Faster R-CNN: Deep Dive
into Object Detection
Faster R-CNN is a revolutionary approach to computer vision. It was
developed by Shaoqing Ren, Kaiming He, and their team in 2015. It
represented a breakthrough in real-time object detection technology.
Introduction to Object Detection
Definition Key Tasks Critical Applications
Object detection pinpoints and It performs precise localization and Essential for self-driving cars and
categorizes objects within images, accurate classification. advanced surveillance systems.
grappling with size variations and
intricate backgrounds
Evolution of Object Detection
Models
1 R-CNN (2014)
First deep learning approach; slow due to selective search.
2 Fast R-CNN (2015)
Improved computation efficiency but still dependent on
external region proposals.
3 Faster R-CNN
End-to-end trainable with Region Proposal Network (RPN).
R-CNN Family Overview
Region Proposal Network Shared Convolutional Anchor Boxes
(RPN) Features Handles multi-scale object
Core innovation for efficient Features shared across detection detection.
region proposals. stages.
Real-World Applications
Autonomous Vehicles Medical Imaging
Detects pedestrians, signs, Identifies anomalies and
and other vehicles for safe structures to assist in
navigation. diagnoses.
Retail
Manages inventory and tracks products for streamlined operations.
Faster R-CNN has future potential in robotics, security, and various AI
systems.
R-CNN: A Brief Recap
Selective Search
Identifies potential object regions within an image.
Feature Extraction
Extracts CNN features from each proposed region.
Classification
Classifies objects within extracted regions.
R-CNN is slow due to per-region CNN processing.
Fast R-CNN: A Recap
1 Single CNN Pass 2 RoI Pooling 3 Classification
The entire image is processed Region of Interest pooling Classifies objects and refines
once to extract features. extracts fixed-size feature maps. bounding box predictions.
Why Faster R-CNN?
1 Speed Bottleneck 2 Integrated Mechanism 3 End-to-End Training
Region proposals were slowing Faster R-CNN uses an integrated, The entire detection process can
down the entire pipeline. learnable proposal mechanism. be trained end-to-end,
optimizing performance.
Faster R-CNN Architecture
Backbone CNN
Extracts feature maps from input images.
Region Proposal Network (RPN)
Generates region proposals using anchor boxes.
RoI Pooling
Pools features from each region proposal.
Detector
Classifies objects and refines bounding boxes.
Feature Extraction
1 Backbone CNNs 2 Feature Maps 3 Deep Features
VGG16, ResNet, and MobileNet Backbone CNNs produce feature Deeper networks extract more
are common choices for feature maps from the input image. complex features for object
extraction. detection.
Region Proposal Network (RPN) Introduction
Object-Like Regions Anchor Boxes Fully Convolutional
The RPN quickly identifies RPN uses anchor boxes to RPN is a fully convolutional
regions that likely contain propose regions of various network for efficient processing.
objects. scales and ratios.
How RPN Works
Anchor Boxes Sliding Window Bounding Box Regression
RPN uses anchor boxes at each The RPN employs a sliding window RPN refines anchor boxes to better fit
location to propose regions of different approach on the feature map. the objects.
sizes.
Anchors in RPN
1 Fixed-Size Reference 2 Multiple Scales and Ratios 3 Location Specific
Boxes Anchors are generated at each
Anchors serve as the foundation They enable detection of objects location in the feature map.
for region proposals. with varying dimensions.
RPN Outputs
Objectness Score Bounding Box Offsets
Assigns a probability to each region proposal. Predicts adjustments to refine the anchor boxes.
Indicates likelihood of containing an object (foreground or Offsets are relative to the original anchor's location and
background). size.
RPN Process
Feature Map 1
The RPN takes a feature map as input.
2 Sliding Window
A sliding window scans across the feature map.
Anchor Boxes 3
At each location, anchor boxes propose regions.
4 Classification
Classify regions as object or background.
Regression 5
Refine bounding box coordinates for accuracy.
Anchors in RPN
Fixed Reference Boxes
Anchors are fixed-size reference boxes.
Multiple Scales
Anchors have multiple scales to capture objects of
various sizes.
Aspect Ratios
Multiple aspect ratios allows detection of different
shapes.
Location Specific
Anchors are generated at each location.
RPN Outputs
1 Objectness Score 2 Bounding Box Regression 3 Refined Proposals
This measures how likely a box RPN outputs refined region
contains an object. Offsets refine anchor boxes to proposals for detection.
precisely fit objects.
Loss Function in RPN
1 Classification Loss 2 Regression Loss 3 Combined Loss
Evaluates the accuracy in Calculates the error between RPN optimizes a combined loss
classifying region proposals as predicted and ground truth function for objectness and box
objects or background. bounding box coordinates. refinement.
Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS)
NMS removes duplicate proposals, refining object detection
results.
It keeps only high-confidence, non-overlapping bounding
boxes.
NMS enhances detection accuracy by eliminating
redundant detections.
Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS)
1 Duplicate Removal 2 Confidence Threshold 3 Accuracy
NMS eliminates redundant Keeps high-scoring, non- Enhances detection accuracy for
detections. overlapping boxes. clear results.
Sharing Convolutional Layers
1 Feature Sharing 2 Computational Efficiency 3 Improved Speed
The RPN and object detector The shared backbone enhances
share convolutional layers. Feature sharing avoids the speed.
redundant computation.
Region of Interest (RoI) Pooling
Fixed-Size Feature Maps Batch Processing Region of Interest
Converts variable-size proposals into RoI Pooling enables efficient batch Focuses processing on relevant regions
fixed-size feature maps. processing in object detection. to improve speed and reduce
computation.
Object Classification and Bounding Box Regression
Object Classification
Assign a category to each region proposal.
Bounding Box Regression
Refine the coordinates for accurate localization.
Output
The result is accurate object detection.
Multi-task Loss in Faster R-CNN
1 Combined Loss 2 End-to-End Optimization 3 Improved Accuracy
Faster R-CNN employs a multi- By unifying classification and
task loss function for It allows for end-to-end training, regression, accuracy is
classification and localization. optimizing object detection significantly enhanced.
performance.
Training Pipeline of Faster R-CNN
Faster R-CNN employs an alternating training process. It
refines both RPN and object detector.
1. Train the Region Proposal Network (RPN) initially.
1. Fix RPN proposals to train the detector.
1. Train the object detector using fixed RPN proposals.
1. Fine-tune RPN and detector jointly to optimize
performance.
Inference Pipeline of Faster R-CNN
Single Forward Pass
Faster R-CNN uses a streamlined inference process.
Feature extraction, RPN, RoI pooling, and prediction
happen.
This single pass ensures efficient object detection.
Real-World Applications
Assistive Technology
Apps for the visually impaired enhance object
recognition.
Self-Driving Cars
Object detection is critical for autonomous
navigation.
Surveillance
Surveillance systems use Faster R-CNN for security
monitoring.
Advantages of Faster R-CNN
State-of-the-Art Accuracy
It achieves high object detection accuracy.
End-to-End Trainable
It optimizes performance.
Flexible Backbones
It supports different convolutional networks.
Limitations of Faster R-CNN
Speed
Slower than some single-stage detectors. YOLO
and SSD can be faster.
Resources
Higher memory and compute requirements. This
can be a disadvantage.
Real-Time
Not always ideal for ultra real-time needs. Other
models may be preferred.
Variants and Improvements
Mask R-CNN Cascade R-CNN Faster R-CNN with FPN
Adds a mask branch for pixel-level Employs a cascade of detectors for Utilizes a Feature Pyramid Network for
segmentation. It performs object higher quality. Achieves better multi-scale detection. Improves
detection and segmentation. precision in object detection. detection of objects at different scales.
Thank You
We appreciate your time and attention.
Faster R-CNN represents a significant advancement. It has enabled
more accurate and efficient object detection.
Sahil Dhillon (221210092)
Riya (221210088)
Priya pandey (221210082)
