Sensors and Devices

What is the
IoT?
IoT (Internet of Things) systems rely
on a variety of sensors and devices to
collect data and interact with the
environment.
Different Sensors and
Devices Used in IoT
Systems
Temperature
Sensors
a device, typically, a thermocouple
or resistance temperature detector,
that provides temperature
measurement in a readable form
through an electrical signal.
Types of Temperature
Sensors
Contact Type
Temperature
Sensors
There are a few temperature meters
that measure the degree of hotness
or coolness in an object by being in
direct contact with it. Such
temperature sensors fall under the
category of contact type. They can
be used to detect solids, liquids, or
gases over a wide range of
temperatures.
Non-Contact
Type
Temperature
Sensors
These types of temperature meters
are not in direct contact with the
object rather, they measure the
degree of hotness or coolness
through the radiation emitted by the
heat source.
Applications
1. Smart Homes
Climate Control
Appliance Monitoring
2. Industrial IoT
Predictive Maintenance
3. Agriculture
4. Healthcare
Patient Monitoring
5. Environmental Monitoring
Humidity
Sensors
refers to the equipment or device
that can convert humidity into
electrical signal which is easy to be
measured and processed.
Types of Humidity
Sensors
Capacitive
This linear sensor measures relative
humidity from 0% to 100% humidity.
It features a metal strip between two
electrodes.
Resistive
A resistive humidity sensor has
ionized salts between two
electrodes. The resistance of the
electrodes changes when the
humidity level goes up or down.
Thermal
Thermal humidity sensors use two
separate sensors, one in a layer of
dry nitrogen and the other freely
measuring ambient air.
Applications

1. Smart Homes
Climate Control
Mold Prevention
2. Industrial IoT
Predictive Maintenance
3. Food and Beverage Industry
Storage and Transportation
Pressure
Sensors
a device that senses and measures
pressure. In this case, pressure is
defined as the amount of force
exerted over an area.
Types of Pressure
Sensors
Strain gauge
A strain is defined as the
proportional expansion or
contraction of materials, as an object
applies force. Strain gauges, as the
name implies, use these tangible
changes in the spring’s dimensions
to measure pressure.
Piezoelectric
Piezoelectric sensors work by
employing an electric charge as a
response to physical changes to the
material. The charge created from
physical changes is directly
proportional to the applied force.
Capacitive
Capacitors are devices used to store
an electric charge. They operate by
having two conductors separated by
a close gap between each other. The
sensor can measure the capacitance
between the two plates. The
distance between the two plates
determines the capacitance values,
which vary with the surrounding
pressure.
Manometers
Manometer pressure sensors are
glass tube, fluid-type pressure
sensors that follow a simple design
structure, however, they have an
accuracy greater than aneroid
barometer pressure sensors, which is
impressive as they were one of the
earliest devices invented to measure
pressure. The movement of the
liquid-filled tube compares the
pressure difference between the two
surfaces.
Vacuum
pressure
A strain is defined as the
proportional expansion or
contraction of materials, as an object
applies force. Strain gauges, as the
name implies, use these tangible
changes in the spring’s dimensions
to measure pressure.
 Bourdon tube
Bourdon tube pressure sensors
function on the same principle as
aneroid barometers, yet, they have a
helical or C-shaped sensing element
instead of a hollow, airtight metal
capsule.
Aneroid
barometer
Aneroid barometer pressure sensors
are purely mechanical devices to
measure pressure. These types of
pressure sensors are composed of a
hollow, airtight metal casing with a
flexible surface, resembling a
capsule.
Applications
1. Industrial Automation
Process Monitoring
Predictive Maintenance
2. Smart Homes
Water Leak Detection
3. Automotive
4. Healthcare
Wearables
Proximity
Sensors
A proximity sensor is a device that
can detect or sense the approach or
presence of nearby objects and for
this it does not need physical
contact
Type of Proximity
Sensors
Inductive
Proximity
Sensors
A sensing device that detects metal
targets using electromagnetic
energy and without contact.
Capacitive
Proximity
Sensor
Sensing device designed to detect
both metallic and nonmetallic
targets.
Photoelectric
Proximity
Sensor
Is used to detect the presence (or
absence) of an object, or for
measuring the distance between a
point and an object.
Ultrasonic
Proximity
Sensors
Is an instrument that measures the
distance to an object using
ultrasonic sound waves.
Applications
1. Elevators
2. Conveyors
3. Garage doors
4. Alarm
5. Navigate Robots
Light Sensors /
Light
Dependent
Resistor(LDR)
An LDR is a resistor whose resistance
changes as the amount of light
falling on it changes.
Type of Light Sensors
/ Light Dependent
Resistor(LDR)
Ultraviolet
LDRs
These are highly responsive to UV
light and are typically made from
materials like cadmium sulfide and
cadmium selenide, ideal for
applications in UV exploration.
Infrared LDRs
Constructed from substances such
as lead sulfide and indium
antimonide, infrared LDRs are
essential in high-tech applications
like missile guidance, geographic
exploration, and non-contact
measurements.
Visible Light
LDRs
These are sensitive to visible
spectrum and are used in various
photoelectric control systems. They
control everything from street lights
to automated industrial processes,
proving their versatility and critical
utility in everyday technology.
Applications
1. Street light
2. Remote control
3. Brightness Control in Displays
4. Camera Exposure Control
5. UV Index Measurement
6. Astronomy and Space Research
Applications
Motion Sensors
A motion sensor or passive infrared
(PIR) sensor is an electronic device
that detects the movement of an
object, anywhere within its field of
view, by measuring the infrared (IR)
light emitted from, or reflected by,
that object.
Type of Motion
Sensors
Passive
Infrared (PIR)
Sensors
A motion sensor or passive infrared
(PIR) sensor is an electronic device
that detects the movement of an
object, anywhere within its field of
view, by measuring the infrared (IR)
light emitted from, or reflected by,
that object.
Active Infrared
Sensors
Active infrared sensors emit infrared
light and detect motion by
measuring the reflection of this light.
Ultrasonic
Motion Sensors
These sensors emit high-frequency
sound waves (ultrasonic waves) and
detect the reflection of these waves
from nearby objects. If an object
moves within the sensor’s range, it
causes a shift in the reflected sound
waves, which the sensor detects as
motion.
Microwave
Motion Sensors
Microwave sensors emit microwave
signals (typically in the GHz range)
and measure the reflection of these
signals from objects. Like ultrasonic
sensors, they detect changes in the
reflected signal when there is
movement.
Vibration
Sensors
(Seismic
Sensors)
Vibration sensors detect movement
through vibrations or disturbances in
the ground or surface where they are
installed.
Gesture
Recognition
Sensors
Gesture sensors detect hand
movements or body gestures to
control devices. They use
technologies like infrared, ultrasonic,
or cameras to sense the position and
movement of the hands.
Applications
1. Home security systems
2. motion-activated lighting
3. parking sensors
4. automatic doors
5. Industrial security systems
6. earthquake detection
7. touchless control of gadgets
8. Smart devices
Gas Sensors
Gas sensors are devices that help us
understand the amount of gas in the
environment and the natural state of its
movement. Gas sensors reveal the amount
of gas in the environment and the nature of
the gas composition with electrical signals
and can provide its change.
Type of Gas Sensors
Electrochemical
Gas Sensors
Electrochemical sensors measure gas
concentration through the chemical
reaction between the target gas and the
sensor's electrodes. When the gas interacts
with the electrolyte, a small electrical
current is generated, proportional to the gas
concentration.
Semiconductor
(Metal Oxide) Gas
Sensors
Semiconductor gas sensors typically use
metal oxides like tin dioxide (SnO₂). The
target gas changes the electrical resistance
of the sensor by reacting with oxygen
molecules on the sensor’s surface.
Catalytic
(Pellistor) Gas
Sensors
Catalytic sensors detect combustible gases
by oxidizing the gas on a catalytic bead,
causing the temperature to rise. The
change in temperature alters the resistance
of the bead, which is proportional to the gas
concentration.
Infrared (IR) Gas
Sensors
Infrared gas sensors detect gases based on
the absorption of specific infrared
wavelengths by gas molecules. The sensor
emits IR light, and the target gas absorbs
some of this light, causing a measurable
decrease in the light intensity at certain
wavelengths.
Photoionization
Detectors (PID)
PID sensors use ultraviolet (UV) light to
ionize gases. When the target gas is ionized
by UV light, the sensor measures the current
generated by the charged particles, which
is proportional to the gas concentration.
Electroacoustic
Gas Sensors
These sensors measure changes in the
speed of sound or acoustic waves in a
medium due to the presence of gas.
Thermal
Conductivity Gas
Sensors
These sensors measure the thermal
conductivity of a gas compared to a
reference gas (usually air).
Optical Gas
Sensors
Optical gas sensors work by measuring the
light absorption, reflection, or scattering
caused by the interaction of gas molecules
with light. They can be based on
technologies such as laser spectroscopy or
photometry.
Solid-State Gas
Sensors
Solid-state gas sensors rely on a change in
electrical properties (such as resistance) in
response to gas exposure, typically using
materials like metal oxides or polymers.
Applications
1. Industrial safety
2. environmental monitoring
3. gas leak detection
4. breath analyzers
5. Industrial gas detection
6. Greenhouse gas monitoring
7. HVAC systems (Heating, Ventilation,
and Air Conditioning)
8. automotive emissions monitoring
9. Air quality monitoring
 Sound Sensors
A sound sensor is a device that can
detect sound waves and records
alterations in the environment
caused by sound waves affecting
its sensor components.
Types of Sound
Sensors
Types of Sound Sensors

Dynamic Microphone
This type of sound sensor is most commonly used in musical
and stage performances and many other applications. It is a
simple and cost-effective standalone microphone.

Carbon Microphone
A carbon microphone sensor, also known as a carbon
button microphone, was one of the earliest types of
microphones used in telecommunications. It operates
based on the principle of varying electrical resistance
caused by sound waves.
 Types of Sound Sensors
Ribbon Microphone

operates similarly to traditional ribbon microphones but is designed

to detect sound and convert it into electrical signals. Like all
microphones, it functions as a type of sound sensor by responding to
variations in sound pressure.

Condenser Microphone

a highly sensitive type of microphone that detects sound by converting sound

pressure into electrical signals through variations in capacitance. This makes it
one of the most accurate and widely used types of microphones for capturing
detailed audio.
 GPS Sensors
Global Positioning System (GPS)
makes use of signals sent by
satellites in space and ground
stations on Earth to accurately
determine its position on Earth.
Types of GPS Sensors
 Types of GPS Sensors
Standalone GPS Sensor

This is the most basic form of GPS, relying solely on signals from
GPS satellites to determine position. It operates independently
without any other data sources.

A-GPS (Assisted GPS)

A-GPS improves the performance of standard GPS, particularly in areas
with poor satellite signals (e.g., urban canyons or indoors). It uses data
from cellular networks or Wi-Fi to assist in locating the device.
 RFID Sensors
An RFID sensor (Radio Frequency
Identification sensor) is a technology
used for automatically identifying
and tracking objects using radio
waves. The system involves two
main components: the RFID tag
(which contains the information) and
the RFID reader or sensor (which
reads and sometimes writes data to
the tag).
Types of RFID Sensors
 Types of RFID Sensors
Passive RFID Sensors

These tags do not have their own power source. They rely entirely
on the energy from the RFID reader’s radio waves to transmit
information.

Active RFID Sensors

These tags have their own internal power source
(battery) and can actively transmit signals to the
reader.
 Infrared
Sensors (IR)
A device that detects and measures
infrared radiation, which is a type of
electromagnetic radiation with
wavelengths longer than visible light
but shorter than microwaves.
Types of Infrared Sensors (IR)
Types of Infrared Sensors (IR)
Active Infrared (IR) Sensors

Active infrared sensors emit infrared light (usually from an LED or

laser) and detect the reflection from objects. They consist of two
parts: an emitter (which sends out infrared light) and a receiver
(which detects the reflected light).

Passive Infrared (PIR) Sensors

Passive infrared sensors detect infrared radiation naturally

emitted by objects, especially living beings (humans and
animals). PIR sensors do not emit any IR radiation themselves.
Types of
Sensors
Active Sensors
Require external power sources to
operate. Examples: LIDAR (Light
Detection and Ranging), radar.
Passive Sensors
Rely on natural energy sources (like light
or heat) to operate. Examples:
thermistors, strain gauges.
Analog Sensors
Produce continuous signals or data (e.g.,
thermocouples).
Digital Sensors
Produce discrete signals or binary data
(e.g., accelerometers, digital temperature
sensors).
Types of
Devices
Actuators
Convert electrical signals into physical
actions (e.g., motors, valves).
Gateways
Connect IoT sensors/devices to the cloud
or other networks.
Embedded
Systems
Microcontrollers like Raspberry Pi or
Arduino that process data from sensors
and control devices.
Classification of Embedded Systems

Real-time Systems
Standalone Embedded Systems
Networked Embedded Systems
Mobile Embedded Systems
Edge Devices
Perform local computing to reduce
latency and cloud dependency (e.g.,
industrial IoT edge devices).
THANKYOU!
Leader: Opon, Charles Vincent A.

Members:
1. Burato, Val Achem
2. Canaveral, Paul Gabriel H.
3. Canlas, Carl Angel Ray S.
4. Pael, John Daniel S.