HEAT AND

THERMODYNAMICS
QUESTIONS
P510/1 PHYSICS {SECTION B}

KWIKIRIZA MIKE +256773662730 (WhatsApp)

MBARARA ALLIED SCHOOL | MBARARA CITY
 HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS QUESTIONS 05/14/2024

1. (a) (i) State any three properties of ultraviolet radiation. (03 marks)
(ii) What is a black body? (01 mark)
(b) A cylindrical metal rod with a well- insulated curved surface has one end blackened and then exposed to thermal radiation from a
body at a temperature 500K. If the equilibrium temperature of the blackened end is 400K and the length of the rod is 10cm,
calculate the temperature of the other end. [Thermal conductivity of the metal = 500Wm-1K-1] (04 marks)
(c) (i) Describe Electrical method of determining the specific heat capacity of a good conducting solid. (06 marks)
(ii) Give two reasons why the value obtained using the method in (c)(i) may not be accurate. (02 marks)
(d) Explain why cloudy nights are warmer than cloudless ones. (04 marks)
2. (a)(i) What is meant by a reversible process? (02 marks)
(ii) Distinguish between a saturated vapour and unsaturated vapour. (02 marks)
(iii) Explain why evaporation causes cooling (03 marks)
(b) Describe an experiment to determine the temperature dependence of saturated vapour pressure of water. (07 marks)
(c) (i) State Dalton’s law of partial pressures. (07 marks)
(ii) A sealed container has liquid water, water vapour and air all at 27 C. The total pressure inside the container is 69cmHg. When the
0

temperature is raised to 850C, the total pressure changes to 96cmHg. If the saturated vapour pressure of water at 270C is 5cmHg
and water vapour remains saturated, calculate the saturated vapour pressure of water at 850C. (05 marks)
3. (a) Define the following:
(i) Thermal conductivity. (01 mark)
(ii) Specific latent heat of vaporization. (01 mark)

(b) A boiler with a base made of rod steel 15cm thick, rests on a hot stove. The area of the bottom of the boiler is 1.5 x 103 cm2. The
water inside the boiler is at 1000C. If 750g of water is evaporated every 5 minutes, find the temperature of the surface of the boiler
in contact with the stove. [Thermal conductivity of steel = 50.2Wm-1K-1, specific latent heat of vaporization of water = 2.26 x 106Jkg-
1]

(c) Hot water in a metal tank is kept constant at 650C by an immersion heater in the water. The tank has lagging all around it of
thickness 20mm and thermal conductivity0.04Wm-1K-1 and its surface area is 0.5m2. The heat lost per second by the lagging is 0.8W
per degree excess above the surroundings. Calculate the power of immersion heater if the temperature of the surroundings is
150C. (05 marks)

(d)(i) Define thermometric property (01 mark)

(ii) Define how a liquid-in-glass thermometer can be used to measure temperature in degrees Celsius. (04 marks)

(iii) A thermometer is constructed with a liquid which expands according to relation. Vt =V0(1 + αt + βt2). Where Vt is the volume at
t0C and V0 is the volume at 00C on the scale of the gas thermometer and α and β are constants. Given that α = 1000β, what will
the liquid thermometer read when the gas thermometer reads 500C.
4. (a) Define the following quantities:
(i) Thermometric property (01 mark)
(ii) Specific heat capacity (01 mark)

(b) (i) state two examples of commonly used thermometric properties. (01 mark)

(ii) Describe briefly how to determine the lower and upper fixed points for an uncalibrated liquid-in-glass thermometer (04 marks)
(c) (i) Describe with the aid of a diagram, an experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a liquid using the continuous flow
method. (07 marks)

(ii) State two advantages of the continuous flow method over the method of mixtures. (01 mark)

(iii) State two disadvantages of the method in (c)(i) (01 mark)

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(d) The brake lining of the wheel of a car of mass 800kg have total mass of 4.8kg and are made of a material of specific heat capacity
1200Jkg-1K-1. If the car is at 15ms-1 and is brought to rest by applying the brakes, calculate the maximum possible temperature rise
of the brake lining. (04 marks)

5. (a) (i) What is meant by conduction of heat? (01 mark)

(ii) Explain why mercury conducts heat better than water. (03 marks)
(iii) Explain the occurrence of land and sea breezes. (06 marks)
(b) A copper sphere of radius 7cm and density 900kgm , is heated to a temperature of 127 C and then transferred to an evacuated
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enclosure whose walls are at a temperature of 270C. Calculate

(i) net rate of loss of heat by the copper sphere
(ii) temperature of copper sphere after 5minutes
(c) Explain why heating system based on the circulation of steam are more efficient than those based on circulation of boiling water.
(02 marks)
6. (a) (i) what is meant by a black body? (02 marks)
(ii) Give two examples of a black body. (01 mark)
(b) With aid of graphs describe how radiation emitted by a black body varies with wavelength for two temperatures.
(c) (i) Define thermal conductivity. (01 mark)
(ii) Describe an experiment to determine thermal conductivity of glass. (07 marks)
(d) Radiation from the sun falls normally on a blackened roof measuring 20m x 50m. If half of the solar energy is lost in passing
through the earth’s atmosphere, calculate the energy incident on the roof per minute. [Temperature of the sun’s surface = 6000K;
radius of the sun = 7.5 x 108m, distance of the sun from the earth = 1.5 x 1011m]
7. (a) (i) State the thermometric property used in a constant-volume gas thermometer (01 mark)
(ii) Give two characteristic of a good thermometric property, (02 marks)
(b) (i) Describe the steps taken to set up a Celsius scale of temperature for a mercury-in glass thermometer. (04 marks)
(ii) State four disadvantages of a mercury in glass thermometer. (04 marks)
(c) Describe with the aid of a diagram the operation of an optical pyrometer (06 marks)
(d) When oxygen is withdrawn from a tank of volume 50L, the reading of pressured gauge attached to the tank drops from 4.4 x 105 Pa
to 7.8 x 105Pa. If the temperature of gas remaining in the tank falls from 300C to 100C, calculate the mass of oxygen withdrawn.
8. (a)(i) What is meant by boiling point? (01 mark)
(ii) Explain why boiling point of a liquid increases with increase in the external pressure. (05 marks)
(b) (i) Explain how the pressure of a fixed mass of a gas can be increased at
• Constant temperature (03 marks)
• Constant volume (03 marks)

(c) Sketch a pressure versus volume curve for a real gas undergoing compression (01 marks)

(d) The cylinder of an exhaust pump has a volume of 5cm3. If it is connected through a valve to a flask of volume 225 cm3 containing air
at a pressure of 75cmHg, calculate the pressure of air in the flask after two strokes of the pump, assuming that the temperature of
the air remains constant.

9. (a) (i) Define thermal conductivity. (01 mark)

(ii) Explain the mechanism of heat transfer by convention. (03 marks)
(b) (i) State Newton’s law of cooling (01 mark)
(ii) Describe briefly an experiment to verify Newton’s law of cooling. (05 marks)
(c) A wall is constructed using two types of bricks. The temperatures of the inner and outer surface of the wall are 29 C and 210C
0

respectively. The value of thermal conductivity for the inner brick is 0.4Wm-1K-1 and that of the outer brick is 0.8Wm-1K-1.
(i) Explain why in a steady state the rate of thermal energy transfer is the same in both layers. (02 marks)
(ii) If each layer is 12 cm thick, find the temperature at the interface between the layers. (04 marks)
(d) Explain the greenhouse effect and how it leads to rise of the earth temperature. (04 marks)

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10. (a) (i) Define specific latent het of fusion (01 mark)
(ii) State effect of impurities on melting point (01 mark)
(b) Explain why there is no change in temperature when a substance is melting (04 marks)
(c) With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe the continuous flow method of measuring the specific heat capacity of a liquid.
(06 marks)
(d) In an experiment to determine the specific latent heat of fusion of ice, heating coil is placed in a filter funnel and surrounded by
lumps of ice. The following sets of reading were obtained.
V(V) 4.0 6.0
I(A) 2.0 3.0
Mass of water m (g) collected in 14.9 29.8
500s
Calculate
(i) Specific latent heat of fusion of ice (04 marks)
(ii) Energy gained in the course of obtaining the first set of readings (03 marks)

(e) Why re two sets of reading necessary n (d) above. (01 mark)

11. (a) (i) State Dalton’s law of partial pressures. (01 mark)

(ii) Using the expression p = , where ρ is the pressure of a gas of density ρ and mean square speed c2,
derive Daltons law partial pressures for two gases. (05 marks)
(b) (i) What is meant by isothermal process and adiabatic process. (02 marks)
(ii) Explain why adiabatic expansion of a gas causes cooling (03 marks)
(c) A gas at a temperature of 17 C and pressure 1.0 x 10 Pa compressed isothermally to half its original volume. It is then allowed to
0 5

expand adiabatically to its original volume

(i) Sketch a P-V curve the above process (02 marks)
(ii) If the specific heat capacity at constant pressure is 2100Jmol-1K-1 and at constant volume is
1500Jmol-1K-1, find the final temperature of the gas (04 marks)
(d) (i) What is meant by saturated vapour? (01 mark)
(ii) Explain briefly the effect of altitude on the boiling point of a liquid (02 marks)
12. (a)(i) Define a black body. (01 mark)
(ii) Sketch and explain graphs of intensity versus wavelength for three different temperatures of a black body. (03 marks)
(b)Describe with the aid of a diagram how an optical radiation pyrometer is used to measure temperature. (06 marks)
(c) (i) State Prevost’s theory of heat exchanges (01 mark)
(ii) Metal sphere of radius 1.5cm is suspended within an evacuated enclosure whose walls are at 320K. The emissivity of the metal is
0.40. Find the power input required to maintain the sphere at a temperature of 320K, if heat conduction long the support is
negligible. (04 marks)
(d) A metal boiler is 1.5cm thick. Find the difference in temperature between the inner and outer surfaces if 40kg of water evaporate
from the boiler per meter squared per hour. [Latent heat of vaporization of water = 2268kJkg-1, Thermal conductivity of the
metal of the boiler = 63Wm-1K-1] (05 marks)
13. (a) (i) State four desirable properties a material must have to be used as a thermometric substance. (02 marks)
(ii) State why scales of temperature based on different thermometric properties may not agree. (01 mark)
(b) With the id of diagram explain how a bolometer is used to detect thermal radiation. (06 marks)
(c) Describe, with the aid of a diagram an experiment to determine specific heat of vaporization of steam using the method of
mixtures. (07 marks)
(d) A 600Welectricity heater is used to raise the temperature of a certain mass of water in a thermos flask from room temperature to
800C. The same temperature rise is obtained when seam from a boiler is passed into an equal mass of water at room temperature
in the same time. If 16g of water were being evaporated every minute in the boiler, find the specific latent heat of vaporization of
steam, assuming no heat losses. (04 marks)
14. (a) Define the following
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 HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS QUESTIONS 05/14/2024

(i) Absolute zero (01 mark)

(ii) Cooling correction (01 mark)

(b) (i) State Dalton’s law of partial pressures (01 mark)

(ii) The kinetic theory expression for the pressure, P, of ideal gas of density, ρ, and mean square speed, c2 is P = ρc2. Use the expression to
deduce Dalton’s law (03 marks)

(c) Explain clearly the steps taken to determine the cooling correction when measuring the specific heat capacity of a poor
conductor by the method of mixtures. (07 marks)

(d) The density of air at 00C and pressure of 101kPa is 1.29kgm-3. Calculate pressure of 300kPa. (03 marks
15. (a) Define thermal conductivity of material and state its units. (02 marks)
(b) Describe an experiment to determine the thermal conductivity of copper. (06 marks)
(c) A double g lazed window has two glasses each of thickness 4.0mm separated by a layer of air of thickness 1.5mm. If the two inner
air-glass surfaces have steady temperature of 200C and 40C respectively. Find the
(i) temperatures of the outer air-glass surfaces (03 marks)
(ii) the amount of heat that flows across an area of the window of 2m in 2hours. [Conductivity of glass = 0.72Wm k and that of air =
2 -1 -1

0.025Wm-1K-1]
(d)(i) What is a black body? (01 mark)
(ii) Explain how a welder can protect the eyes from damage. (03 marks)
(iii) Calculate the wavelength of the radiation emitted by a black body at 6000K
[Wen’s displacement constant = 2.9 x 10-3mK] (02 marks)
16. (a) (i) State two differences between saturated and unsaturated vapours. (02 marks)

(ii) Sketch graphs of vapour against temperature for an ideal gas and for saturated water vapour originally at 00C (03 marks)
(b) The specific heat capacity of oxygen at constant volume is 719Jkg-1K-1 and its density at standard temperature and pressure is
1.429kgm-3. Calculate the specific heat capacity of oxygen at constant pressure (04 marks)

(c) (i) With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe an experiment to determine standard saturated vapour pressure of water.
(05 marks)

(ii) State how the experiment set up in (c) (i) may be modified to determine a saturated vapour pressure of above atmospheric
pressure (01 mark)

(d)(i) Define ideal gas (01 mark)

(ii) State and explain the conditions under which real gases behave as ideal gases. (04 marks)

17. (a) (i) What is a black body? (01 mark)

(ii) Explain with the aid of a diagram how black body can be approximated. (03 marks)
(iii) With the aid of sketch graphs explain the silent features of the spectral distribution of black body radiation (04 marks)

(b) Give four properties of ultraviolet radiation. (02 marks)

(c) Describe an experiment to compare the energy radiated by two surfaces at different temperatures (04 marks)

(d) (i) State Stefan’s law. (01 mark)

(ii) The earth receives energy from the earth from the sun at the rate of 1.4 x 103Wm-2. If the ratio of the earth’s orbit to the sun’s
radius is 216, calculate the surface temperature of the sum. (05 marks)

18. (a) Define specific latent heat of vaporization. (01 mark)

(b) With the aid of labelled diagram, describe an experiment to measure the specific latent heat of vaporization of a liquid using an
electrical method. (07 marks)

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HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS QUESTIONS 05/14/2024

(c) Explain the effect of pressure on the boiling point of a liquid. (02 marks)
(d) A liquid of specific heat capacity 2.8 x 10 Jkg K and specific latent heat of vaporization 9.00 x 10 Jkg is contained in a flask of heat
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capacity 800JK-1 at a temperature of 320C. An electric heater rated 1kW is immersed in 2.5kg of the liquid and switched on for 12
minutes, calculate the amount of liquid that boiled off, given that the boiling point of the liquid is 80 0C. (06 marks)
(e) (i) Two thermometers are used to measure the temperature of a body. Explain why the temperatures may be different. (02 marks)
(ii) A platinum resistance thermometer has a resistance of 5.42Ω at the triple point of water. Calculate the resistance at a
temperature of 50.00C. (02 marks)
19. (a) Define
(i) Specific heat capacity (01 mark)
(ii) Specific latent heat of vaporization of a liquid. (01 mark)
(b) With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe the electrical method of determining the specific heat capacity of a solid (07 marks)
(c) An electrical heater rated 48W, 12V is placed in a well-insulated metal of mass 1.0kg at a temperature of 180C. When power is
switched on for 5minutes, the temperature of the metal rises to 340C. Find the specific heat capacity of the metal (04 marks)

(d) (i) State Newton’s law of cooling (01 mark)

(ii) Use Newton’s law of cooling to show that Where is the rate of fall of temperature, and θR is the
temperature of the surrounding.
(e) Explain why evaporation causes cooling. (03 marks)

20. (a) The pressure, P, of an ideal gas is given by P= , where ρ is the density of the gas and 𝑐2̅ its mean square speed.
(i) Show clearly the steps taken to derive this expression (06 marks)
(ii) State the assumptions made in deriving this expression (02 marks)

(b) Sketch the pressure versus volume curve for a real gas for temperatures above and below the critical temperature. (03 marks)

(c) For 1 mole of a real gas, the equation of state is Explain the significance of the terms and b.
(02 marks)

(d) A balloon of volume 5.5 x 10-2m3 is filled with helium to a pressure of 1.10 x 105Nm-2 at a temperature of 200C. Calculate the

(i) the number of helium atoms in the balloon (03 marks)

(ii) net force acting on the square meter of material of the balloon if the atmospheric temperature is 1.01 x 105Nm-2 (04 marks)

21. (a) (i) Define thermal conductivity of a material (01 mark)

(ii) Describe an experiment to determine the thermal conductivity of copper. (06 marks)

(b) (i) What is a black body? (01 mark)

(ii) Describe how infrared radiation can be detected using a bolometer. (03 marks)

(iii) Give one characteristic property of infrared radiation. (01 mark)

(c) (i) A spherical black body of radius 2.0cm at -730C is suspended in an evacuated enclosure whose walls are maintained at 270C. If the
rate of exchange of thermal energy is equal to 1.85Js-1, find the value of Stefan’s constant, (05 marks)
(ii) Calculate the wavelength at which the radiation emitted by the enclosure ha maximum intensity (03 marks)
22. (a)(i) Define the terms specific heat capacity and specific latent heat of fusion (02 marks)
(ii) Explain the changes that take place in the molecular structure of substances during fusion and evaporation (04 marks)

(b) With the aid of a labelled diagram describe an experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a liquid using the continuous
flow method. (08 marks)

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(c) Steam at 1000C is passed into a copper calorimeter of mass 150g containing 340g of water at 150C. This is done until the
temperature of the calorimeter and its content is 710C. If the mass of the calorimeter and its content is found to be 525g, calculate
the specific latent heat of vaporization of water. (06 marks)

23. (a) (i) Define saturated vapour pressure. (01 mark)

(ii) Describe with the aid of a diagram, how saturated vapour pressure of a liquid can be determined at a given temperature.
(06 marks)
(b) Use the kinetic theory to explain the following observations
(i) Saturated vapour pressure of a liquid increases with temperature. (03 marks)
(ii) Saturated vapour pressure is not affected by decrease in volume at constant pressure. (03 marks)
(c) When hydrogen gas is collected over water, the pressure in the tube at 15 C and 75 C are 65.5cm and 105.6cm of mercury
0 0

respectively. If the saturated vapour pressure at 150C is 1.42cm of mercury, find its value at 750C (04 marks)
(d) Explain why the molar heat capacity of an ideal gas at constant pressure differs from the molar heat capacity at constant volume
(03 marks)
24. (a) (i) Define thermal conductivity. (01 mark)
(ii) Compare the mechanism of heat transfer in poor conductor and good conductor. (05 marks)
(b) Describe, with the aid of a diagram how you would measure the thermal conductivity of a poor conductor, stating the necessary
precautions (08 marks)
(c) A cylindrical iron vessel with a base of diameter 15cm and thickness 0.30cm has its base coated with a thin film of soot of thickness
0.10cm. It is then filled with water at 1000C and placed on a large block of ice at 00C. Calculate the initial rate at which the ice will
melt. (thermal conductivity of soot=0.12Wm-1K-1 ) (06 marks)
25. (a)(i) State Boyles law (01 mark)
(ii) Describe an experiment to verify Boyles’ law (06marks)
(iii) Explain why the pressure of a fixed mass of a gas rises if its temperature is increased. (02 marks)
(b) (i) Define the term thermometric property and give four examples (03 marks)
(ii) State two qualities of a good thermometric property. (01 mark)
(c) (i) With reference to a liquid in glass thermometer, describe the step involved in setting up a Kelvin scale of temperature (03 marks)
(ii) State one advantage and one disadvantage of the resistance thermometer. (01 mark)
(d) A resistance thermometer has resistance of 21.42Ω at the ice point, 29.10Ω at steam point and 28.11Ω at some unknown
temperature θ. Calculate θ on the scale of this thermometer. (03 marks)
26. (a) Define specific heat capacity of a substance and state its units (02 marks)
(b) (i) Describe how specific heat capacity of a liquid can be obtained by continuous flow method. (07 marks)
(ii) State one disadvantage of this method. (01 mark)
(c) An electric kettle rated 1000W, 240V is used on 220V mains to boil 0.52kg of water. If the heat capacity of the kettle is 400JK-1 and
the initial temperature of water is 200C, how long will the water take to boil? (04 marks)
(d) (i) Distinguish between isothermal and adiabatic changes (02 marks)
(ii) An ideal gas at 180C is compressed adiabatically until the volume is halved. Calculate the final temperature of the gas. [Assume
specific heat capacities of the gas at constant pressure and volume are 2100Jkg-1K-1 and 1500Jkg-1K-1] respectively. (04 marks)
27. (a) State Stefan’s law of black body radiation. (01 mark)
(b) Briefly describe how a thermopile can be used to detect thermal radiation. (05 marks)
(c) Explain the temperature distribution along
(i) a perfectly lagged metal bar (02 marks)
(ii) an unlagged metal bar. (02 marks)
(d) The wall of a furnace is constructed with two layers. The inner layer is made of bricks of thickness 10.0cm and thermal conductivity
0.8 Wm-1K-1 and the outer layer is made of material of thickness 10.0 cm and thermal conductivity 1.6 Wm-1K-1. The temperatures
of the inner and outer surfaces ate 6000C and 4600C respectively.
(i) Explain why in steady state, the rate of thermal energy transfer must be the same in both layers. (01 mark)
(ii) Calculate the rate of heat flow per square meter through the wall. (05 marks)

(e) Explain the greenhouse effect and how it is related to global warming. (04 marks)

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28. (a) (i) Define the term specific heat capacity and internal energy and state their units. (03 marks)
(ii) Why is the distinction between specific heat capacity at constant pressure and that at constant volume important for gases, but
less important for solids and liquids? (04 marks)

(b) Explain why the temperature of a liquid does not change when the liquid is boiling? (02 marks)

(c) One kilogram of water is converted to steam at a temperature of 1000C and a pressure of 1.0 x 105Pa. If the density of steam is
0.58kgm-3 and specific heat of vaporization of water is 2.3 x 106Jkg-1, calculate the
(i) external work done (04 marks)

(ii) internal energy (03 marks)

(d) Explain why the specific latent heat of fusion and specific latent heat of vaporization of a substance at the same pressure are
different. (04 marks)

29. (a) (i) Explain the difference between isothermal and adiabatic expansion of a gas. (02 marks)
(ii) Using same axes and point, sketch graphs of pressure versus volume for fixed mass of a gas undergoing isothermal and adiabatic
changes. (03 marks)

(b) Show that work, W, done by a gas which expands reversibly from V0 to V1 is given by (04 marks)
(c) (i) State two differences between real and ideal gases (02 marks)
(ii) Draw a labelled diagram showing P-V isothermals for a real gas above and below the critical temperature. (03 marks)
(d) Ten moles of a gas, initially at 270C are heated at constant pressure of 1.01 x 105Pa and volume increased from 0.25m3 to 0.375m3.
Calculate the increase in internal energy. [Assume Cp = 28.5Jmol-1K-1] (06 marks)
30. (a) What is meant by the following?
(i) Conduction
(ii) Convection
(iii) Greenhouse effect (06 marks)

(b) One end of a long copper bar is heated in a steam chest and the other end is kept cool by current of circulating water. Explain with
the aid of sketch graphs, the variation of temperature along the bar, when steady state has been attained if the bar is

(i) lagged (02 marks)

(ii) exposed to the surrounding (02 marks)

(c) (i) What is meant by a black body? (01 mark)

(ii) Describe how a black body can be approximated in practice. (04 marks)

(d) (i) State Prevost’s theory of heat exchange. (01 mark)

(ii) Sketch the variation with wavelength of the intensity of radiation emitted by a black body at two different temperatures.
(01 mark)

(e) A cube of side 1.0cm has a grey surface that emits 50% of the radiation emitted by a black body at the same temperature. If the
cube’s temperature is 7000C, calculate the power radiated by the cube. (03 marks)

31. (a) (i) Define the term thermometric property. (01 mark)
(ii) State two thermometric properties. (01 mark)
(iii) With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe how the room temperature can be measured using uncalibrated
resistance thermometer. (06 marks)

(b) (i) Define specific heat capacity of a substance. (01 mark)

(ii) Hot water at 850C and cold water 100C are ran into a bath at a rate of 3.0 x 10-2m3min-1 and V, respectively. At the point of filling
the bath, the temperature of the mixture of water 400C. Calculate the time taken to fill the bath is its capacity is 1.5m3.

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HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS QUESTIONS 05/14/2024

(c) The specific latent heat of fusion of a substance is significantly different from its specific latent heat of vaporization at
the same pressure. Explain how the difference arises. (04 marks)

(d) Explain in terms of specific heat capacity why water is used in a car radiator other than any other liquid. (02 marks)
32. (a) (i) state Boyles law. (01 mark)
(ii) Describe an experiment that can be used to verify Boyles’ law. (06 marks)
(b) Explain the following observations using the kinetic theory.
(i) A gas fills any container in which is it placed and exerts pressure on its walls. (03 marks)
(ii) The pressure of a fixed mass of a gas rises when temperature is increased at constant volume. (02 marks)
(c) (i) What is meant by a reversible process. (01 mark)
(ii) State the conditions necessary for isothermal and adiabatic processes to occur, (04 marks)
(d) A mass of an ideal gas of volume 200cm3 at 144K expands adiabatically to a temperature of 137K. Calculate its new volume. (Take γ
=1.40)
33. (a) Define thermal conductivity. (01 mark)
(b)(i) Explain the mechanism of thermal conduction in nonmetallic solids. (03 marks)
(ii) Why are metal better thermal conductors than nonmetallic solids? (02 marks)
(c) With the aid of a diagram, describe an experiment to determine the thermal conductivity of a poor conductor. (06 marks)
(d) (i) What is meant by a black body? (01 mark)
(ii) Sketch curves showing the spectral distribution of energy radiated by a black body at three different temperatures. (02 marks)
(iii) Describe the main features of the curves you have drawn in (d)(ii) (02 marks)

(e) A small blackened solid copper sphere of radius 2cm is placed in an evacuated enclosure whose wall are kept at 100 0C. Find the rate
at which energy must be supplied to the sphere to keep its temperature at 1270C. (03 marks)

34. (a) Define the following terms

(i) Specific latent heat of vaporization (01 mark)
(ii) Coefficient of thermal conductive

(b) With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe an experiment to measure the specific latent heat of vaporization of water by electrical
method (07 marks)

(c) An appliance rated 240V, 200W evaporates 20g of water in 5 minutes. Find the heat loss if specific latent heat of vaporization is
2.26 x 106Jkg-1. (03 marks)

(d) Explain why at a given external pressure a liquid boils at constant temperature. (04 marks)

(e) With the aid of a suitable sketch graphs, explain the temperature distribution along lagged and unlagged metal rods, heated at one
end. (04 marks)

35. (a) Describe an experiment to verify Newton’s law of cooling. (05 marks)
(b) (i) Distinguish between a real and an ideal gas. (03 marks)

(ii) Derive the expression for the pressure of an ideal gas of density, ρ, and mean square speed 𝑐2̅
(c) (i) Explain why the pressure of a fixed mass of a gas in a closed container increases when the temperature of the container is raised.
(02 marks)
(ii) Nitrogen gas is trapped in a container by a movable piston. If the temperature of the gas is raised from 0 0C to 500C at constant
pressure of 4.0 x 105Pa and the total heat added is 3.0 x 104J, calculate the work done by the gas. [The molar heat capacity of
nitrogen at constant pressure is 29.1Jmol-1K-1, Cp/Cv= 1.4]
36. (a) (i) State the laws of black body radiation (02 marks)
(ii) Sketch the variation of intensity with wavelength in a black for different temperatures. (03 marks)
(b) (i) What is a perfectly black body? (01 mark)
(ii) How can a perfectly black body be approximated in reality? (04 marks)

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(c)(i) The energy intensity received by a spherical planet from a star is 1.4 x 103Wm-2. The star is of radius 7.0 x 105km and is 14.0 x
107km from the planet.
(i) Calculate the surface temperature of the star. (04 marks)
(ii) State any assumptions you have made in (c)(i) above (01 mark)
(d) (i) What is convection? (01 mark)
(ii) Explain the occurrence of land and sea breeze. (04 marks)
37. (a) (i) Define a thermometric property and give two examples (02 marks)
(ii) When is the temperature of 0K attained? (02 marks)
(b)(i) With reference to constant-volume gas thermometer, define temperature on the Celsius scale (02 marks)
(ii) State two advantages and two disadvantages of the constant-volume gas thermometer. (02 marks)
(c) (i) Define triple point of water (01 mark)
(ii) Describe how you would measure the temperature of a body on the thermodynamic scale using a thermocouple. (03 marks)
(d) The resistance, Rθ of platinum varies with the temperature 00C as measured by the constant volume gas thermometer according to
the equation Rθ = 50.0 + 0.17θ + 3.0 x 10-4θ2
(i) Calculate the temperature on the platinum scale corresponding to 600C on the gas scale. (06 marks)
(ii) Account for the difference between the two values and state the temperatures at which they agree. (02 marks)
38. (a) (i) Define latent heat (01 mark)
(ii) Explain the significance of latent heat in regulation of body temperature (03 marks)

(b) (i) using kinetic theory, explain boiling of a liquid (03 marks)

(ii) Describe how you would determine the specific latent heat of vaporization of water by the method of the mixtures
(05 marks)

(iii) Explain why latent heat of vaporization is always greater than that of fusion. (02 marks)

(c) In an experiment to determine the specific latent heat of vaporization of a liquid using the continuous flow calorimeter, the
following results were obtained.
Voltage, V/V Current, I/A Mass collected in 300s/g
7.4 2.6 5.8
10.0 3.6 11.3
Calculate the power of the heater required to evaporate 3.0g of water in 2 minutes (06 marks)
39. (a)

A fixed mass of an ideal gas is confined in a cylinder by frictionless piston of cross section area A. the piston is in equilibrium under the
action of force, F as shown in the figure above. Show that the work done, W, by the gas when it expands from V 1 to V2 is given by

(03 marks)
(b) State the first law of thermodynamics and use it to distinguish between Isothermal and adiabatic changes in a gas. (05 marks)
(c) The temperature of 1mole of helium gas at a pressure of 1.0 x 105Pa increases from 200C to 1000C when the gas is compressed
adiabatically. Find the final pressure of the gas. (Take γ =1.67) (04 marks)
(d) With the aid of a P-V diagram, explain what happens when a real gas is compressed at different temperatures. (04 marks)
(e) The root-mean square speed of the molecules of a gas is 44.72ms . Find the temperature of the gas if its density is 9.0 x 10-2kgm-3
-1

and the volume is 42.0m3. (04 marks)

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40. (a) Define saturated vapour pressure (S.V.P) (01 mark)

(b) Use the kinetic theory of matter to explain the following observations
(i) saturated vapour pressure of a liquid increases with temperature. (03 marks)
(ii) saturated vapour pressure is not affected by decrease in volume at constant temperature. (03 marks)
(c) Describe how saturated vapour pressure of a liquid at various temperatures can be determined. (07 marks)
(d) (i) State Dalton’s law of partial pressures (01 mark)
(ii) A horizontal tube of uniform bore, closed at one end, has some air trapped by a small quantity of water. The length of the
enclosed air column is 20cm at 120C. Find stating any assumptions made, the length of air column when the temperature is raised
to 380C. [S.V.P of water at 120C and 380C are 10.5mmHg and 49.5mmHg respectively. Atmospheric pressure = 75cmHG]
(05 marks)
41. (a) (i) Define specific heat capacity of a substance. (01 mark)
(ii) State three advantages of the continuous flow method over the method of mixtures in determination of the specific heat
capacity of a liquid. (03 marks)

(b) In a continuous flow experiment, a steady difference of temperature of 1.50C is maintained when the rate of liquid flow is 4.5gs-1
and the rate of electrical heating is 60.5W. On reducing the liquid flow rate to 1.5gs-1, 36.5W is required to maintain the same
temperature difference. Calculate the
(i) Specific heat capacity of the liquid. (04 marks)
(ii) Rate of heat loss to the surroundings (03 marks)

(c) (i) Describe an electrical method for determination of the specific heat capacity of a metal. (06 marks)

(ii) State the assumptions made in the above experiment. (02 marks)

(iii) Comment about the accuracy of the results of the experiment in (c)(i) above. (01 mark)
42. (a)(i) Define thermal conductivity. (01 mark)
(ii) Explain the mechanism of heat transfer in metals (03 marks)

(b) Two brick walls each of thickness 10cm are separated by an air-gap of thickness 10cm. the outer faces of the brick walls are
maintained at 200C and 50C respectively.

(i) Calculate the temperatures of the inner surfaces of the walls. (06 marks)

(ii) Compare the rate of heat loss through the layer of air with that through a single brick wall. (03 marks)

[Thermal conductivity of air is 0.02Wm-1K-1, and that of bricks is 0.6Wm-1K-1]

(c)(i) State Stefan’s law of black body radiation. (01 mark)

(ii) The average distance of Pluto from the sun is about 40 times that of the Earth from the sun. If the sun radiated as a black body at
600K, and is 1.5 x 1011m from the Earth, Calculate the temperature of Pluto. (06 marks)

43. (a)(i) What is meant by term fixed point in thermometry? Give two examples (02 marks)

(ii) How is temperature on Celsius scale defined on a platinum resistance thermometer? (02 marks)

(b) Explain the extent to which two thermometers based on different properties but calibrated using the same fixed points are likely
to agree when used to measure temperature.

(i) near one of the fixed point (02 marks)

(ii) mid-way between two fixed points (02 marks)

(c) The continuous flow method is used in determination of the specific heat capacity of liquids.

(i) What are the principal advantages of this method compared to the method of mixtures? (03 marks)

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(ii) In such a method, 50gof water is collected in 1 minute. The voltmeter and ammeter readings are 12.0V and 2.50A respectively,
while the inflow and outflow temperatures are 200C and 280C respectively. When the flow rate is reduced to 25gmin-1, the
voltmeter and ammeter read 8.8V and 1.85A respectively while the temperatures remain constant. Calculate the specific heat
capacity of water. (05 marks)
(d) What are the advantages of a thermocouple over a constant volume thermometer for measuring temperature? (04 marks)

44. (a)(i) What is meant by isothermal and adiabatic changes? (02 marks)
(ii) Using the same axes, and starting from the same point, sketch a P-V diagram to illustrate the changes in (a)(i) (02 marks)
(b) An ideal gas is trapped in a cylinder by a movable piston. Initially it occupies a volume of 8 x 10-3m3 and exerts a pressure of 108kPa.
The gas undergoes an isothermal expansion until its volume is 27 x 10-3m3. It is then compressed adiabatically to the original
volume of the gas.
(i) Calculate the final pressure of the gas (06 marks)
(ii) Sketch and label the two stages on a p-v diagram. (02 marks)
[The ratio of the principal molar heat capacities of the gas = 5:3]
(c) (i) Define molar heat capacities at constant pressure. (01 mark)
(ii) Derive the expression Cp – Cv = R, for 1mole of a gas (05 marks)
(iii) In which ways does a real gas differ from an ideal gas? (02 marks)
45. (a) (i) Define thermal conductivity. (01 mark)
(ii) State two factors which determine the rate of heat transfer through a material (02 marks)
(b)(i) Describe with the aid of a diagram an experiment to measure the thermal conductivity of glass. (08 marks)
(ii) Briefly discuss the advantages of the apparatus in (b)(i). (02 marks)
(c) Metal rods of copper, brass and steel are welded together to form Y shaped figure.
The cross-section area of each rod is 2cm2. The free end of copper rod are maintained at 1000C, while the free ends of brass and
steel rods are maintained at 00C. If there is no heat loss from the surfaces of the rods and the length of the rods are 0.46m, 0.13m
and 0.12m respectively.
(i) Calculate the temperature of the junction (05 marks)
(ii) Find the heat current in the copper rod. (02 marks)

[Thermal conductivities of copper, brass and steel are 385Wm-1K-1, 109 Wm-1K-1 and 50.2 Wm-1K-1respectively.]

46. (a) What is meant by:

(i) Thermometric property (01 mark)
(ii) Triple point (01 mark)

(b) (i) Describe the steps taken to establish a Celsius temperature scale. (05 marks)

(ii) Explain why two thermometers may give different values for the same unknown temperature. (02 marks)

(c) (i) Describe, with the aid of a diagram, how a constant-volume gas thermometer may be used to measure temperature. (06 marks)

(ii) State three corrections that need to be made when using the thermometer in (c)(i) above. (03 marks)

(iii) State and explain the sources of inaccuracies in using mercury in glass thermometer, (02 marks)
47. (a) Define thermal conductivity of a material and state its units (02 marks)
(b) Describe with the aid of a diagram how the thermal conductivity of a poor conductor can be determined. (07 marks)

(c) A cooking saucepan made of iron has a base area of 0.05m2 and thickness of 2.5mm. It has a thin layer of soot of average thickness
0.5mm on its bottom surface. Water in the saucepan is heated until it boils at 100 0C. The water boils away at a rate of 0.60kg per
minute and the side of the soot nearest to the heat source is at 1500C. Find the thermal conductivity of soot. [Thermal conductivity
of iron = 66Wm-1K-1and specific latent heat of vaporization =2200kJ/kg)

(d) (i) What is a black body? (01 mark)

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(ii) Sketch the spherical distribution of black body radiation for three different temperatures and describe their main features.
(04 marks)

48. (a) Derive the expression P = for the pressure, P, of an ideal gas of density ρ and mean square speed, 𝑐2̅. State any assumptions
made (07 marks)
(b) A gas is confined in a container of volume 0.1m3 at a pressure of 1.0 x 105Nm-2 and temperature of 300K. If the gas is assumed to be
ideal, calculate the density of the gas. (The relative molecular mass of the gas is 32) (05 marks)
(c) What is meant by
(i) isothermal change
(ii) adiabatic change (02 marks)
(d) A gas at a pressure of 1.0 x 106Pa is compressed adiabatically to half its volume and then allowed to expand isothermally to its
original volume. Calculate the final pressure of the gas. 𝑐𝑝⁄𝑐𝑣 , 𝛾 = 1.4] [Assume the ratio of the principal specific heat capacities
(06 marks)

49. (a) (i) Define molar heat capacity of a gas at constant volume. (01 mark)
(ii) The specific heat capacity of oxygen at constant volume is 719Jkg-1K-1. If the density of oxygen at s.t.p is 1.429kgm-3, calculate the
specific heat capacity of oxygen at constant pressure. (04 marks)
(b) Indicate the different states of a real gas at different temperatures and pressure versus volume sketch graph.
(c) (i) In deriving the expression P = for the pressure of an ideal gas, two of the assumptions made are not valid for a real gas.
State these assumptions. (02 marks)

(ii) The equation of state of one mole of a real gas is Account for the terms and b (02 marks)

(d) Use the expression P = ; for the pressure of an ideal gas to derive Dalton’s law of partial pressures (04 marks)
(e) Explain, with the aid of a volume versus temperature sketch graph, what happens to a gas cooled at constant pressure from room
temperature to zero Kelvin. (04 marks)
50. (a) What is meant by black body? (01 mark)
(b) Describe how an approximate black body can be realized in practice. (02 marks)
(c)(i) Draw sketch graphs to show how variation of relative intensity of black body radiation with wavelength for three different
temperatures. (02 marks)
(ii) Describe the features of the sketch in (c)(i) above. (03 marks)
(d)(i) State Stefan’s law (01 mark)
(ii) A solid copper sphere of diameter 10 mm and temperature of 150K is placed in an enclosure maintained at a temperature of
290K. Calculate, stating assumptions made, the initial rate of rise of temperature of the sphere. [Density of copper = 8.93 x
103kgm-3, specific heat capacity of copper = 3.7 x 102JkgK-1) (07 marks)
(e) With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe how a thermopile can be used to determine infrared radiation. (04 marks)
51. (a) (i)What is meant by kinetic theory of gases? (03 marks)
(ii) Define an ideal gas (01 mark)
(iii) State and explain conditions under which real gases behave like ideal gases. (04 marks)
(b) (i) Describe an experiment to show that a liquid boils only when its saturated vapor pressure is equal to external pressure
(05 marks)
(ii) Explain how cooking at a pressure of 76cm of mercury and temperature of 1000C may be achieved on top of high mountains.
(03 marks)
(c) (i) Define root-mean-square speed of molecules of a gas. (01 mark)
(ii) The mass of hydrogen and oxygen atoms are 1.66 x 10-27kg and 2.66 x 10-26kg respectively. What is the ratio of the root mean
square speed of hydrogen to that of oxygen molecules at the same temperature? (03 marks)

52. (a) State the assumption made in the derivation of the expression P = for pressure of an ideal gas (02 marks)
(b) Use the expression in (a) above to deduce Dalton’s law of partial pressures. (03 marks)
(c) Describe an experiment to determine the saturation vapor pressure of a liquid. (06 marks)
(d) (i) What is meant by a reversible isothermal change? (02 marks)

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(ii) State the conditions for achieving a reversible isothermal change. (02 marks)
(e) An ideal gas at 270C and at a pressure of 1.01 x 105Pa is compressed reversibly and isothermally until its volume is halved. It is then
expanded reversibly and adiabatically to twice its original volume. Calculate the final pressure and temperature of the gas if γ=1.4
(05 marks)
53. (a) Explain the mechanism of heat conduction in solids. (03 marks)
(b) Describe a method of determining the thermal conductivity of cork in form of a thin sheet. (06 marks)
(c) A window of height 1.0m and width 1.5m contains a double grazed unit consisting of two single glass panes, each of thickness
4.0mm separated by an air gap of 2.0mm. Calculate the rate at which heat is conducted through the window if the temperatures of
external surfaces of glass are 200C and 300C respectively. [Thermal conductivities of glass and air are 0.72Wm-1K-1 and 0.025 Wm-1K-
1 respectively] (07 marks)
(d) (i) State Stefan’s law. (01 mark)
(ii) The element of a 1.0kW electric fire is 30.0cm long and 1.0cm in diameter. If the temperature of the surroundings is 20 0C,
estimate the working temperature of the element. [Stefan’s constant, σ = 5.7 x 10-18Wm-1K-1] (03 marks)
54. (a) (i) Define specific heat capacity of a substance (01 mark)
(ii) State how heat losses are minimized in calorimetry (02 marks)
(b) (i) What is meant by cooling correction? (01 mark)
(ii) Explain how the cooling correction may be estimated in the determination of the heat capacity of poor by the method of mixtures
(05 marks)
(iii) Explain why a small body cools faster than a larger one of the same material. (04 marks)
(c) Describe how you would determine the specific heat capacity of a liquid by the continuous flow method. (07 marks)
55. (a) Define thermal conductivity of a substance and state its units. (02 marks)
(b) Flux of solar energy incident on the earth’s surface is 1.36x 103Wm-2. Calculate
(i) The temperature of the surface of the sun (04 marks)
(ii) The total power emitted by the sun (03 marks)
(iii) The rate of loss of mass by the sun (03 marks)

(c)(i) Explain how heat is conducted through a glass rod. (03 marks)

(ii) Why is a metal a better conductor of heat than glass? (02 marks)

(iii) Explain briefly why it is necessary to use a thin specimen of large cross-section area in determining thermal conductivity of a poor
conductor of heat. (03 marks)
56. (a) (i)Explain what happens when a quantity of heat is applied to a fixed mass of a gas (02 marks)
(ii) Derive the relationship between the principal molar heat capacities Cp and Cv for an deal gas. (05 marks)
(b) (i) What is adiabatic process? (01 mark)
(ii) A bicycle pump contains air at 290K. The piston of the pump is slowly pushed in until the volume of the air enclosed is one fifth
of the total volume of the pump. The outlet is sealed off and the piston suddenly pulled out to full extension. If no air escapes,
find its temperature immediately after pulling the piston. (𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝐶𝑝⁄𝐶𝑣 = 1.4) (03 marks)

(c) (i) Distinguish between unsaturated and saturated vapors. (02 marks)
(ii) Draw graphs to show the relationship between pressure and temperature for ideal gas and for saturated water vapour originally
at 00C. (03 marks)
(d) In an experiment, the pressure of a fixed mass of air at constant temperature is 10.4kPa. When the volume is halved, keeping the
temperature constant, the pressure becomes 19.0kPa. Discuss the applicability of the above results in verifying Boyle’s law. (04 marks)
57. (a) Explain why temperature remains constant during change of phase. (04 marks)
(b) Describe with the aid of labelled diagram, an electrical method for determination of specific latent heat of vaporization of a liquid.
(07 marks)
(c) Water vapour and liquid water are confined in an air tight vessel. The temperature of the water is raised until all the water has
evaporated. Draw a sketch graph to show how the pressure of water vapour changes with temperature and account for its main
features. (06 marks)
(d) Calculate the work done against the atmosphere when 1kg of water turns into vapour at atmospheric pressure of 1.01 x 105Pa.

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[Density of water vapour =0.598kgm-3] (03 marks)

58. (a)(i) Describe Searle’s method of determining the thermal conductivity of a good conductor of heat. (07 marks)
(ii) Why is the method in (a)(i) best suited for a good conductor of heat? (02 marks)

(b) The two ends of a metal bar of length 1.0m are perfectly lagged up to 20cm from either end. The ends of the bar maintained at
1000C and 00C respectively.

(i) Sketch a graph of temperature versus distance of a bar. (02 marks)

(ii)Explain the features of the graph in (b)(i) (03 marks)

(c) The external wall of a house consists of two layers of brick separated by an air cavity. The outer face of the wall is at a temperature
of 450C while the inside of the house is at 200C. If the thickness of each brick layer is 15cm and of air cavity is 5cm, calculate the
temperatures of the walls in contact with air in the cavity. (06 marks)

59. (a) (i) State Boyles law. (01 mark)

(ii) What is meant by partial pressure of a gas (01 mark)
(iii)

Two cylinders A and B of volumes V and 3V respectively are separately filled with a gas. The cylinders are connected as shown
above with the tap closed. The pressures of A and B Are P and 4P respectively. When the tap is opened the common pressure
becomes 60Pa. Assuming isothermal conditions find the value of P. (04 marks)
(b) (i) State three differences between ideal and real gases. (03 marks)
(ii)Sketch a pressure versus volume curve for a real gas undergoing compression below its critical temperature. (01 mark)
(iii)Explain the main features of the curve in (b)(ii) above (03 marks)
(c) Two similar cylinders P and Q contain different gases at the same pressure. When gas is released from P the pressure remains
constant for some time before it starts dropping. When gas is released from Q the pressure continuously drops. Explain the
observation above. (05 marks)

(d) Using the expression for the kinetic pressure of an ideal gas, deduce the ideal gas equation of (02 marks)
60. (a)(i) State the desirable properties of a material must have to be used as thermometric substance, (02 marks)
(ii) Explain why scales of temperature based on different thermometric properties may not agree. (01 mark)

(b) (i) Draw a labelled diagram to show a simple constant volume gas thermometer. (03 marks)

(ii) Describe how a simple constant volume gas thermometer cab be used to establish a Celsius scale of temperature. (05 marks)

(iii) State the advantages and disadvantages of mercury in glass thermometer and constant volume gas thermometer. (03 marks)

(c) The resistance of the element of platinum resistance thermometer is 4.00Ω at ice point and 5.46Ω at steam point. What is the
temperature on the platinum resistance scale would correspond to a resistance of 9.84Ω.? (03 marks)

(d) The mean kinetic energy of one mole of helium gas at room temperature is 3.74 x 103J. Calculate room temperature. (03 marks)

END

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