Why does the
toothpaste
came out
when the tube
is squeezed?
It shows a tube of toothpaste being squeezed.
When the paste is squeezed at one end, a pressure or a force
per unit area is applied. This pressure is transmitted through the
paste because a change in pressure at any point in an enclosed
fluid at rest is transmitted undiminished to all point in the fluid.
Pascal’s principle
• Pascal’s principle, also called Pascal’s law, in
fluid (gas or liquid) mechanics, statement
that, in a fluid at rest in a closed container, a
pressure change in one part is transmitted
without loss to every portion of the fluid and
to the walls of the container. The principle
was first enunciated by the French scientist
Blaise Pascal.
Pressure
• Pressure is a scalar quantity, even though the force
producing it or the force produced within a fluid by a
pressure does have direction and so is a vector.
• Pressure has SI units of N/m2. This combined unit is
given as Pascal (Pa). In British system it is lb/in2, or
psi.
• Pressure is a force applied over an area.
Relationship of Density to Pressure
• Definition: Density is the mass per unit
volume.
• ρ = (m/V) = (nM/V) = (PM/RT)
Densities of Some Common Substances (in kg/m3)
The Transmission of Pressure in Liquids
A liquid cannot be compressed and the pressure acting on the
liquid will be transmitted.
Pascal’s principle states that the pressure exerted on a
confined liquid is transmitted equal in all directions.
Water shoots out
from all direction
with same speed.
In hydraulic system, fluid pressure is used to produce a big
force out of small one.
The hydraulic system is known as a force multiplier.
Figure above shows a simple hydraulic system built according
to Pascal’s principle.
Suppose a downward input force F1 acts on an input piston
of area A1. The exerted (input) pressure is given by:
HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
This input pressure is transmitted by the liquid and
produces a large upward output force F2 on the bigger output
area A2.
Applying Pascal’s Principle, both pressures are the same
Therefore,
or
Pascal’s principle can be used as the working principle in a
hydraulic press
When the small plunger is pushed by a small force, the pressure
is transmitted from the small plunger to the big plunger through
the oil.
With this method, a big force is produced to push the big plunger
upwards.
Pressure acting on the small plunger,
F1
P1 =
A1
Pressure acting on the big plunger,
F2
P2 =
A2
According to the Pascal’s principle, P1 = P2
F1 F2 F1 A1
= or =
A1 A2 F2 A2
Problem Solving
• In hydraulic brake, a force of 80 N is applied
to a piston with area of 4 cm².
a. What is the pressure transmitted throughout
the liquid?
a. If the piston at the wheel cylinder has an area
of 8 cm², what is the force exerted on it?
Solution
(a) P = F/A
= 80 N/4 cm²
= 20 N/ cm²
b) F = P x A
= 20 N/cm² x 8 cm²
= 160 N
Hydraulic Jack
Have you seen
how a car tyre
is replaced?
Hydraulic Lift
Output force,
Fout Hydraulic lift is one practical device
that makes use of Pascal’s principle.
Input force,
Fin Pin = Pout
Fin Fout
=
Input piston Ain Aout
Output piston
area, Ain
area, Aout
Aout
Fout = Fin
Ain
Since Aout is much bigger than Ain , the resulting force multiplier
effect enables a heavy object like car to be lifted by a much
smaller input force.
Hydraulic Brake
When the brake pedal is pushed, force is applied on the piston,
which applies pressure on the fluid.
According to Pascal’s principle, if the fluid is compressible the
pressure is uniform through the pipe.
The force is transmitted to the slave piston and thus the brake disc
is moved and the car is stopped.
Problems involving Pascal’s
Principle
• The figure shows a 10 N weight balancing a X
N weight placed on a bigger syringe. What is
the value of X ?
Solution:
• Solution:
F1 F 2
=
A1 A2
= 30 N
A car of mass 500 kg can be lifted using
a hydraulic lift. The ratio of the cross-
sectional areas of pistons is 1:5 as shown
in the diagram. What is the input force
required to lift the car.
Figure below shows a simple hydraulic system. What is the
minimum force F which can lift a load of 100 kg?
Solution:
Pascal’s principle:
Pressure exerted on the = pressure exerted on big piston
small piston
F1 F 2
=
A1 A2
100 kg
F mg
=
[ ( 5 ) ] [ (10) ]
2 2
5 100 9.8 radius=√5 cm radius=10 cm
F=
100
F = 50 N
• A hydraulic lift is used to raise a load. The
input piston has a cross-sectional area of 20
cm^2, while the output piston has a cross-
sectional area of 200 cm^2. If a force of 50 N
is applied to the input piston, what is the
output force generated by the hydraulic lift?
Solution
F1 F 2
P= =
A1 A2
50 N F2
P= =
20cm2 200cm2
50 N
F2 = x 200cm2
20cm2
F 2 = 500 N
Pascal’s principle states that the pressure exerted on a
confined liquid is transmitted equal in all directions.
Hydraulics system operates on Pascal’s principle.
The application of Pascal’s principle .
•ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
•Who is Archimedes?
Archimedes (287-212 BC), pre-eminent Greek
mathematician and inventor, who wrote important
works on plane and solid geometry, arithmetic, and
mechanics.
•THE LAW
Archimedes' Principle, law of physics
that states that when an object is totally or
partially immersed in a fluid, it experiences
an upthrust equal to the weight of the
fluid displaced.
The principle is most frequently
applied to the behaviour of objects in
water, and helps to explain floating and
sinking, and why objects seem lighter in
water. It also applies to balloons in the air.
•UPTHRUST AND
BUOYANT FORCE
•The key word in the principle is “upthrust” (or
buoyant force), which refers to the force acting
upward to reduce the actual weight of the object
when it is under water.
•For example, a metal block with a volume of 100
cm3 is dipped in water, it displaces an equal volume
of water, which has a weight of approximately 1 N.
The block therefore seems to weigh about 1 N less.
Will it float or sink?
• The largest ship in the world is the
Jahre Viking, an oil-carrying tanker.
• This super-sized ship is 1,504 feet
long and 264 feet wide, longer than 5
football fields laid end-to-end.
• If the Empire State building was laid
on its side, the Jahre Viking would be
longer by 253 feet!
• Crew members use bicycles to get
from place to place on the ship.
• The Jahre Viking is largely
constructed of steel, so how can a
big, heavy ship like this actually
float?
BUOYANCY
• BUOYANCY = the ability to float in a
fluid.
– Examples of fluids = water, air, other liquids
and gases
• BUOYANT FORCE = the upward
force that acts on a submerged
object.
– It acts opposite of gravity
Buoyancy is a force
• Buoyancy is a measure of the upward
force a fluid exerts on an object that is
submerged.
The water in the pool
exerts an upward
force that acts in a
direction opposite to
the boy’s weight.
Volume and buoyancy
• The strength of the buoyant force on an object
in water depends on the volume of the object
that is underwater.
As you keep pushing downward on the ball, the
buoyant force gets stronger and stronger. Which ball
has more volume underwater?
The Buoyant Force is greater
than the weight of the ball so it floats.
Sinking and floating
• Buoyancy explains
why some objects
sink and others
float.
§Whether an object
sinks or floats
depends on how
the buoyant force
compares with
the weight.
Density and buoyancy
If you know an object’s density you can
quickly predict whether it will sink or float.
Which ball will sink in water?
Which ball will float in water?
Boats and apparent density
• Apparent density determines whether an
object sinks or floats.
•DENSITY AND BUOYANCY
•From Archimedes’s Principle :
•Buoyant Force = Weight of fluid displaced
• = mg (note : F = ma)
• = Vg (note : = m )
• V
•Thus FB = Vg
•Where ……
•FB = Buoyant Force or Upthrust
= Density of fluid
•V = Volume of fluid displaced or
• the volume of the object that immersed in the fluid.
•BUOYANT AND FLOATATION
•Buoyant force = weight the object floats and stationary
•Buoyant force > weight the object moves up
•Buoyant force < weight the object moves down
•THE LAW OF FLOATATION
•A floating object displaces its own weight of fluid
in which it floats.
•THINK!!!!!
•warm fresh •cold fresh •warm sea •cold sea
•water •water •water •water
•1. Why the depth of ship immersed in the water different?
Fresh water less dense than sea water and warm
water less dense than coldwater so warm fresh
water need to be displaced more to keep the
uptrust force equal with weight of the boat so it
still can float.
•2. If the plasticine is formed into a ball, it will sink.
•But when it is formed into a hull it will float. Why?
•-
•BECAUSE…..
WEIGHT OF OBJECT
BUOYANT
FORCE
WEIGHT OF OBJECT
BUOYANT
FORCE
WEIGHT OF OBJECT
THE BIGGER FORCE
WINS, SO THE BLOCK
SINKS
BUOYANT
FORCE
Weight and buoyancy
• Weight is a force, like
any other pushing or
pulling force, and is
caused by Earth’s
gravity.
• It is easy to confuse
mass and weight, but
they are not the same.
• Weight is the
What is the rock’s weight?
downward force of
gravity acting on mass. What is the rock’s mass?
The relationship
Review between the
weight of the
water in the catch
bucket and the
object in the
beaker shows that
the weight of the
volume of the
water is equal to
the buoyant
force of the
object.
• APPLICATIONS
•Hot air balloon
•1. rises upwards
•(Upthrust > Weight of hot air (helium gas) +
weight of airship fabric + weight of gondola +
weight of passengers.)( balloon expand)
•[Link]
•(Upthrust < Weight of hot air (helium gas) +
weight of airship fabric + weight of gondola +
weight of passengers.)(balloon shrinks)
•
• 3. stationary
•(Upthrust = Weight of hot air (helium gas) +
weight of airship fabric + weight of gondola +
weight of passengers.)( balloon size uncanged)
•PLIMSOLL LINE OF THE SHIP
•The density of sea water varies with
location and season. To ensure that a ship is
loaded within safe limits , the Plimsoll line
marked on the body of the ship acts as a
guide.
•If ballast tanks empty Upthrust > weight submarine rises to surface
•If ballast tanks full Upthrust < weight submarine sinks to bottom
•SUBMARINE
•Hydrometer
•An hydrometer is an instrument
used to measure the density of a
liquid.
• lead shot to make it float upright
•In a liquid of lesser density , the hydrometer is more submerged.
•The hydrometer floats higher in a liquid of higher density.
Example
1. The weight of the rock in air is 0.85N. When it is
completely submerged in water, its weight is 0.45N. What
is the buoyant force acting on the rock when it is
completely submerged in the water ?
Solution :
Buoyant force = Actual weight – Apparent weight
= 0.85 – 0.45
= 0.4N
2. A concrete slab weight 180N. When it is fully
submerged under the sea its apparent weight is
105N.
Calculate the density of the sea water if the
volume of the sea water displaced by the
concrete slab is 4800 cm3. [ g = 9.8 N/kg ]
•Solution :
•Buoyant force = actual weight – apparent
weight
• = 180 – 105
• = 75N
According to Archimedes’s principle
Buoyant force = weight of sea water
displaced
Therefore,
FB= pVg
so…. p = FB / Vg
= 75 / (0.0048 m3 x 9.8 N/Kg)
= 1875 kg m3
