Trường Đại Học Nông Lâm TP.

Hồ Chí Minh
Ngành Hệ Thống Thông Tin

MẠNG MÁY TÍNH VÀ TRUYỀN THÔNG

(COMPUTER NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATIONS)
Chapter 1 - Overview

Presenter: Dr. Nguyen Dinh Long 1

Email: [email protected]
Phone: 0947 229 599
Google-site: https://sites.google.com/view/long-dinh-nguyen
Feb. 2025
Dr. Long D. Nguyen
Outline
Overview of Computer Networks and Communications

Concepts of Computer Networks

Model of OSI-7 layers and TCP/IP

Wireless Transmission (Channel communication)

LAN/WLAN IEEE 802.11

Multi-gigabit WLAN and Applications

Computer Networks Trends and Applications

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References
Main:
▪ Phạm Ngọc Thắng và Nguyễn Tiến Dũng, 2013, Giáo trình máy tính và mạng máy tính, NXB
Giáo dục.

More:
▪ Hồ Đắc Phương, 2014, Giáo trình Nhập môn Mạng máy tính, NXB Giáo Dục
▪ Andrew S. Tanenbaum, 2003, Computer Networks, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall.
▪ Simon Haykin and Michael Moher, Communication Systems, 5th ed., Wiley, March 2000.

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▪ Slides here are adapted from several sources on the Universities and Internet.
Content of Chapter 1
1. History of Communication systems

2. Introduction to communication networks

▪ Block diagram, radio communication

3. Concepts of communication networks

▪ Issues, communication network designs, OSI layer, TCP/IP

4. Computer Networks Technology

▪ Modulation, multiplexing, multiple access, transmission scheme

5. Applications of computer network and communication

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1. History of Communication System

▪ 1876 - Bell Telephone

▪ 1920 - Radio Broadcast

▪ 1936 - TV Broadcast

▪ 1960’s - Digital communications

▪ 1965 - First commercial satellite

▪ 1970 - First Internet node

▪ 1980 - Development of TCP/IP

▪ 1993 - Invention of Web

▪ ~ 2000 - Internet traffic surpasses voice!

▪ AnalogComm Systems

▪ DigitalComm Systems

▪ Networked Comm Systems (data packets)

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Communication Systems Today

▪ Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) for voice, fax, modem

▪ Computer networks (LANs, WANs, and the Internet)

▪ Satellite systems (pagers, voice/data, movie broadcasts)

▪ Cable television (CATV) for video and data

▪ Bluetooth, ZigBee, NB-IoT, LoRaWAN, Sigfox, ...

▪ Many others ...

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Significance of Human Communication
▪ Communication is the process of exchanging information.

Main barriers are language and distance.

Contemporary society’s emphasis is now the

accumulation,
packaging,
and exchange of information.

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Historical Communication Systems
▪ Face to Face
▪ Writing on letter sheet

▪ Written word (letters)

▪ Wire phone
▪ 1876, Alexander G. Bell (“Watson come here; I need you.”)

▪ Wireless mobile (high data-rate),

multiple communication media
Electrical innovations:
▪ Telegraph
▪ Telephone
▪ Radio
▪ Television
▪ Internet (computer)
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Historical of Communication Systems
▪ ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)
▪ 1969
▪ first connected computer network
▪ using packet-switching instead of direct connections
▪ relied on phone lines

▪ Explosion of Internet, networking

IoT Cloud
IPv6

5G AI

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New Communication Systems
▪ Smart phone, tablet, laptop, PC …
▪ First Microsoft platforms called Smartphone 2002 and Smartphone 2003
▪ Iphone 13: 6.7 inches, 1TB, chip A17 RAM-8GB, 48MP camera, 3.1GHz Dual core,
GPU graphics, 4K video, 16M colors, 5GHz, MIMO, Bluetooth v5.1
Light, Proximity, Accelerometer, Barometer, Compass, Gyroscope sensors
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▪ Metaverse, Virtual-Reality, …

▪ More …
Historical of Communication Systems
▪ 1940s
▪ Number of mobile users ~ 50K
▪ Mobile traffic: 100 MB
▪ Single antenna
▪ Several connections per BS

▪ 2020
▪ 5.27 billion users
▪ Mobile traffic: 127 exabytes
▪ Massive antenna number (128, 256, ...)
▪ 1M connections per BS

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Persons Ray Tomlinson
Robert Metcalfe

developed Ethernet in 1973

sent the first e-mail in 1971
Tim Berners-Lee

Leonard Kleinrock
Invention: Digital
packet switching
-- 1950s

Invention:
TCP/IP -- 1974
proposed the idea of ARPANET, one of the
earliest computer networks in 1961 Paul Baran
Vint Cerf 17
2. Introduction to communication system

▪ The purpose of a communication system is to transport an information bearing signal from a source to a
user destination.

o Analog communication systems: the information bearing signal is continuously varying in both
amplitude and time.

o The performance metric: SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio)

o Digital communication system: the information bearing signal is represented by a sequence of discrete
messages.

o The performance metric: BER (Bit Error Rate)

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Basic diagram of communication systems

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Basic communication signal processing blocks
▪ Transmitter:
o Source coding: eliminate or reduce redundancy so as to provide an efficient representation of the source output.
o Channel coding: introduce redundancy to provide reliable communication over a noisy channel.
o Modulation: to provide the efficient transmission of the signal over the channel.

❖ Channel: wired (telephone channels, coaxial cables, optical fibers) or wireless (microwave radio, satellite channels,
mmWave channel, military channels, …).

❖ Receiver: demodulation, channel decoder, and source decoder.

❖ Our goal is to communicate with any time of information with anyone at anytime from anywhere.
This is possible with aid of Communication System Design.

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Introduction

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Types of Communication Information
Major classification of data: analog vs. digital
▪ Analog signals
▪ speech (but words are discrete)
▪ music (closer to a continuous signal)
▪ temperature readings, barometric pressure, wind speed
▪ images stored on film

▪ Digital signals can be represented (approximately) using bits or

in the form of bits into binary/digital signals
▪ audio: 8, 16, 24 bits per sample
▪ digitized images (can be compressed using JPEG)
▪ digitized video (can be compressed to MPEG)
▪ Bits: text, computer data

▪ Analog signals can be converted into bits by quantizing/digitizing

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Types of Communication Information
Analog Messages
▪ Early analog communication
▪ telephone (1876)
▪ phonograph (1877)
▪ film soundtrack (1923, Lee De Forest, Joseph Tykoci´nski-Tykociner)

▪ Key to analog communication is the amplifier (1908, Lee De Forest, triode vacuum tube)

▪ Broadcast radio (AM, FM) is still analog

▪ Broadcast television was analog until 2009

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Types of Communication Information
Digital Messages
▪ Early long-distance communication was digital
▪ semaphores, white flag, smoke signals, bugle calls, telegraph

▪ Teletypewriters (stock quotations)

▪ Baudot (1874) created 5-unit code for alphabet. Today baud is a unit meaning one symbol per second.
▪ Working teleprinters were in service by 1924 at 65 words per minute

▪ Fax machines: Group 3 (voice lines) and Group 4 (ISDN)

▪ In 1990s the accounted for majority of transPacific telephone use. Sadly, fax machines are still in use.
▪ First fax machine was Alexander Bains 1843 device required conductive ink
▪ Pantelegraph (Caselli, 1865) set up telefax between Paris and Lyon

▪ Ethernet, Internet

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Transmission of Information

▪ Information source

▪ Continuous -e.g., voice, video

▪ Discrete -e.g., text, computer data

Signal
▪ Analog (continuous valued)
▪ Digital (discrete valued)

Why digital transmission?

▪ Can remove unwanted “noise” to reproduce digital signal
▪ Can eliminate redundancy

Digital transmission of continuous data

▪ Sample
▪ Quantize
▪ Encode

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Types of Communication Network (Ranges)
▪ Wide Area Networks (WANS)
▪ Span large areas (countries, continents, world)
▪ Use leased phone lines (expensive!) 1980’s: 10 Kbps, 2000’s: 2.5 Gbps User access rates: 56Kbps – 155 Mbps
typical
▪ Shared communication links: switches and routers e.g, IBM SNA, X.25 networks, Internet

▪ Local Area Networks (LANS)

Global
▪ Span office or building
Satellite
▪ Single hop (shared channel) (cheap!)
Suburban Urban
▪ User rates: 10 Mbps – 1 Gbps In-Building
e.g., Ethernet, Token rings, Apple-talk
Microcell Picocell
Macrocell

Basic Terminal
PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal
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Types of Communication Network (Ranges)

❖ Cellular Systems Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)

❖ Satellite Systems
❖ Wireless broadband access (WiMax-compatible)
Metropolitan Area
❖ Paging Systems (one way, two way) Networks MAN
❖ Radio broadcast (analog/digital audio/video)
❖ Cordless phone, personal handyphone system
❖ Wireless LANs
❖ Bluetooth
❖ Ultra-wideband radios
Local Area Network LAN
❖ Zigbee radios Personal Area Networks PAN
❖ Infrared wireless optical (IrDa)
❖ Remote control (toy, garage door)
❖ Special purpose: radar, sonar, missile guidance,…,etc
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Generations of Computer networks

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Types of Computer Networks

Local Area Networks (LAN)

▪ “Local” means every computer can hear every other computer

▪ ◮ Packet switching instead of circuit switching (no dedicated channels)

▪ ◮ Data is broken down into packets

▪ ◮ Originally proprietary protocols; e.g., Ethernet was a collaboration between Intel, DEC, and Xerox. (DEC?)

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Local Area Networks (LAN)
What is a local area network (LAN)?

➢ Network in limited geographical

area such as home or office
building
➢ LAN covers a small region of
space typically a single building,
schools or at home
Types of Computer Networks

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)

▪ WLANs connect “local” computers (100m range) to an access point

▪ As with LANs, data is broken down into packets

▪ Channel access is shared (random access)

▪ Access protocols for WLANs are much more complex than for LANs

▪ Backbone Internet provides best-effort service (no QOS guarantee)

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Types of Computer Networks
Metropolitan area network (MAN)
• connects LANs in city or
• Town

•A collection of LANs with the same

geographically area for instant a city

•MAN across long distances can be best

connected using fibre optic
Types of Computer Networks
What is a wide area network (WAN)? the Internet

➢ Network that covers large geographic

area using many types of media

➢ Internet is world’s largest WAN

➢ Can be a collection of LANs or WANs or the mix of two

with a very large geographical area for instant a country or
even beyond the border

➢ Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite uplinks may be

used to connect this type of network.
Types of Computer Networks
Differentiate between the three types of computer networks
Types of Computer Networks
Wireless LAN Standards
▪ 802.11b (Old – 1990s)
o Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz)
o Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
o Speeds of 11 Mbps, approx. 500 ft range
Many WLAN
▪ 802.11a/g (Middle Age– mid-late 1990s) cards have
o Standard for 5GHz NII band (300 MHz) all 3 (a/b/g)
o OFDM in 20 MHz with adaptive rate/codes
o Speeds of 54 Mbps, approx. 100-200 ft range

▪ 802.11n (Hot stuff, standard close to finalization)

o Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz band
o Adaptive OFDM /MIMO in 20/40 MHz (2-4 antennas)
o Speeds up to 600Mbps, approx. 200 ft range
o Other advances in packetization, antenna use, etc.

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WLAN IEEE 802.11 Standards

802.11ax is the newest

WLAN IEEE 802.11 for now

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Wireless LAN Standards
.

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Wireless LAN Standards
.

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3. QoS Requirements and Design Challenges
▪ QoS: quality-of-service

Voice Data Video

Delay <100ms - <100ms

Packet Loss <1% 0 <1%

BER 10-3 10-6 10-6

Data Rate 8-32 Kbps 1-100 Mbps 1-20 Mbps

Traffic Continuous Bursty Continuous

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3. QoS Requirements and Design Challenges
▪ QoS: quality-of-service

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3. QoS Requirements and Design Challenges
▪ QoS: quality-of-service

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Communication System - Challenges
❑ Three main problems:
o The path loss
o Noise (interference)
o Sharing the radio spectrum

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Communication System - Challenges
❑ Three main problems:
o The path loss (attenuation, multipath, fading ...)

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Communication System - Challenges
❑ Three main problems:
o Noise (+ interference)

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Communication System - Challenges
❑ Three main problems:
o Sharing the radio spectrum

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How to work? – Communication Network Technology

▪ Communication channels

▪ Modulation

▪ Multiplexing, multiple access, switching

▪ Protocol, OSI layer

▪ Transmission schemes

▪ Spread Spectrum

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Types of Electronic Communication

▪ Electronic communications are classified according to whether they are

▪ 1. One-way (simplex) or two-way (full duplex or half duplex) transmissions
▪ 2. Analog or digital signals.

Simplex
– The simplest method of electronic communication is referred to as simplex.
– This type of communication is one-way. Examples are:
▪ Radio
▪ TV broadcasting
▪ Beeper (personal receiver)

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Types of Electronic Communication

Half Duplex
– The form of two-way communication in which only one party transmits at a time is known as half duplex.
Examples are:
▪ Police, military, etc. radio transmissions
▪ Citizen band (CB)
▪ Family radio
▪ Amateur radio

Full Duplex
– Most electronic communication is two-way and is referred to as duplex.
– When people can talk and listen simultaneously, it is called full duplex. The telephone is an example of
this type of communication.

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Types of Electronic Communication
.

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Modulation and Multiplexing
▪ Modulation and multiplexing are electronic techniques for transmitting information efficiently from one
place to another.

Modulation makes the information signal more compatible with the medium.
Multiplexing allows more than one signal to be transmitted concurrently over a single medium.

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Multiple Access
▪ Multiple access
o FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
o TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
o SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access)
o SSMA (Spread Spectrum Multiple Access)
• FHMA (Frequency Hopped Multiple Access)
• CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

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OSI Model
▪ OSI 7 layers for data transmission

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TCP/IP Model
▪ TCP/IP 4 layers

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Transmission Schemes
Baseband Transmission
– Baseband information can be sent directly and unmodified over the medium or can be used to modulate a carrier for
transmission over the medium.
▪ In telephone or intercom systems, the voice is placed on the wires and transmitted.

▪ In some computer networks, the digital signals are applied directly to coaxial or twisted-pair cables for transmission.

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Transmission Schemes
Broadband Transmission
– A carrier is a high frequency signal that is modulated by audio, video, or data.
– A radio-frequency (RF) wave is an electromagnetic signal that is able to travel long distances through space.
– A broadband transmission takes place when a carrier signal is modulated, amplified, and sent to the antenna for
transmission.

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mmWave Communication - Frequency spectrum

The range of electromagnetic signals

.
encompassing all frequencies is referred to as the
electromagnetic spectrum.

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Bandwidth
Bandwidth (BW) is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a signal.
▪ Channel bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies required to transmit the desired information.

▪ Spectrum Management and Standards

▪ – Spectrum management is provided by agencies set up by the United States and other countries to control
spectrum use.
▪ The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the National Telecommunications and Information
Administration (NTIA) are two agencies that deal in spectrum management.
▪ – Standards are specifications and guidelines necessary to ensure compatibility

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Bandwidth – Why?
Bandwidth (BW) is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a signal.

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5. Applications of Computer network and Communication

▪ Broadcast TV/Radio

▪ Recent move toward digital broadcast (Satellite TV/Radio)

▪ 2009: all TV broadcast is going digital (HDTV) -why?

▪ Digital telephony

– Wired and wireless

▪ Computer communications/networks

▪ Resource sharing Computing: mainframe computer (old days)Printers, peripheralsInformation, DB access and
update
▪ Internet Services Email, FTP, Telnet, Web access

▪ Today, the vast majority of network traffic is for internet applications

– Internet is also starting to carry traditional applications Radio, TV, phone

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Applications of Computer network and Communication
Simplex Duplex
▪ AM and FM broadcasting ▪ Telephones
▪ Digital radio ▪ Two-way radio
▪ TV broadcasting ▪ Radar
▪ Digital television (DTV)
▪ Sonar
▪ Cable television
▪ Amateur radio
▪ Wireless remote control
▪ Citizens radio
▪ Paging services
▪ Family Radio service
▪ Navigation and direction-finding services
▪ The Internet
▪ Telemetry
▪ Wide-area networks (WANs)
▪ Radio astronomy
▪ Metropolitan-area networks (MANs)
▪ Surveillance

▪ Music services ▪ Local area networks (LANs)

▪ Internet radio and video

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