Microprocessor 8085 - Detailed Notes
Introduction to 8085 Microprocessor
The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor developed by Intel in 1976. It is a software and hardware-compatible
upgrade to the 8080 microprocessor. It uses a single +5V power supply and can operate at a clock speed of
3 MHz.
Key Features:
- 8-bit data bus
- 16-bit address bus (64 KB addressable memory)
- 74 instructions and 246 opcodes
- 5 interrupt lines
- Serial I/O control
- Simple architecture and instruction set
Architecture of 8085
The architecture of 8085 includes the following components:
1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
2. Registers: Accumulator (A), General Purpose Registers (B, C, D, E, H, L), Temporary Register, Instruction
Register
3. Program Counter (PC) and Stack Pointer (SP)
4. Flag Register: Sign, Zero, Auxiliary Carry, Parity, Carry
5. Timing and Control Unit
6. Interrupt Control
7. Serial I/O Control
Microprocessor 8085 - Detailed Notes
The buses include:
- Address Bus (16-bit)
- Data Bus (8-bit)
- Control and Status Signals
Pin Diagram and Description
8085 has a 40-pin dual in-line package (DIP). Important pins include:
- A8-A15: Higher-order address bus
- AD0-AD7: Multiplexed lower-order address and data bus
- ALE: Address Latch Enable
- RD, WR: Read/Write control signals
- IO/M: Distinguishes memory access and I/O access
- INTR, RST7.5, RST6.5, RST5.5: Interrupts
- CLK OUT: Clock Output
- RESET IN/OUT: Reset
Instruction Set of 8085
The instruction set of 8085 is categorized into the following groups:
1. Data Transfer Instructions (e.g., MOV, MVI, LDA, STA)
2. Arithmetic Instructions (e.g., ADD, SUB, INR, DCR)
3. Logical Instructions (e.g., ANA, ORA, CMP, RRC)
4. Branch Instructions (e.g., JMP, JZ, CALL, RET)
Microprocessor 8085 - Detailed Notes
5. Stack, I/O, and Machine Control Instructions (e.g., PUSH, POP, IN, OUT, HLT, NOP)
Each instruction affects the flag register differently and consumes a specific number of clock cycles.
Interrupts in 8085
8085 supports 5 hardware interrupts:
1. TRAP (Non-maskable, highest priority)
2. RST7.5, RST6.5, RST5.5 (Maskable)
3. INTR (General purpose)
Interrupt handling involves saving the current program status and executing an Interrupt Service Routine
(ISR).
Timing Diagram
Timing diagrams represent the status of control signals and address/data buses over time for instructions. It
helps to understand the internal operations of instruction cycles: Machine Cycle and T-state.
Machine Cycle: The time required to complete one operation (e.g., memory read)
T-state: One clock cycle of operation
Common cycles: Opcode Fetch, Memory Read/Write, I/O Read/Write
Applications of 8085
Microprocessor 8085 - Detailed Notes
8085 microprocessors are used in:
- Embedded systems
- Industrial control systems
- Traffic light systems
- Simple robotics
- Educational kits and training purposes
Due to its simplicity and affordability, it's widely used in learning and low-end applications.
