History Term 3 Study Docs

(Almaza&Timi)

Topics
✰ Salami Tactics
✰ Who made the Fulton speech and how did it link to the start of the Cold War
✰ Berlin Crisis
✰ How did Hungary resist Soviet Expansionism

Salami Tactics
What was the Soviet expansion?
Soviet expansionism is how the United States and the USSR continued to defend
and extend their zones of influence across the world during the Cold War.

What were the Salami Tactics?

Salami tactics are a divide-and-conquer process of threats and alliances used to
overcome opposition.

With it, an aggressor can influence and eventually dominate a landscape, typically
political, piece by piece. You take thin slices o the opposition, one after another,
and gradually, bit by bit, most of the value is taken o the other person before they
realize it.

How and why did Stanlin use salami Tactics?

The initial Soviet takeover of power often followed a process:
★ A broad alliance of anti-fascist groups on the left;
★ A reorganized "coalition" (temporary alliance) in which the Communists would
be in control and would be able to dismantle any opposition from other parties;
Followed by total control by communists.

Stalin set up puppet communist governments that he could control. He repressed

anyone who resisted.

By 1948, the Soviet Union had established communist regimes in all of the
territories that they had "liberated" during World War Two. The Hungarian
Communist Rakosi described this process as "Salami Tactics" because Stalin sliced
away opposition bit by bit.

Countries the soviet union got control over in Eastern Europe and
how?
➔ Albania- Communists got power after the war
➔ Bulgaria- Communists executed leaders of all other parties and took power
➔ Poland- Communists forced non-communist leaders into exile
➔ Hungary- Was invaded by Russia in 1945. Communists (mainly Rakosi) ordered
that any group that opposes him should be banned. Russia took control of
Hungary soon.
➔ Czechoslovakia- The communists banned all other parties and killed their
leaders
➔ East Germany- Russia converted their zone in Germany into a German
democratic republic.

Who made the Fulton speech and How did It link

to the start of the Cold War?
Fulton Speech
The Fulton speech (Iron Curtain speech) was given by Sir Winston Churchill the
Former Prime minister of the United Kingdom

Whilst Churchill was on tour in the US, he gave a speech in Fulton, Missouri. During
the speech, Churchill pointed to the Soviet Union as the greatest threat to peace. He
declared that an Iron Curtain had descended across the continent of Europe. The
speech had several important ramifications.

Firstly, Stalin interpreted it as US beliefs being broadcast by Churchill. Secondly,

the speech significantly increased tension between the US and the Soviet Union.

The Iron Curtain

It was the political, military, and ideological barrier erected by the Soviet Union
after World War II to seal o itself and its dependent eastern and central European
allies from open contact with the West and other noncommunist areas. The United
States feared the power and influence the U.S.S.R. held over Eastern European
countries at the end of World War II. As a result, the US attempted to keep these
countries from embracing communism.
The Truman Doctrine
The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy with the primary goal of
containing Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War.
It established that America would provide political, military, and economic aid to
democratic countries under the threat of communist influences to prevent the
expansion of communism.
The main purpose of the Truman Doctrine is to prevent the fast and vast spread of
communism in European countries.
It was named after Harry S. Truman who was the 33rd president of the United
States, serving from 1945 to 1953.

The Marshall Plan

The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, was a U.S.
program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War
II.
It was enacted in 1948 and provided more than $15 billion to help finance
rebuilding e orts on the continent. The brainchild of U.S. Secretary of State George
C. Marshall, for whom it was named, was crafted as a four-year plan to reconstruct
cities, industries and infrastructure heavily damaged during the war and to remove
trade barriers between European neighbours—as well as foster commerce between
those countries and the United States.

The Berlin Crisis

What was the Berlin Crisis
The Berlin Crisis was a major political European incident involving the status of the
German capital city, Berlin and Germany after World War II.

It occurred between 4th June and 9th November 1961.

The Berlin Crisis started when the USSR launched an ultimatum demanding the
withdrawal of armed forces from Berlin, including the Western armed forces in
West Berlin.

It also led to the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961.

Results of the Berlin Crisis
➔ In 1949, Germany was divided into the Federal Republic of Germany (West
Germany) and the Democratic Republic of Germany (East Germany) until 1990.

➔ The Iron Curtain became permanent.

➔ In 1949, the Allies set up the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) as a
military alliance to resist Soviet Russia.

➔ The Cold War became an open confrontation and the two superpowers began the
Arms Race.

What was the Berlin Blockade

The Berlin Blockade was an attempt in 1948 by the Soviet Union to prevent France,
Great Britain and the United States from travelling to their sectors of Berlin.

Joseph Stalin cut o all rail and road links to West Berlin. This lasted about 318
days.

The Soviets wanted total control over Berlin so they figured if they cut o Berlin
from their external supplies and food, then they would fall under their control.

Effects of the Berlin Blockade

➔ Berlin could now only be accessed by air resulting in restriction of freedom to
travel outside of Berlin for all Germans.

➔ There was a shortage of food. West Berlin only had food for 36 days.

➔ There was a lack of basic goods such as fuel and medicine.

➔ Access to electricity was cut o for citizens of West Berlin.

➔ The city of Berlin was divided into half, East and West Berlin.

Berin Airlift
The Western powers organized the Berlin Airlift in 1949 to deliver supplies to the
people of West Berlin.

As the Western Allies couldn’t force their way into Berlin by land, they decided that
their sectors of Berlin would have to be supplied by air.
This became known as the Berlin Airlift and it lasted for 11 months until the
Blockade was lifted in May 194

Uses of Airlift
France, Great Britain and the United States used airlifts to deliver supplies to the
people of West Berlin as all other routes were blocked by the Soviets.
Over 275,000 planes transported 1.5 million tons of supplies to Berlin.
On May 12th 1949, the Soviet Union lifted the Blockade and reopened the roads,
canals and railways.

Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall was a wary concrete barrier built to divide Berlin both physically
and ideologically from 1961 to 1989.
Construction of the wall was initiated by the German Democratic Republic (East
Germany) on 13th August 1961.
The wall was finally torn down on November 9th 1989.

Consequences of the Berlin Wall

Before the Berlin Wall was built, over 3.5 million East Germans would cross the
border from East to West Berlin.
★The construction of the wall limited the number of people crossing the border.
★The Berlin Wall divided families who found themselves unable to visit each other.
★Several people lost their jobs and over 100 people died in an attempt to cross over
the wall.
★Mass revolutions and riots were also held by the people of Berlin protesting for
the wall to be removed.

How Hungary resisted Soviet Expansionism

Reasons why Hungarians were unhappy with soviet influence in
their territory

★ Thousands of Soviet troops and o cials were stationed in Hungary, which

was a drain on the Hungarian economy,
★ The Soviets created economic hardship for ordinary Hungerians
★ There was also the USSR's geopolitical domination of Hungary through the
Stalinist government of Mátyás Rákosi.
★ The People were annoyed with excessive Soviet control due to censored
media, the secret police (AVH) and Russians exploiting their economy.
 ★ Communists banned religious worship and imprisoned Cardinal Mindzenty
for opposing communism, angering Catholics

The Hungarian Revolution

★ The Hungarian Revolution began on 23 October 1956 in Budapest when
university students appealed to the civil populace to join them at the
Hungarian Parliament Building to protest against the USSR's geopolitical
domination of Hungary through the Stalinist government of Mátyás Rákosi.

★ 25th October - Soviets try to oppose it violently but are met with 4000
Hungarians with machine guns. Soviets send in 1000 tanks and many men.

Consequences of the Revolution

★ The Soviet army invaded and crushed the revolution.
★ Thousands of Hungarians were arrested, imprisoned, and deported to the
Soviet Union,
★ Approximately 200,000 Hungarians fled Hungary in the chaos.
★ Hungarian leader Imre Nagy and others were executed following secret
trials.

YEAR 9 REVISION GUIDE/2ND CA TEST

1. What do you understand by the Policy of Appeasement?
Appeasement is giving way to a bully.
Appeasement is when you give someone something in order to avoid a disaster or
war. In 1938, Chamberlain became the Prime Minister of Britain and wanted to
avoid war at all costs.
The policy in order to keep peace was called appeasement. He basically gave Hitler
everything he wanted to avoid war with him.

2. What do you understand by Soviet Expansionism?

Soviet expansionism is how the United States and the USSR continued to defend
and extend their zones of influence across the world during the Cold War.

3. Mention some countries in Eastern Europe that were under the

Soviet Rule
★Albania
★Bulgaria
★Poland
★Hungary
★Czechoslovakia
★East Germany

4. What do you understand by Salami Tactics?

Salami tactics are a divide-and-conquer process of threats and alliances used to
overcome opposition. with it, an aggressor can influence and eventually dominate
a landscape, typically political, piece by piece. You take thin slices o the
opposition, one after another, and gradually, bit by bit, most of the value is taken
o the other person before they realise it.

5. What do you understand by the concept of Cold War?

The Cold War was an increasing tension that developed between the USA and the
USSR without any direct or physical fighting. It started in 1945 and lasted for 40
years.
The USA and USSR in 1945 had 2 di erent beliefs.

6. Examine the characteristics of the Cold War and why it was

considered cold
The following were the characteristics of the Cold War;
➔ Ideologies
➔ Economic power
➔ Military tensions
➔ Treaties
➔ Propaganda
➔ Espionage
➔ Arms race
➔ Space race
➔ Sports and Culture

It was considered cold because out of all the aforementioned characteristics, none
were very bad or had too great of a bad e ect- like a hot war would.

7. Examine the ideological war between the two super-powers

Communism v. capitalism

Capitalism: production of goods and distribution is dependent on private capital

with a view to makinga profit; capitalist economies are run by individuals rather
than by the state
Communism: hostile to capitalism, which exploits workers; ideally all property,
businesses & industry should be state-owned, ‘each gives according to their ability
to those according to their need

8. Who were the big three that met at Yalta?

Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States, Winston Churchill of Great Britain, and
Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union

9. Identify all the decisions made at the Yalta conference

Key discussions/agreements
⇨Division of Germany: The Allies agreed to divide Germany into four occupation
zones, each to be controlled by one of the four major powers: the United States,
Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and France.

⇨Reparations and War Crimes: The Allies agreed that Germany would have to pay
reparations for the damage caused during the war. The exact amount was not
determined at Yalta but was to be decided at a later conference.

⇨Eastern European Borders: The Yalta Conference addressed the issue of the
borders and governments of Eastern European countries liberated from German
occupation. The Soviet Union sought to establish friendly governments in these
countries to serve as a bu er zone against future invasions. It was agreed that
these countries would be allowed to hold free elections to determine their political
systems, but the Soviet Union was granted significant influence in shaping their
governments.

⇨Creation of the United Nations: The Yalta Conference laid the groundwork for the
establishment of the United Nations (UN), which would replace the defunct League
of Nations and serve as an international organization to promote peace and
cooperation among nations. The conference discussed the structure and purpose of
the UN, and plans were made for a conference in San Francisco to finalize its
establishment.

10. What were the di erent dates of the Yalta and Potsdam
conferences?
The Yalta Conference was a meeting held in Yalta, Crimea, from February 4 to 11,
1945 while The Potsdam Conference was a meeting held in Potsdam, Germany,
from July 17 to August 2, 1945

11. Explain the decisions reached at the Potsdam conference

Key discussiond/agrements
⇨Occupation of Germany: The Allies confirmed and further detailed the
partitioning of Germany into occupation zones, similar to what was decided at the
Yalta Conference. The Soviet Union retained control over the eastern part of
Germany, while the United States, Great Britain, and France controlled the western
part.

⇨Reparations and Denazification: The issue of German reparations for war

damages was discussed, and it was agreed that Germany would pay reparations to
the victorious Allies in the form of industrial equipment, goods, and labor.

⇨Eastern European Borders: The Potsdam Conference rea rmed the agreements
made at the Yalta Conference regarding the borders and governments of Eastern
European countries. The Soviet Union's influence over these countries was
recognized, and it was acknowledged that the post-war governments established
during the war would be maintained until free elections could be held.

⇨Demarcation of Polish and German territories: The conference addressed the

issue of the Polish-German border and agreed to shift the border westward,
e ectively pushing Germany's eastern border back to the Oder and Neisse rivers.
This decision resulted in significant territorial losses for Germany, with Poland
gaining substantial portions of German territory.

⇨War with Japan: The conference discussed the ongoing war in the Pacific against
Japan. The Allies issued the Potsdam Declaration, which called for Japan's
unconditional surrender and warned of "prompt and utter destruction" if Japan
refused. The conference also confirmed the decision to hold war crimes trials for
Japanese o cials, similar to those conducted for Nazi war criminals.

12. What were the points of disagreement at the Potsdam

conference?
Disagreements(Potsdam)
Reparations: The leaders disagreed on how much Germany should pay as
compensation for the damage caused during the war. The Soviet Union wanted a
large amount to help with their own recovery, but the Western Allies were
concerned that excessive reparations would prevent Germany from rebuilding its
economy and could cause future conflicts.

Poland's borders: The leaders had di ering views on the borders of Poland. The
Soviet Union wanted to shift the Polish-German border westward, which would
result in Poland gaining territory from Germany. The Western Allies had concerns
about forced population transfers and the loss of Polish independence, leading to
disagreements over the exact borders.
Future of Germany: There were disagreements on how to handle Germany after the
war. The Soviet Union wanted to weaken Germany and dismantle its industrial
infrastructure, while the Western Allies believed in a more balanced approach that
would allow Germany to recover economically. They had di ering views on how
much control to exert over Germany and how to ensure its future stability.

13. What do you understand by Truman’s doctrine?

The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy with the primary goal of
containing Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War.

14. Why was the doctrine initiated?

The main purpose of the Truman Doctrine is to prevent the fast and vast spread of
communism in European countries.

15. Where is Fulton located in the world?

Missouri, Missisipi, United States of America

a. What speech do you call the Fulton speech?

Iron Curtain Speech

b. What is the meaning of the Iron Curtain?

It was the political, military, and ideological barrier erected by the Soviet Union
after World War II to seal o itself and its dependent eastern and central European
allies from open contact with the West and other noncommunist areas.

16. What do you understand by the Marshall Plan?

The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, was a U.S.
program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War
II.
a. Whose idea?
George C. Marshall
b. When was it launched?
1948
c. Where was the speech on the Marshall Plan first presented?
Harvard University, United States of America
d. How many countries benefitted from the plan?
16 Countries
e. How much did America spend on the Marshall Plan?
13 Billion Dollars
f. Who was the President at the time?
Harry Truman
g. What was the di erence between the Marshall Plan and Truman’s
doctrine?
The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy with the primary goal of
containing Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War while the Marshall
Plan was a U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation
of World War II.

17. Explain the following:

a. Berlin Crisis
The Berlin Crisis was a major political European incident involving the status of the
German capital city, Berlin and Germany after World War II.
b. Berlin Blockade
The Berlin Blockade was an attempt in 1948 by the Soviet Union to prevent France,
Great Britain and the United States from travelling to their sectors of Berlin.
c. E ects of the Berlin Blockade
➔ Berlin could now only be accessed by air resulting in restriction of freedom to
travel outside of Berlin for all Germans.
➔ There was a shortage of food. West Berlin only had food for 36 days.
➔ There was a lack of basic goods such as fuel and medicine.
➔ Access to electricity was cut o for citizens of West Berlin.
➔ The city of Berlin was divided into half, East and West Berlin.
d. Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall was a wary concrete barrier built to divide Berlin both physically
and ideologically from 1961 to 1989.
e. Consequences of Berlin Wall
★The construction of the wall limited the number of people crossing the border.
★The Berlin Wall divided families who found themselves unable to visit each other.
★Several people lost their jobs and over 100 people died in an attempt to cross over
the wall.
★Mass revolutions and riots were also held by the people of Berlin protesting for
the wall to be removed.
f. Berlin Airlift
The Western powers organized the Berlin Airlift in 1949 to deliver supplies to the
people of West Berlin. As the Western Allies couldn’t force their way into Berlin by
land, they decided that their sectors of Berlin would have to be supplied by air.

18. Why were Hungarians unhappy with Soviet rule in their

territory?
★ Thousands of Soviet troops and o cials were stationed in Hungary, which
was a drain on the Hungarian economy,
★ The Soviets created economic hardship for ordinary Hungarians
 ★ There was also the USSR's geopolitical domination of Hungary through the
Stalinist government of Mátyás Rákosi.
★ The People were annoyed with excessive Soviet control due to censored
media, the secret police (AVH) and Russians exploiting their economy.
★ Communists banned religious worship and imprisoned Cardinal Mindzenty
for opposing communism, angering Catholics

19. Describe the Hungarian Revolution when and How it happened?

The Hungarian Revolution began on 23 October 1956 in Budapest when university
students appealed to the civil populace to join them at the Hungarian Parliament
Building to protest against the USSR's geopolitical domination of Hungary through
the Stalinist government of Mátyás Rákosi.25th October - Soviet’s try to oppose it
violently but are met with 4000
Hungarians with machine guns. Soviets send in 1000 tanks and many men.

20. What were the consequences of the Revolution?

★ The Soviet army invaded and crushed the revolution.
★ Thousands of Hungarians were arrested, imprisoned, and deported to the
Soviet Union,
★ and approximately 200,000 Hungarians fled Hungary in the chaos.
★ Hungarian leader Imre Nagy and others were executed following secret
trials.

BTW MS AMAKA SAID TO STUDY FROM TERM 2-3