYyi s AiweUvj AwaµgY K‡i PviwU Kve©b
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wmMgv eÜb MVb K‡i| †h‡nZy, sp3 msKiY ZvB kZ©mv‡c‡¶ AYyi AvK„wZ PZy¯jÍ Kxq I eÜb †KvY nq
109.5°|

[wPÎ: wg‡_b (CH4) Abyi AiweUvj wPÎ]

Aciw`‡K, NH3 AYy‡Z N cigvYyi †kl K¶c‡_ GwU we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb Av‡Q| wZbwU H-cigvYyi †kl †Lvj‡Ki GKwU
K‡i B‡jKUªb N Gi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q sp3 msKi‡Yi gva¨‡g NH3 AYy MVb K‡i| sp3 msKiY e‡j GLv‡bI AvK„wZ
PZy¯j
Í Kxq nIqvi K_v| wKš‘ NH3 AYy‡Z GKwU wbtm½ B‡jKUªb †Rvo we`¨gvb hv eÜb †Rvo B‡jKUªb‡K weKl©Y
K‡i| d‡j eÜb †KvY 109.5° †_‡K K‡g 107° n‡q hvq I AvK„wZ nq w·KvYvKvi wcivwgW|

Avevi, H2O Gi AYy‡ZI sp3 msKiY we`¨gvb| wKš‘ GLv‡b `ywU gy³ †Rvo B‡jKUªb _vKvq weKl©Y AviI †e‡o hvq I
AvK„wZ †KŠwYK ev Dëv v AvK„wZi n‡q hvq| d‡j eÜb †KvY nq 104.50˚ |

myZivs, Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi †cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq, AYy wZbwUi AvK„wZi wfbœZvi KviY g~jZ AYy‡Z we`¨gvb gy³ †Rvo I
eÜb †Rvo B‡jKUª‡bi ga¨Kvi weKl©Y
➢ bgybv cÖkœt 𝐻2 𝑂 Zij wKš‘ 𝐻2 𝑆 M¨vm †Kb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb e܇bi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v Ki| (Abyiƒc CO2 Gi mv‡_
Zzjbv)

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Educatum School 12

bgybv DËit
Aw·‡Rb I mvjdvi ch©vq mviwYi GKB Mªæ‡c Aew¯’Z| G Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i ˆewk‡ó¨i wgj _vKv Avek¨K| Zv‡`i nvBWªvBW
†hŠ‡M H2O Ges H2S Gi a‡g© MªæcwfwËK ˆewk‡ó¨i wgj _vKv ¯^vfvweK| wKš‘ mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq H2S M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq
weivR K‡i A_P H2O GKwU Zij c`v_©| B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m Aw·‡R‡bi cªavb kw³¯Íi `ywU Ges mvjdv‡ii wZbwU|
Aw·‡Rb A‡c¶v mvjdv‡ii cvigvYweK AvKvi eo nIqvq me©‡kl kw³¯Í‡ii B‡jKUª‡bi cªwZ mvjdv‡ii AvKl©Y
A‡c¶vK„Z Kg nq| d‡j mvjdvi A‡c¶v Aw·‡Rb AwaKZi Zwor FYvZ¥K nq| G Kvi‡Y H2O †hŠ‡M H-O eÜbwU
H2S †hŠ‡Mi H-S eÜb A‡c¶v AwaKZi †cvjvi| AwaKš‘, cvwb‡Z Aw·‡Rb I nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi
cv_©K¨ (3.5-2.1) = 1.4, hv †cvjvi †hŠM MV‡bi mnvqK †Kbbv, GKwU †hŠ‡M `ywU †gŠ‡ji Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi cv_©K¨
0.5 †_‡K 1.7 ch©šÍ n‡j †hŠMwU †cvjvi nq| †cvjvi H2O AYymg~‡ni g‡a¨ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb MVb m¤¢e| A‡cvjvi
H2S AYymg~‡ni g‡a¨ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb MVb m¤¢e bq| cvwb‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb e܇bi Dcw¯’wZi d‡j cvwbi AYymg~n
ci¯úi‡K AvK„ó K‡i Ges ARmª AYy msNe×fv‡e weivR K‡i Gi d‡j, cvwb‡Z AvšÍtAvYweK `~iZ¡ nªvm cvq Ges
cvwbi Zij Ae¯’v cªvß nq| Aciw`‡K, H2S Gi AYymg~‡n nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb MV‡bi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM †bB e‡j GwU c„_K
AYy wn‡m‡e M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq _v‡K| H2S Abymg~‡ni g‡a¨ `ye©j f¨vbWvi Iqvjm ej Kvh©Ki _v‡K|

➢ bgybv cÖkœt dvRv‡bi bxwZi Av‡jv‡K ‡hŠ‡Mi mg‡hvRx ˆewk‡ó¨i Zzjbv e¨vL¨v| †hgbt
NaCl, MgCl2 Ges AlCl3 ‡hŠ‡Mi mg‡hvRx ˆewk‡ó¨i Zzjbv e¨vL¨v Ki|

bgybv DËit
Na, Mg I Al ‡gŠjmg~‡ni †K¬vivBW h_vµ‡g NaCl, MgCl2 I AICI3 | †K¬vivBWmg~‡ni A¨vbvqb GKB wKš‘
K¨vUvqb wfbœ| d‡j †hŠMmg~‡ni mg‡hvRx ag© Gme †hŠ‡M Dcw¯’Z K¨vUvq‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i| NaCl, MgCl2 I
AICI3 †hŠMmg~‡n Dcw¯’Z K¨vUvqbmg~n n‡”Q Na+, Mg2+ I Al3+|

dvhv‡bi m~Îvbyhvqx Avgiv Rvwb, K¨vUvq‡bi abvZ¥K PvR© e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Gi †cvjvivqb ¶gZv e„w× cvq A_©vr,
abvZ¥K PvR© e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ K¨vUvqb KZ©…K A¨vbvq‡bi B‡jKUªb‡K AvKl©b I wbDwK¬qvm‡K weKl©‡Yi ¶gZv e„w× cvq|
d‡j AvqwbK n‡Z mg‡hvRx ˆewkó¨ jv‡fi cªeYZv e„w× cvq|

NaCl, MgCl2 I AlCl3 †hŠM wZbwU‡Z A¨vbvqb GKB (Cl-), wKš‘ K¨vUvqbmg~‡ni PvR© msL¨v wfbœ A_©vr Na+,
Mg2+ I Al3+ Gi PvR© h_vµ‡g +1, +2 I +3 | Kv‡RB GB K¨vUvqb wZbwUi †cvjvivqb ¶gZv cª`k©‡bi µg n‡jv-

Al3+ > Mg2+ > Na+

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Educatum School 13

Avevi, dvRv‡bi bxwZ Abymv‡i, K¨vUvq‡bi †cvjvivqb gvÎv ev ¶gZv

h‡Zv †ewk n‡e Zvi †hŠ‡Mi mg‡hvRx ˆewkó¨ Z‡Zv †ewk n‡e| Kv‡RB K¨vUvqbavix †hŠM¸‡jvi mg‡hvRx ˆewk‡ó¨i µg
n‡jv- AlCl3 > MgCl2 > NaCl

myZivs, †gŠjmg~‡ni †K¬vivBW¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AlCl3, me©v‡c¶v AwaK mg‡hvRx ˆewkó¨ cª`k©b Ki‡e

AwaKZi Abykxjwbi Rb¨t

(M)→ RB-22, SB-22, CB-17
(N)→ MB-21, Dj.B-21, CB-17,

PZz_© Aa¨vqt ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b

UwcK- 1t jv-kv‡Zwjqvi bxwZ, Kc, Kp msµvšÍ mgm¨v|

bgybv cÖkœt
2NOX(g)⇌2NO(g)+X2(g); △ H=-Ve; NOX ‡hŠMwUi we‡qvRb e„wׇZ Kx Kx c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv
hv‡e jv kv‡Zwjqv bxwZi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v Ki|

bgybv DËit
2NOX(g)⇌2NO(g)+X2(g); △ H=-Ve; wewµqvwU GKwU we‡qvRb wewµqv| wewµqvwU‡Z Zvc, Pvc I
NbgvÎvi cªfve we`¨gvb| wewµqvwUi Dci ZvcgvÎv, NbgvÎv Ges Pv‡ci cªfve - kv‡Zwjqv‡ii bxwZi Av‡jv‡K
e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv:

i. ZvcgvÎv nªvmKiY: wewµqvwU‡Z NOX Gi we‡qvRb GKwU Zvc Drcv`x cªwµqv| ZvB mvg¨ve¯’vq ZvcgvÎv nªvm
Ki‡j jv- kv‡Zwjqv‡ii bxwZ Abyhvqx wewµqv Wv‡b AMªmi n‡e A_©vr ZvcgvÎvi nªvmRwbZ cªfve cªkwgZ Kivi
†Póv Ki‡e| d‡j NOX Gi we‡qvRb e„w× cv‡e|
ii. Pvc nªvmKi‡Yi gva¨‡g: wewµqvwU‡Z 2 mole M¨vmxq wewµqK n‡Z 3 mole M¨vmxq Drcv` Drcbœ nq| A_©vr
wewµq‡Ki †P‡q Drcv‡`i AvqZb †ewk| ZvB Pvc nªvm Ki‡j, †mB djvdj‡K cªkwgZ Kivi Rb¨ Pvc e„w× Kiv
cª‡qvRb | Drcv‡`i cwigvY e„w×i gva¨‡gB Pvc e„w× Kiv m¤¢e| A_©vr wewµqvwU‡Z Pvc nªvm Ki‡j NOX Gi
we‡qvRb e„w× cv‡e|
iii. NbgvÎvi cwieZ©b: wewµqvwU‡Z NO Ges X2 Gi NbgvÎv nªvm Ki‡j wewµqv Wv‡b AMªmi n‡e| A_©vr NOX
Gi we‡qvRb e„w× cv‡e| Avevi, NOX Gi NbgvÎv e„w× Ki‡jI †mB e„w×RwbZ djvdj‡K cªkwgZ Kivi Rb¨
wewµqv Wv‡b AMªmi n‡e | A_©vr NOX Gi we‡qvRb e„w× cv‡e|,

bgybv cÖkœt
wewµqv †_‡K Kc, Kp Gi ivwkgvjv wbY©q| †hgbt
Δ
N2O4 (g) ⇌ 2NO2 (g)
wewµqvi Kp Gi ivwkgvjv wbY©q Ki|

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Educatum School 14

bgybv DËit
Δ
N2 O4 ሺgሻ ⇌ 2NO2 ሺgሻ
cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq : a mol 0 mol
mvg¨e¯Ívq : (a-α) mol 2α mol
2
(PNO2 ) [NO2 ]2
⸫ wewµqvwUi K p = Ges K e =
PN O [P2 O4 ]
2 4

𝐾𝑝 Gi MYbv: g‡b Ki, N2 O4 - Gi cÖv_wgK †gvjmsL¨v, a Ge© mvg¨ve¯’vq we‡hvR‡bi cwigvY, α †gvj| H Ae¯’vq
N2 O4 Gi †gvjmsL¨v I NO2 Gi †gvjmsL¨v n‡e h_vµ‡g (a-α) I 2α | myZivs †gvU †gvjmsL¨v n‡e (a-α+2α)
ev, (a+α)| M¨vm wgkÖ‡Yi †gvU Pvc hw` P (atm) nq, Z‡e-
a−α 2α
N2 O4 Gi AvswkK Pvc, PN = P; Ges NO2 Gi AvswkK Pvc, PNO2 = P
2O 4 a+α a+α
2α 2 2
(PNO2 ) ( ) P 4α2 a+α 4α2 P
⸫ Kp = 2
= a+α
a−α = ሺa+αሻ2 × P=
P2 O 4 (a+α)P a−α a2 −α2

bgybv cÖkœt
AB ሺgሻ ⇌Δ Aሺgሻ + Bሺgሻ GLv‡b ZvcgvÎv t=30˚C, Pvc, P=2 atm, we‡qvRb gvÎv 55%| wewµqvwUi Kc
Ges Kp Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
bgybv DËit AB ⇌ A+B
cÖv_wgK Ae¯Ívq (†gvj msL¨v): 1 0 0
mvg¨e¯’vq †gvjmsL¨v): 1-α α α
mvg¨e¯’vq †gvU †gvj msL¨v = 1 - α + α + α = 1 + α
‡gvU Pvc, P=2 atm, α = 0.55% = 0.55
Zvn‡j,
1−𝛼
PAB = P
1+𝛼
1−0.55
= ×2
1+0.55

= 0.58
𝛼
PA = PB = P
1+𝛼
0.55
= × 2 = 0.71
1+0.55

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Educatum School 15

𝑃𝐴 ×𝑃𝐵
⸫ Kp =
𝑃𝐴𝐵

ሺ0.71ሻ2
= = 0.87
0.58

GLb, K p = K c . ሺRTሻΔn
ম োল সংখ্যো, Δn = 1
Kp
ev, K c =
RT
| তোপ োত্রো, T = 30˚C = 303 K
R = 0.082 L atm mol−1 K −1
0.87
=
0.082 ×303

0.035 mol-1
AZGe, wewµqvwUi mvg¨aªyeK K c Gi gvb 0.035 molL-1|

AwaKZi Abykxjwbi Rb¨t

DB-21(M), All Board- 18 (M), DB, SB-17 (M), BB-15 (N) RB-17 (N), JB-17 (N), JB-15 (N)

UwcK- 2t evdvi mwjDkb, 𝐏 𝐇 , AmIqv‡ìi jNyKiY m~Î msµvšÍ mgm¨v|

bgybv cÖktœ
➢ `ye©j Gwm‡Wi 𝐏 𝐇 Gi gvb wbY©q| †hgbt 0.5M 30mL 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Gwm‡Wi Ka=1.8×10-5 n‡j 𝑃𝐻 Gi
gvb KZ?

bgybv DËit
K a = α2 C
Ka
ev, α = √
c
1.8×10−5
=√
0.5
−3
= 6 × 10
⸫ pH = -log [H+]
= - log [Cα]
= - log[6×10-3×0.5]
=2.523
myZivs, X cv‡Îi `ªeYwUi pH=2.523|

➢ bgybv cÖktœ evdvi `ªe‡bi wµqv †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki|

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Educatum School 16

bgybv DËit
evdvi `ªe‡Yi wµqv-‡KŠkj e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ B_v‡bvwqK GwmW ev A¨vwmwUK GwmW (CH3COOH) I
†mvwWqvg B_v‡bv‡qU ev A¨vwmwUK (CH3COONa) jeY Øviv cÖ¯‘Z A¤øxq cÖK…wZi evdvi `ªeYwUi wµqv-‡KŠkj
eY©bv Kiv hvq| G evdvi `ªe‡Yi Dcv`vbØq `ªe‡Y wb¤œiƒ‡c we‡qvwRZ n‡q _v‡K|

CH3COOH (aq) ⇌ CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq) (g„`y GwmW, ZvB mvgvb¨ we‡qvwRZ nq|)
CH3COONa (aq) → CH3COO- (aq) + Na+ (aq) (AvqwbK jeY, ZvB m¤ú~Y© we‡qvwRZ nq|)

(K) AígvÎvq GwmW ms‡hvM: hw` mvgvb¨ cwigvY HCl GwmW A_©vr H+ Avqb G evdvi `ªe‡Y †hvM Kiv nq,
ZLb cª`Ë H+ Avqb¸‡jv `ªe‡Y we`¨gvb CH3COO- Avq‡bi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q wbgœiƒ‡c g„`y Zwor we‡køl¨ CH3
COOH AYy Drcbœ K‡i |

H+ (aq) + CH3COO-(aq) → CH3COOH (aq)

‡h‡nZy A¨vwmwUK GwmW g„`y Zwor we‡køl¨, ZvB A¨vwmwUK GwmW AwZ mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y we‡qvwRZ nq; (we‡kl
K‡i Zxeª Zwor we‡køl¨ †mvwWqvg A¨vwm‡U‡Ui Dcw¯’wZ‡Z) †m‡nZy H evdvi `ªe‡Y cª`Ë A¤ø ev GwmW Øviv H+
Avq‡bi ev nvB‡Wªvwbqvg Avqb (H3O+) Gi NbgvÎv we‡kl ev‡o bv| A_©vr H `ªe‡Yi pH Gi gvb cªvq
AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|

(L) Aí gvÎvq ¶vi (OH-) ms‡hvM : mvgvb¨ cwigvY ¶vi A_©vr OH- Avqb G evdvi `ªeYwU‡Z †hvM Ki‡j
cª`Ë OH- Avqb¸‡jv `ªe‡Y we`¨gvb H+ Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i AZxe g„`y Zwor we‡køl¨ cvwb AYy (H2O) m„wó
K‡i| ZLb B_v‡bvwqK Gwm‡Wi mvg¨ve¯’v Wvbw`‡K m‡i wM‡q H+ Avqb ˆZwi K‡i wewµqviZ H+ Avq‡bi
Afve c~iY K‡i|

OH- (aq) + H+ (aq) → H2O (l)

CH3COOH (aq) ⇌ CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)

AZGe †`Lv hvq †h, evdvi `ªe‡Y mvgvb¨ cwigvY Zxeª GwmW ev ¶vi wn‡m‡e h_vµ‡g H+ Avqb A_ev OH-
Avqb Gi †h †Kv‡bv GKwU †hvM Kiv †nvK bv †Kb, Zv evdvi `ªe‡Yi Dcv`v‡bi AvšÍtwµqvi d‡j AcmvwiZ nq
Ges †Kv‡bv †¶‡ÎB H+ Avq‡bi NbgvÎv Z_v pH Gi gvb we‡kl cwiewZ©Z nq bv|

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➢ bgybv cÖkœt

(N) DÏxc‡Ki C cv‡Î mvgvb¨ HCI GwmW †hvM Ki‡j `ªe‡Yi pH gv‡bi cwieZ©b n‡e Kxbv; KviYmn e¨vL¨v
Ki|

bgybv DËit
(N) DÏxcK g‡Z, C cv‡Îi `ªeYwU GKwU A¤øxq evdvi `ªeY; Zv wb‡Pi wewµqvi mvnv‡h¨ my¯úó n‡e|

HA(aq) + NaOH(aq) → Na+A- (aq) + H2O (l)

cªkœ g‡Z, 15mL 15mL 15mL

0.1M 0.1M 0.1M

mgxKiY g‡Z, 15 mL 0.1M NaOH `ªe‡Yi mv‡_ 15 mL 0.1M HA Gwm‡Wi wewµqvq 15 mL 0.1M
NaA je‡Yi `ªeY Drcbœ n‡q‡Q| GQvov (25+15) = 40mL wgkª `ªe‡Y cªK„Zc‡¶ (25 - 15) mL = 10
ml Zyj¨ 0.1M HA GwmW i‡q‡Q Ges Zyj¨ 15 mL 0.1M NaA jeY i‡q‡Q|
10×0.1
⸫ 40 ml wgkª `ªe‡Y _vKv HA Gi †gvj msL¨v = = 0.0010
1000
15×0.1
Ges 40 ml wgkª `ªe‡Y _vKv NaA Gi †gvj msL¨v = = 0.0015
1000

[ লবণ ] [ লবণ ]
⸫ evdvi `ªeYwUi pH = pKa + log = - log Ka+log
[ অম্ল ] [ অম্ল ]

0.0015
⸫ pH = -log 1.8×10-4+log
0.0010
15
ev, pH = -log 1.8- log 10 +log
-4
10
ev, pH = (-0.255 + 4.0 + 0.176); ev, pH=3.92

evdvi `ªe‡Yi ˆewkó¨ Abymv‡i G A¤øxq evdvi `ªe‡Y mvgvb¨ HCI GwmW †hvM Ki‡j G evdvi `ªe‡Yi pH
gv‡bi we‡kl †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b n‡e bv| G evdvi `ªe‡Yi pH w¯’i ivLvi †KŠkj wb‡P e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv | G
evdvi `ªe‡Y wb‡gœv³ Avqb¸‡jv _v‡K|

HA(aq) ⇌ H+ (aq) + A- (aq)

NaA (aq) → Na+ (aq) + A- (aq)

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Educatum School 18

G evdvi wgkª‡Y mvgvb¨ HCI GwmW †hvM Ki‡j GwU c~Y© AvqwbZ n‡q H+ Avqb I Cl- Avqb ˆZwi K‡i| c‡i
evdvi `ªe‡Yi A- Avq‡bi mv‡_ H H+ Avqb hy³ n‡q g„`y Zwor we‡køl¨ `ye©j HA GwmW Drcbœ K‡i| mej
HCI Gi

Dcw¯’wZ‡Z `ye©j HA Awe‡qvwRZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| GRb¨ H evdvi `ªe‡Yi H+ Avq‡bi †gvjvi NbgvÎvi †Kv‡bv
cwieZ©b N‡U bv e‡j `ªe‡Yi pH AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
HCl (aq) → H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) [c~Y© AvqwbZ]
H+ (aq) + A- (aq) → HA (aq) [Awe‡qvwRZ _v‡K]

➢ bgybv cÖkœt

DÏxc‡Ki `ªeY `ywUi wgkª‡Yi pH gv‡bi mgvb pH Gi 1.0 wjUvi HCl `ªeY Kxfv‡e cª¯ÍyZ Kiv hvq; Zv we‡kølY Ki
bgybv DËit DÏxc‡Ki Dfq `ªeY wgwkªZ Ki‡j GKwU A¤øxq evdvi `ªeY Drcbœ n‡e| wgkª‡Yi ci wgkª‡Yi AvqZb n‡e
= (10 + 5) mL =15mL.
1.0 x × 001
⸫ 10 mL wgkÖ `ªe‡Y _vKv H-COOH Gi ‡gvj msL¨v = =0.001
1000
5× 0.1
Ges 15 mL wgkÖ `ªe‡Y _vKv H-COONa Gi ‡gvj msL¨v = = 0.0005
1000
[ লবণ ] [ লবণ ]
⸫ evdvi `ªeYwUi pH = pKa + log = - log Ka+log
অম্ল অম্ল

0.0015
⸫ pH = -log 1.0×10-4 + log ;
0.0010
ev, pH = -log 1.0- log 10-4 + log 0.5
ev, pH = (0 + 4 - 0.3) = 3.7
Avevi [H+] = antilog (- pH) = 10-PH;
ev, [H+] = 10-3.7 = 1.995 × 10-4 = 0.0001995 M = 0.0002 M
G‡¶‡Î 0.0002 M H+ Drcbœ n‡e 0.0002 M HCl `ªeY †_‡K |
GLb 0.0002 M HCl `ªeY cª¯ÍywZ : weï× HCI Gi NbgvÎv 12 M nq |
myZivs 1.0 wjUvi ev, 1000 mL 0.0002 M jNy HCI `ªeY ˆZwi Ki‡Z 12 M HCl Gi V1 mL cª‡qvRb nq |
`ªe‡Yi jNyKi‡Yi m¤úK© g‡Z cvB,
V1 × M1 = V2 × M2; ev, V1 × 12 M = 1000 mL × 0.0002 M
1000 mL x 0.0002
ev, V1 = = 0.0167 mL
12

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Educatum School 19

myZivs GK wjUvi AvqZwbK d¬v‡¯‹ `vMKvUv e¨y‡iU A_ev `vMKvUv wc‡c‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ 0.0167 mL 12 M HCl wb‡q
Gi g‡a¨ cvwZZ cvwb †hvM K‡i AvqZwbK d¬v‡¼i Mjvq _vKv `vM ch©šÍ c~Y© K‡i Ges d¬v‡¯‹i gy‡L Møvm ÷cvi ewm‡q
wgkªYwU‡K SvKv‡q mgmË¡ Kiv nq| Giƒ‡c CwÝZ HCI `ªeY cª¯ÍyZ Kiv hvq|
AwaKZi Abykxjwbi Rb¨t
DB-22, MB-22, SB-22, CuB-22, Dj.B-22, RB-22,

cÂg Aa¨vqt Kg©gyLx imvqb

UwcK- 1t wf‡bMvi cÖ¯‘wZ Ges Lvevi msiÿ‡Yi Dcvq|

bgybv cÖkœt
➢ wf‡bMvi cÖ¯‘wZ ivmvqwbK wewµqvmn e¨vL¨v Ki (g‡ëvR, wPwb, ÷vP© †_‡K)

bgybv DËit
wPwb n‡jv WvBm¨vKvivBW, C12H22O11 | WvBm¨vKvivB‡Wi Rjxq `ªeY‡K g‡ëvR e‡j| g‡ëvR †_‡K `ywU av‡c
wf‡bMvi ˆZwi Kiv nq| cª_g av‡c dv‡g©‡›Ukb ev MuvRb cªwµqvq B_vbj ˆZwi Kiv nq| Avevi, wØZxq av‡c
A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K A¨vwmwUK Gwm‡W iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq Ges GB cªwµqv‡K 'A¨vwmwUK dv‡g©‡›Ukb' e‡j|

`ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ `yB Pv PvgP (NH4)2SO4 I `yB Pv PvgP (NH4)3PO4 †hvM K‡i wgkª‡Yi g‡a¨ GK Pv PvgP C÷
†hvM K‡i wZbw`b †X‡K ivL‡j MuvRb cªwµqv m¤úbœ nq| d‡j CO2 Drcbœ nq Ges C÷ †_‡K Bbfv‡U©R I
RvB‡gR bvgK `ywU GbRvBg wbtm„Z nq| wbtm„Z Bbfv‡U©R GbRvBg Av‡Li i‡mi wPwb‡K Av`ª©we‡køwlZ K‡i
Møy‡KvR I d&i懱v‡R cwiYZ K‡i| C÷ †_‡K wbtm„Z RvB‡gR GbRvBg Drcbœ Møy‡KvR I d«z‡±vR‡K we‡hvwRZ
K‡i B_vbj I CO2 G cwiYZ K‡i| mswkøó wewµqvmg~n n‡jv-
ইনভোর্টেজ
C12 H22 O11 + H2 O →30˚C C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6
wPwb Møy‡KvR d«z‡±vR
জোইর্ জ
C6 H12 O6 →30˚C 4C𝐻3 CH2 OH + 4CO2
Møy‡KvR B_vbj
Avevi Drcbœ B_vbj‡K 30-35°C ZvcgvÎvq evqyi O2 Gi mv‡_ wewµqv Kiv‡j ˆRe GwmW CH3COOH
Drcbœ nq|
োইর্ োডো ো ে
C𝐻3 CH2 OH + O2 →অযোসসর্টোবযোক্টর C𝐻3 COOH + H2 O
B_vbj GwmwUK GwmW

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Educatum School 20

Dc‡i ewY©Z wewµqv I c×wZ AbymiY K‡i Ges MuvRb cªwµqv| cª‡qvM K‡i mvaviYZ Av‡Li im (my‡µvR) n‡Z
ˆRe GwmW ev wf‡bMvi cª¯ÍyZ Kiv hvq|

➢ bgybv cÖkœt wf‡bMv‡ii gva¨‡g Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Yi †KŠkj Av‡jvPbv Ki|

bgybv DËit
AYyRx‡ei Avµg‡Y Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i ¸Yv¸Y webó nq| Lv`¨ `ªe¨‡K AYyRx‡ei nvZ †_‡K i¶v Ki‡Z n‡j `ywU cªavb
c`‡¶c MªnY Ki‡Z nq-
i. AYyRx‡ei weKvk I e„w× iwnZKiY|
ii. AYyRx‡ei GbRvB‡gi Kvh©KvwiZv webóKiY|

wf‡bMv‡ii A¤øxq cwi‡ek Øviv Lv`¨ `ª‡e¨i pH gvb K‡g hvq Ges G cwi‡e‡k †Kv‡bv AYyRx‡ei esk e„w× m¤¢e
nq bv| GQvovI, A¤øxq gva¨‡g Lv`¨ webóKvix AYyRx‡ei GbRvB‡gi Kvh©KvwiZv nªvm cvq| AYyRx‡ei
GbRvBgmg~‡ni Kvh©KvwiZvi Rb¨ AZ¨vbyK~j pH cª‡qvRb | mvaviYZ AwaKvsk GbRvB‡gi AZ¨vbyK~j pH
gvb 6.5 - 7.5 Gi cwim‡i weivR K‡i| GQvov C÷ I e¨vK‡Uwiqvi weiæ‡× wf‡bMvi GKwU Kvh©Ki msi¶K|

‡h‡nZy, wf‡bMvi Lv`¨c‡Y¨i Rjxq cwi‡e‡ki pH gvb nªvm K‡i, ZvB G cwi‡ekwU AYyRx‡ei weKvk I e„w×i
c‡¶ mnvqK bq| cªK„Zc‡¶ AYyRx‡ei weKv‡ki cªwZeÜKZv m„wói g~j KviY n‡jv Awe‡qvwRZ A¨vwmwUK
Gwm‡Wi cwigvY| pH Gi gvb nªvm †c‡j GwmwUK Gwm‡Wi Awe‡qvwRZ As‡ki cwigvY e„w× cvq| †`Lv †M‡Q
†h, pH gvb 7.0 G Gi cwigvY 1% GiI Kg| A_P, pH = 3 gv‡b G gvb cªvq 98% |
Awe‡qvwRZ A¨vwmwUK GwmW (CH3COOH) AYyRx‡ei †Kvl †`qvj w`‡q mn‡RB AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡i|
mvB‡UvcøvR‡gi D”P pH gv‡b A¨vwmwUK GwmW nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb (H+) I A¨vwm‡UU Avq‡b
(CH3COO-) we‡qvwRZ nq;
CH3COOH = CH3COO-+ H+

AYyRx‡ei mvB‡UvcøvR‡g nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avq‡bi NbgvÎv e„w× cvIqvq Gi Af¨šÍixY pH gvb nªvm cvq| Gi d‡j
cª‡qvRbxq GbRvBg wm‡÷g ¶wZMª¯Í nq Ges cwiYv‡g †Kv‡li g„Z¨y N‡U| A¨vwm‡UU A¨vbvqbwUI
Gw›UgvB‡µvweqvj Kvh©KvwiZv cª`k©b K‡i| Gfv‡e pH nªv‡mi gva¨‡g DcwiD³ Lv`¨ msi¶KwU Zvi Kvh©KvwiZv
cª`k©b K‡i|

➢ bgybv cÖkœt K¨vwbs ev †KŠUvRvZ KiY c×wZ‡Z mewR, djgyj msiÿY c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
bgybv DËit
U‡g‡Uvi †KŠUvRvZKiY cªYvjx:
i. U‡g‡Uv msMªn I †aŠZKiY: evRvi †_‡K cyó jvj e‡Y©i U‡g‡Uv msMªn Kiv nq| me‡P‡q fv‡jv AvKv‡ii U‡g‡Uvi
†evuUv ev` w`‡q cwi®‹vi cvwb‡Z ay‡q †bqv nq| Qywi w`‡q †K‡U U‡g‡Uvi †QvU exR¸‡jv `~i Kiv nq|
ii. U‡g‡Uv‡K Mig cvwb‡Z eøvwÂs: cwi®‹vi U‡g‡Uv¸‡jv‡K dyUšÍ cvwb‡Z 2-3 wgwbU †i‡L SuvSwi w`‡q Zy‡j †bqv nq|
ZLb U‡g‡Uvi cvZjv Pvgov wX‡j n‡q _v‡K| Gevi wX‡j Pvgov c„_K K‡i U‡g‡Uv¸‡jv‡K Mig cvwb‡Z ay‡q †bqv
nq|

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Educatum School 21

iii. ‡KŠUvq U‡g‡Uv I K¨vwbs Zij fwZ©: eøvwÂs †k‡l U‡g‡Uvi UyKiv¸‡jv‡K †÷wijvBRW ev RxevYygy³ †KŠUvq fwZ© K‡i
†KŠUvi gy‡L A‡a©K Lvwj †i‡L K¨vwbs Zijiƒ‡c cªvK„wZK wcªRvi‡fwUf †hgb 10% NaCl `ªeY I 5% wPwbi `ªeY
†hvM K‡i U‡g‡Uvi UyKiv¸‡jv‡K wbgw¾Z Kiv nq| Gevi †KŠUvi gyL nvjKvfv‡e AvUKv‡bv nq|
iv. GMRw÷s, wmwjs I wiUwUs; Gici †KŠUv¸‡jv‡K cvwb ùyUb ev‡_©i K¨v‡b †i‡L cª_‡g 85°C ZvcgvÎvq 10 wgwbU
GMRw÷s Kiv nq| c‡i †KŠUvi gyL wmwjs K‡i 100°C ZvcgvÎvq 30 wgwbU wiUwUs Kiv nq|
v. ‡j‡ewjs I evRviRvZKiY: †k‡l †KŠUv kxZj K‡i Gi Mv‡q ‡j‡ej jvMv‡bv nq| c‡i U‡g‡Uvi †KŠUv¸‡jv‡K
evRviRvZ Kiv nq|

AwaKZi Abykxjbxi Rb¨t

DB-22, CB-22, MB-22, Dj.B-22, RB-22, SB-19,

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Educatum School 22

হঘাষণা

সবাই চায় জীবনন ফকছু ক নে।ফকন্তু সবাই পান না।কা ণ সু ন াগটা সবাই পায় না।আ হপনল—ফিক ফিকফননিেশনা থানক

না।োজা োজা ফশক্ষাথেী গ্রানম, মিস্বনল ফকিংবা শেন -- োনি হচানে স্বপ্ন, ফকন্তু সামনন শুধু ই বাধা।বাধা ফটউশন

ফি,বাধা ভানলা গাইডলাইন,বাধা ফননজ উপ ফবশ্বাস। Educatum School জানন—সবাই সু ন াগটা ফডজাভে কন ।ফকন্তু

আমানি ও ে সীমাবদ্ধো আনছ। হকায়াফলফট ফশক্ষা হিওয়া লক্ষ ফননয় কাজ ক নছ এডুকাটুম স্কুল। আ হসজনযই

এনসনছ— সু পা থাউজযাি।বািংলানিনশ ১০০০ জন ফশক্ষাথেী জনয একটা লাইি-নচফজিং প্ল্যান! া ফি মাত্র ১২৫০৳।

এই সু ন াগ প্রথম ১০০০ জন পানব। এই োজা জনন মনধয েুফম থাকনব হো? ফি ফবশ্বাস কন া ফননজ উপ ।োেনল

এটাই হোমা সময়। ভফেে েও এেনই।

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ফবজ্ঞান ও মানফবক শাো

ভফেে প্রফিয়া
Super 1000 এ ভফেে েনে 01798529251 (Bkash Payment), 01706869477 (Nagad Send Money)

এই িু নটা নাম্বান ১২৫০ টাকা পাফিনয় Educatum School এ হপইনজ অথবা 01325406272-এই নাম্বান

হোমা হপনমনে ফিনশট অথবা হ নাম্বা হথনক টাকা পাফিনয়নছা, হসই নাম্বা ফট ফলনে হমনসজ কন া। ২৪

ঘো মনধয হোমা ভফেে প্রফিয়া সম্পন্ন ক া েনব।

েুফম ফি চাও একফট পাবফলক ফবশ্বফবিযালনয় হোমা ফসট ফনফিে ক নে েনব

এডুকাটুম স্কুনল এই হকাসেফটই নথষ্ট।

ভফেে েনে ফকিংবা ফবস্তাফ ে জাননে এেুফন কল কন া : 01325406272

Varsity Admission Course সম্পর্কে জানর্ে - 01325406272