cH APTER ee tnennse pirst OrderQ nifferential E is asa Outline introduction pifferential Equations Ordinary Differential Equations of First O: a Ordinary Differential Equations of First O1 4 INTRODUCTION gerential equations are very important in engin nisa mathematical equation for anunknown ates the values of the function itself and of vides the medium for the interaction between m } cience and engineering. Most common differenti demical reactions, Newton's law of cooling, series tumonic motions, etc. 42 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 4 differential equation is an equation which it udependent) and their derivatives, ©-2-+ 2d +6y=e , dy ¥ 52 2 dv dv 3 alteri 42 Chapter 4 First Order Ordinary Differential Equations a ve ordinary derivatives and, hence, are called Ord Eq. (4.3) involves partial derivatives and, ita eTigy I Equations (4.1) and (4.2) invol differential equations whereas called a partial differential equanon. 4.2.1 Order Fa differenti: ation is t The order of a differential equa r equation, ¢.£-. the order of Egs (4.1) and (4,2) is 2. he order of the highest derivative presen, in the 4.2.2 Degree The degre of a differential equation is the power of the highest order deriysiiyg after ae clearing the radical sign and fraction, e.g., the degree of Eq, (4.1) is 1 and the degree of Eq. (4.2)i 4.2.3 Solution or Primitive The solution of a differential equation is a relation between the dependent ang independent variables (excluding derivatives), which satisfies the equation. The solution of a differential equation is not always unique. It may have more than one solution or sometimes no solution. The general solution of a differential equation of order 1 contains nm arbitrary con- slants. The particular solution of a differential equation is obtained from the general solution by giving particular values to the arbitrary constants. 4.2.4 Formation of Differential Equations Ordinary differential equations are formed by elimination of arbitrary constanls ¢ Ceoy Cy from a relation like f(x, y, Cy. >, 4 Cy) = 0 wl4 Consider OX Ys Ops Cry vee G) =O ifferentiati i a on Differentiating Eg. (4.4) successively wort. x, 1 times and eliminating # arbitra Constants ¢), >, .... €, from the above (n + 1) equations a differential equation rs #y ig de" dy? a is obtained. Its general solution is given by Eg. (4.4) itself 4.2 Oifferentiat Equatians 43 i ———— exam . ifferential equation by elimings for the dif : v elminating arbitrary constants from (Y lack. solution {2 = Ser log| : (1) pitferentiating Eg.(1) want. a, idy L_. —--— =e yde ox Eliminating ¢ from Eq. (1), tog( * i udy A ) \x vde x _ «dy oy de which is the differential equation of first order. Example 2 Find the differential equation of the family of circles of radius r whose centre lies on the x-axis. [Winter 2014] Solution Let (a, 0) be the centre and r be the radius of the family of circles. The equation of the family of circles is (x-a¥+(y-0% =F (x- ayey=er Where @ is an arbitrary constant. Differentiating Eq. (1) wrt. x, dy 2x-2a42y— =0 cle dy bp eee a dv4.4 Chapter 4. First Order Ordinary Differential Equations Eliminating a from Eqs (1) and (2). 2 y | (>) gyfer | > dy|_ cr | a | (2) +20 \9 4 a°y| “ \de ' de | ae [pnw Py dy dy ay) dy) J} 22,? f= -4— |-1) -3—=_9 [1+(2) i = (253 12) 7 dx* as Jt C12 -18) =0 which is the equation of the family of circles. ty 5 5—5+5— -30y=0 SSS dr dx ry d Example 3 pean t a = +o gy 0 he differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constapipy ¢ eg — re pe q' aiify fom which is the differential equation of order two aad 4.3 ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER ya Ae + Be™ \ AND FIRST DEGREE . = - . “ 7-_—_ Differentiating Eq. (1) twice wit 2, A differential equation which contains first-order and first-degree derivatives of y dy -ir 2x (dependent variable) and known functions of x (independent variable) and y is known ie monet eR ee ASAE le a ai as an ordinary differential equation of first order and first degree. The general form of this equation can be written as r| et } =0 dx 2 oY one 44Be* a a Eliminating A and & from Eqs (1), (2), and (3), or in explicit form as dy = f(x,y) or M(x, yidv+ Nx, yidy =0 dv Solution of the differential equation can be obtained by classifying them as follows: (i) Variable separable (ii) Homogeneous differential equations (iii) Nonhomogeneous differential equations (iv) Exact differential equations . (Vv) Non-exact differential equations reducible to exact form —3e73% 2e?* 9e73* 4e?* (Vi) Linear differential equations / ; (Vil) Nonlinear differential equations reducible to linear form 4.3.1 Variable Separable A differential equation of the form r+N(vydy=0 45)4.6 Chapter 4 First Order Ordinary Differential Equations we Eq, (4.5), we get the solution as Integratin [Mend + J Noyidy = faoody =. J roonte +¢ where ¢ is the arbitrary constant. ie err yt eee Example 1 3 Salve yea dv tr l+y°dr= Solution 1 wa?) dy =a I+y"de Integrating both the sides, y ler" ae I 275 1 er zfaty*) ‘enw =—4fas we) 2 (2a)de [:fucor roe bro | a+ | Exa Solve Ovy"+ 4y= oe {Summer 2016] Solution 4.3 Ordinary Differential Equations of Fi Fst Order ond First Degree 4 at _ both the sides, ep 0fPE in! oy" gare : dx+(1 Be : solve de: tan ye e)sec"y dy = (Winter 2017] ution ' ae tan y de = -(1 + e')sec*y dy mee “ages sec” y dy l+e" tany atest ating both the sides, 3e" [tan fe l+e" tan y fx) 3log(| +e") = —logtan y+loge [- ja f(x) dx = log| fi | log(L +e" y = log —= tan y (te'y = te tan y (l+e* y tan yee Example 4 dy : Salve = e*? +.x2677, {Summer 2018] dv Solution y dy r 2 e’— =e +x dx e'dy =(e" +. dv Integrating both the sides, Jerdy = feet +x )dx Pedi e =e +—+e4.3 Ordinory Differential Equations of Firse at Orde First Degree ifferential Equations ie First Order Ordinary 2 4.3.2 Homogeneous Differential Equations A differential equation of the form Mix. ¥ Nw) ation if Mix. wand Nix »” are homogencous - eaecl the RHS of Eg. (4.6) is zero, Wetion, J 4 arable form by putting y= is called a homogem the same degree. L¢-- Equation (4.6) can be reduced (0 yariable-sep op we cya dr de Equation (4.6) reduces Pe an nest ee L \ dv=f% eth ar | NGweH) j(i-2}oe= We gv)-0 y—logy = log x4 loge di v=logy+loges = loge wv y —=logey x This equation is in variable-separable form and can be solved by integrating Sas ye Oe dr giy-¥ © After integrating and replacing ¥ by =, we get the solution of Eq. (4.6), & Note: Homogeneous functions: A function f(x, ¥, 2) is said to be & homogeneny : 3 ck Is function of degree n, if for any positive number f, former fyyzh Solution — where # is 4 real number. dy _ yt {er + y M(x.¥) a —-=- =n dy) cle x N(x, y) Example 1 The equation is homogeneous since M and N are of the same degree 1. p Let yawn | Solve x(x-y)dy+ y7dx = (4-y)dy + y'de =0, dy), ya Solution vk dy | -y _ M(y) Substituting in Eq. (1), de aay NOy) : Patt a 7a ] dv wale ter oo fit = equation is homogeneous since M and N are of the same degree 2. v+ 7 =— : =v+Nle+v your : dy dy av = 2 Saye j tae wity ae ic dvd4.10 Chapter 4 First Order Ordinary Differential Equations lntegrating both the sides, — dv de Vier sibosaom = log r+ loge = logex vee +bsex [Winter 2019) Aly yr (re = =cx ample 3 Solve vy dv— (8 + xy") dy =0. Solution we Mi.) de rary tay NOyy The equation is homogeneous since M and N are of the same degree 2 Let y= vx dy dv ae Equations of First Order and Fi rst Degree = das ry ze +loge 4 = loge’ +loge 1 log wx = loge e* 1 vx = ce 4.3.3 Nonhomogeneous Differentiai Equations differential equation of the form ay axtbyto, da @yX +hy te, of 47) jscalled a nonhomogeneous equation Where a), by, c,d, by, ¢2 are all constants. These equations are classified into twe parts and can be solved by the following methods Case! It Oy Bis a, By ay = az, by = bn, then Eg. (4.7) reduces to anthal Equations 4.12 Chapter 4 First Order Ordinary Differer ord! Diff 'S Of First Order and F at Degree 4.13 ng both the sides, §2+m Jan - Jus dr +logtt—2)=x+e Choosing #, & such that fit ah thkecy = 0, ay gate hab k +e) =O then Eq, (4.9) reduces to dy: 4 dy act yt log +y—2=Nxtc y+2yt log(x+y—-2 nd can be solved using the method of home, ho Y=y —&, we get the solution of Ey Ei which is a homogeneous equation 4 equation. Finally, substituting XY =x—/ “un a »O a Problems Based on Case I: o* = b, example 2 . (xt y)de t+ Get 3y— Ady =0, yl) =0. OP galve Example 1 Solve (x+y—Dde+ (2x4 2y—3)dy =O, solution =a aD) du 3x+3y-4 Solution joni ai Ph aqui s nonhomogeneous and — = ay The equation is ge s and a by x ily Letxt yet dy dr ae en ee ir ia The equation is nonhomogeneous and ey de de a by Z dy de Letx+¥=t de = de dy di dy idee ey Substituting in Eq. (1). dy dv’ dv dr Substituting in Eq. (1), a 3t= Oe Stel di 2-3 dr -r+l 1 —= {3 } di aeaes zs | armae \2r—-4 _attl+2r-3 Soo lL { 2 _ 21-3 {| 34———|dr=de 1=2 20 t-2 “23-3 Integrating both the sides, Li(s4 25 lar fo H(ar-4 2tog |tr-2)!]= xe 3x + y)+2log l(vt y= 2)1= 2x +2 x4 3y+ log l(xty—2l=& where 2c =k 00| dinary Di 4.3 Ordinary Differential Equations of First Order and First De 4.33 gree ; ad aN aM a ny funeti Mg . % 3 Foy). (unction of y alone), then IF = ef {Om \ . « ng with the IP, the equation bee gaplyt . : CCOMCS Exac a . : . ne ee ats differential equation, vc and can be solved using the ‘ oe gample 1 ite OF ary ge PREECE Saldy= 0, ytion sol M= y" + 2y, N= xy? + 2y4 oe aM = 4y* +2, a oy Ox aM, oN oe since a" = a? equation Is not exact. aN _ dM ax dy _y —4-(4y" +2) _ -3(y? +2) 3 M yi +2y w+?) oY IF = J” aa e@ joey ns gees? a yo se ¥ Multiplying the DE by the TP, 1 1 =a G' +2y)dx+—> (xy? +2y* —4)dy =0 y x (v+3Java{se2y—45 r= 9 y ¥ 2 M,=y+—>: Ny =0, are —xe* aM , oN the equation is not exact. since ay Ox aN oM ox ay _ me*(x+)-0 _ ; M e‘(x+l) reds? Multiplying the DE by the IF, eo (xe® +e" dx te (ye” — xe")=0 M, =e ‘(xe +e"), N, = y-xe"” aM, erat set, Name Mtaet 404) =-¢ ve 5 —— =e xe dy ax Sime the equation is exact. _ aM aN, vy ox Hence, the general solution is f M,dv + j Germs of N, not yeonstant containing x)dy =¢ fe (xe* +e" de + j ydy =e4.36 Chapter'4 First Order Ordinary etre ++ = =c y xe +—=¢ 3 a ee Example 4 Solve [2sec yotan vas +(sec ylogx—* )dy = 0. x Solution M= Xsec yotany. N=see ylogx—, x aM ad sec y+2sec ytan y-see™ y yo since 2M y oN the equation is not exact. av oak dN dM : 5 ] 5 -— secy _,_S00y — 7 sec ytan y +sec” y x Moe x 4 bi M Y sec y—tan y x ¥ 2 —" see ytan y+tan" y ia x * see y—tan y x =-lany —tanydy =e andy © eg laescey . glosteecy) = (see yy! = cosy Multiplying the DE by the IF. y cosy| Zee y= tn |e +cos y(sec ylogx—x)dy =0 (2 ~siny a +(log.x—xcos y)dy =0 M, nh N, =logx—-xcosy aM, _1 aN, _ | == cosy, —! = cosy ay ox ox ox - 4.3 Ordinary Differentigt Equations Of First Order Ond First Degree 4.37 am, _ 2N1_ the equation is exact c-, x sm oY ' general solution is ce we Mde +] M, erms of N - pe J + not containing x)dy = I(t-s { : =sin ya + Jouy =¢ ylog x —xsin y= case _ ip the differential equation is of the form f(ay)ydx+ f,(ey)xdy=0 then 1 r eM= yy. =f a Fea" where M =f, (xy)y, N = fy(xy)x provided Mx—Ny # 0. , multiplying with the IF, the equation becomes exact and ean be solv : spethod of exact differential equations, San be solved acing Me A example 1 solve (xy? +2) yd + (2 —x7y?) xdy = 0. [Winter 2014] Solution M=xy'+2y,N= 2-3" The equation is of the form flay) y de + fylry) x dy = 0 wee ' =! Mx —Ny xy) + 2ay 373 2yxtacy ay Multiplying the DE by the IF, ee ai ati = (ry vay sere xy “(sap dy =0 ? H(d+ Pe }urs[ 2\x% xy 2k. wd earl eae4.38 Chapter 4 First Ordet ay 2 9 ga ee vy ry aM, _ 9N1 the equation is exact. Since zo 1a Hence, the general solution 1s J Myde+ [terms of N, pooustant ve pasha ons I ae ney yee = log x or > 2 not containing x)dy =e 1 logx-logy-—zz =e xy = i log| = ]--+=c ae cy a, Example 2 Solve yl+av+ xy? )det x(l— xy + wy?) dy =0. Solution The equation is of the form Alo)yde+ f Gy)ardy = 0 IF = ] = | _ 1 Mi-Ny (ayta?y? tay)-Gy-aty? aby?) 2ax7y? Multplying the DE by the IF, sepeur x wba ay? (ltayta’y Met ar O-apte yey =0 wtp tle gh A ae Qx*y 2x 2 lo? 292 dy=0 ax°y 2 amy! yt dy 2x*y” 2 aM, _ ON) the equation is exact, sine? “ay OF § Fe general solution is ence ft M,de+ Jtverms of N, not containing x)dy = ¢ yeonstant Solve (xysin xy + cos xy)y dv + (xy sin xy—cos xy)xdy =0. Solution Mexy sin xy + y COS xy, N=-v'ysin.xy—xcos xy The equation is in the form fiGyiyde+ fyly)rdy =0 IF= : ="39 : a Mx—Ny xy” sin xy + xycos xy — x" y" SiN xy + XY COS Ty wt, 2xy cos xy Multiplying the DE by the IF, (xysin xy — cos xy)xdy =0 2axy cos xy are +h )a 2 -L\w=0 y 2 2x ————_(aysin xy + cos xy)yde + 2xycos xyere 4.40 Chapter 4 ist Order ordinary 1 _xtanxy | pun ay" ioe -t M,=+y"2e" 2 2y 2 1 oN, +xysec? sec? XY i see? xy aM, antes, Oe sytee! ay ay 2 aM, _ 9N1 the equation js exact. Since = a : Jution #s / ce, the general so! 7 ican - f Mae + [terms of N, not containing dy =¢ yoomstat I I ! } = eae f=c ii ytan.Xy +> Ja +f = dy ify = a = * Jog see. xy + log x ~logy=¢ 2\¥ 2 log(.x sec xy) — log y=2c x log] —sec ay |= 2c y x 2c x x eecayee =k, —secxry=k y Case lV If the differential equation Mdx+Ndy=0 is a homogeneous equation in x and , provided My+ Ny #0. (degree of each term is same) then [IF = Ma+Ny After multiplying with the IF, the equation becomes exact and can be solved using the g the method of exact differential equations. Example 1 st ed, oA a Solve (0° + y")dx—ay dy = 0. [Summer 2018) Solution Maaxt+y4 N=-5? The differential equation is homogeneous as each term is of degree 4. : I IF 1 i Mr+Ny 354 xy? —ay4 x sop DE by the IF. ply! | 4 —-— (xy")dy = Lat ay ye cs (ay )dy=0 am, _ 4¥ aN, _ 4y? mar aed . ax Q aM, _ aN the equation is exact. ince y ax ve, the general solution is Hent*r M,dx + [ (terms of N, not containing x)dy =c yeonstant ; Jos + foay =c 4 logx-— =e dx Ee Example 2 Solve By dx — (2 + 9 dy = 0. [Winter 2014] Solution M=x'y, N=-x'— 1? The differential equation is homogeneous as each term is of degree 3. 1 1 _F xy 1 Mx+ Ny wy-ay - x Multiplying the DE by the IF, 1 2 ~Leenar-[ xy446 ‘epee eS 3 Ordinary Different, ial Equations Of Firse Order ang A | ‘st Degree = ag, x = + i | solution i ; M\=-—>: N,= ~~ Y sce the general s —_ y : os aM _ 24 e =. ax y! dy y ; : j Myx + Jocerms of N yconstant : aM, _ aN, Since — > = 1 Rot Containing «)dy = =¢c oy the equation is exact. dx Hence, the general solution is | Max + [(corms of N, not containing x)dy =c y CoesTANt y ~2logx+3togy =¢ canple4 0 d+ he =e Exam +logy=c oy? Noe Example Solve (xy - 2) dx —(" - 3xy) dy =0, 2 3 solve (379 -229" dx (x7 -3 xy) dy <6, solution M=xy-2xy", N=-x'43,7) ‘The differential equation is homogeneous as each term is of degree 3 (Winter 2013 i Soluti i NO MEER Sods ution / ; as MrtNy xPy-29 iat 2 Suge ‘ ‘, Mexy—2y, N=-x +3xy \ Multiplying the DE by the IF, The differential equation is homogeneous as each term is of degree 2. 1 2 a yy ty - 2 ay* de — 3 (eS ee sate Mx+Ny xy—2xy?—xtyt3ay? oxy? (y Multiplying the DE by the IF, a 2 Legos z (xy —2y" dae -— (x* —3 xy) dy = 0 xy xy" ae) = lwo ¥ y Since 2My 26M, , the equation is exact. oy ox Hence, the general solution is j Mydx + J (terms of N, not containing x)dy = ¢ yeomstant 2 3 i(+ = ae foay=ec yox y4.50 Chapter 4 First Order Ordinary pifferential Equations ae oe ample 1 Solve xdy— yde+ 2x ‘dv =0. Solution Dividing the equation by. xdy~ de =—+2x1d1=0 2 fy 2 dj —|+dtx")=0 Lx Integrating both the sides, Example 2 ~ Solve xdu+ ydy +2(x7 + y idx = 0. Solution Dividing the equation by x +" xe + ydy x +2dx=0 x+y 4.3, Ordinary Differential Equations Of First Order and First Dy legree 4.51 « the equation by + 47 gid : ydeerdy de dy 22 ~-— =) y dy =0 ¥ I pegrating both the sides, Ti ~ = t logs —log y =e I + log : “ ay y —_— eres ——rrerweererrre $n Example 4 solve xdy— yd =3x°(X" + yd. Solution pividing the equation by Gi? +57), rdy—ydr . 7 —= 3rd =dix')———————————— ll Equations 4.52 Chapter 4 First order Ordinary Differential q Dividing the equation by ays ydr=xd9 2 ary Suy=0 x ¥y Integrating both the sides, + _dlogx+3log y =e 5 x 2 3 —-logx” +logy" =c y *stog y ——- Example 6 Solve y(2xy +e")dx = e*dy, Solution Qay*de+e*yde-e'dy =0 Dividing the equation by y’, 4.3, Ordinary Differential Equations of First Orcter ond First Degree 4.53 3 ; uation by + pwidint the eq) ; yidrinidy aa) —=+ ydy=0 2ydy z ——= I+ y dy=0 Integrating bath the sides, Example 8 Solve Wate” = y)de + a(y +e” dy =0.4.54 Chapter 4 First Order Ordinary pifferential Equations r(y- 2x" )dx— x(1— xy) dy = : 7Uy=0 then | Ung Example 9 ifn" is.an inte, grating and solve the equation. factor of Solution " the equation becomes exact, Ifa" is an IF then after multiplication with 2” i"y- ay )dr— v= ayidy = 0 is an exact Dp n 1 me? where Meaty", Nes ey aM _ oN dy ax " _(nt)a" +(n42)x"y and (n+ 2)x"(L+ xy) =0 n+2=0 n=—2 Putting # = -2 in the equation, (x7 y-2x)de— x (l—xydy =0 (e-nae (ton x M=-2x, Wa ay x x. oM = ON 1 ae oa dM a Since © mn the equation is exact. ‘Oy ax’ Hence, the general solution is J Mdy + (terms of N not containing x)dy =e yconstant [(25-2Jars fray =c x teay +2y xy 7 ecg -2"'¥ ad wy tx cosxy) dx + X(XY COs xy — 5 sin _ayyar- x - XY =0 , Vl ' eyax 00 4¥ DAY =O wax + 2xdy = 0, y()=1 oy e2xty)dx+ (2x? —xy)dy=0 1 xy? +y)dx —(x?y —3x)dy =0 | i. fy'is an integrating factor of (2xy*e’ + 2xy? + y)dx +(x’y*e” —x’y find n and solve the equation. [ Ans. : ‘3.6 Linear Differential Equatior "ach term in a differential equation including ‘Pendent Variable then the equation is called lin “erential equation of the form dy —+Py=Q dxviff inary 4.58 Chapter 4 First order Ord d fax. is calle here P and Q are functions 0 sii ao at 11), obtain the integrauy o solve Bq. Il 11) by the Ws Multiplying Eq, on = ire dy, pel a Pd afin dv Integrating WLU jn e (IF) or Equation (4.12) is the solution of the diff Tt Example 1 Solve dy +ysinx=e"*, dx Solution The equation is linear in y. P=sinx, IF= psinede 7 Hence, the general solution is ener fersoss i = Je dy+e = J dyte =xt+e = (x + c) eoSco——_"” i Equations dinary Differential First Order Or 4.76 Chapter 4 4.3 ordinary Differential Equations of Firse Orde : T and First Degree 4.77 f ation bY X°; Dividing the equation PY e equation PY Ady | 4 Scosx—sin« dx (Uyay 2dv y i= : , a (\y 1 dy dv | “yar & 1 de dh Let y y> dx de = 4 =e x ituting in Eq. (1). Substitu ae a a -O4+v=cosx—sin 25) : dv a agg = s(Zy dv _ yy s-cosx+sinx de quation is linear in v. ee : ‘ Li The equation is linear in V- p=-l, Q=—cosx+sinx : : IF fyay , =e = =e red =e" general solution of Eq. (2) is : xe The general solution of Eq. (2) is . 5 = oa e? vajet yay+ +si dx+ phy 235) ‘ et yale" cosx+sin.x)dx+e yay \ =-fe" cosxdx+ Jen sinxdx+e putting , es e 5 2 . = —| —(-cosx+sin.x)|+] —(-sinx—e | 2 5 (-c ) > (-sin x €08.x) |+¢ ee vefe Qdric —¥ e*v=-e' sinx+¢ =Uelt-e')+e v=—sinx+ce* =2e'(t-l+e Hence, += —sinx+ce* , ¢ (Z \s =Fet |z= lee a Example 4 2 d vey -2+ce + Solve xy(1+ xy? > =i 3 dx Hence, \ y 2 Solution Rewriting the equation, “ = xy rey} y * de 5 Tr aAayEx"y dy a, y The equation js j " “q Sin Bernoulli's form, where x is a dependent variable. Example 5 3 et - Solve y*dx =| x 4—y'x |dy.—=———— Chapter 4 First Order Ordinary Differential Equations 4.78 Solution Rewriting the equation, 7 dv x4 2X, dy sy ¥ a drs cee ora dy ¥ ‘The equation is in Bernoulli's form, where x is a dependent variab] able, Dividing the equation by x4, 3 Tf x4 ar x3, a dy 3 y’ 7 id Let x4 = 74 yo 4 \y ody 4.79 7 ytv= 7 - i =-—y . 5) te a 4 yv=-—+cy4 5 Z 5 yixt =-—+ey4 “lve or _ ytané— re : som dé cos@ salution r 2 . dr riting the equation, ~~ — rt = de an@ Rew cosé The equation is in Bernoulli’s form, where r is pividing the equation by r’, te ris a dependent variable. dr tané _ I : Pd0 or cosé AD a 1, 3a aeChapter 4 First order Ordinary Differential Equations a 4,92 dr orsina—r 22. 4a _cosd 1 Ans,: —— > « [ r cCosa, Sing dy inx = 4/y secx —* 4+ 4ysinx = 4yV¥ 23. cosx a aos. Vysec? x =2/ tanx 4 tan? x \ 3 jte 24, siny ae cosx(2cosy — sin’ x) x dx [Ans.: 4cosy = 2sin’ x ~2sinx +4 gcox 4 4.4 ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER AND HIGHER DEGREE If the degree of & in a differential equation of first order is higher than 1, 11 dy : ; ; : : higher convenient to denote i by p. Hence, a differential equation of first order and highe degree can be written as f(x.»,p)=0 There are three cases of such equations, viz., (1) Equation solvable for p (1) Equation solvable for ¥ (ii) Equation solvable for x Case! Equations solvable for Pp Let Po+Pp" + Pp tt P HQ (4 din: itt; « ‘ bie = ane be an ordinary differential equation of first order and nt“ degree, where p=), P\. Po... Py are functions of x and y, 4.4 Ordinary Differential Equations Of First Order and Higher Degree 4.93 al 17) is solvable for p, its LHS can be resoly Ea | Equation (4,17) can be written as geste [p-f(%9)][P- 6, (x.y)] Mie «o@ each factor of the LHS to zero, ating quer p=, (%y). ‘ed into n rational factors of the first f,(xy)]=0 fe P= Laie, P= f(xy) al solution of these equations be respectively, rener pasee F,(x,y.c)=0.... F,(x.y.0) =, oF (xyc)=0 e the given equatio is of the first order, its general solution will have only one thy = sinc pbitrary constant c. a titute the general solution of Eq. (4.17). solutions cons These " The general solution of Eq. (4.17) is F(x, y,c)F, (x, y.c)....F, (x, ce) =0 a Example 1 Solve =1+pP. Solution p= x-l pP ty l dy =t yx -1 dx dy =tVx —ldv Integrating both the sides, Jay = [Vx —ldk fxg y=tiver-l x which is the general solution ee ee Oe Example 2 Solve x7 p? +3xypt+2y° =0. Solution x? pp? + 3xyp + 2y’ =04.94 Cnepters ee (apt y)(ap+ 2y)=0 (pty) =9 rDey=0, y db dy, Hog y x Integrating both the sides, dy pde_ da log y+ log x = loge, w=, (xy-c)=0, Hence, the general solution is (ap+2y)=0 ptady =0 dr , 9 ar y x fos fra =0 log y+ 2log x = loge (xy—e)(x*?y-c)=0 $a Example 3 Solve xp + p(3x° - 2y")-6xy = 0; Solution se PTET ET werential Equations of First Order ang High gher Degree 4.95 poth the sides, rating 8 dy 2 Ey ~ fea =0, jnle log y—2logx = log ¢ log y—log x* = log ¢ log |, 5 j= log c, x} y=or Hence, the general solution is (y-ex7 Oy" +3.e —¢) =0 Example 4 Solve x” p” + xyp—6y? =0. Solution vp +xyp—6y =0 (px + 3y)(px —2y)=0 px+t3yv-0 fous + [3xdx =0 nie oeorder Ordinary pifferential Equations 4.108 Chapter 4 First 4.22) iS adifferential equation in p and y. Equation ( jon of i (4.22) be Let the general solut FOV pee y= cis an arbitrary constant, The elimination of p from Eqs (4.21) ““!) and (455 on. whefe the general soluti Note: (i) If the eli andy in terms of p. The wo parametric equations ossible, Eqs (4.21) and (4.23) a .23) are mination of P is not Pp SOlveq | > lOr =Fi(p.c) y=F,(p,©) the general solution of Eq. (4.21), wt 4A}, Where and taken together constitute parameter. P is th le (ii) If Eqs (4.21) (4.23) taken together represent the gene! ) and (4.23) are not easily solvable for x and y then E en begs (4.2) | ral solution of Eq. (4.21), and 22) does not contain the term dp (iii) If any factor of Eq. (4.22 ; , thee dy he elimination of ; from that fa i : oe le ctor equation and Eq. (4.21) gives a solution which doe itrary constants. Such a solution is called a singular sol eS Not Contain n this section, only general solutions are obtained. onion dinary Differenti 44 Or ff jal Equations of First Order and High Igher Degree 4 109 pectin the first factor which does not contain’? eD dp =0 v dy - poth the sides, regratn® BP dp. je-o dy p=c from Eq. | 1), cC—xw+y=0 which is the general solution. | example 2 Solve xp —yp-y=0. Solution yp’ —yp-y=0 (1) _ V+ P) (2) P Ty fforent no Eo (2) wort. v.eee y= cpe aber constitute the gencral solution, squations (2) and (3) together co Equations ( 2) Example 3 Solve vp" —2xp+y= 0. ution ; yp -2xp+y=0 +2 =\ypt=— vy ‘ Differentiating Eq. (2) war. Ye 2 dp | y dp —=pty—t+-—-Ta i dy pp dy \ y dp a su ir “0 dy P Pp dy ‘ .. dp Neglecting the second factor which does not contain = ¥ . d p+ i a age ex4 oe a2pxty P- gol¥e y jon ytio sol im ORR pp “N) = _y'p ‘ 2p 2 ta) jerentiating Eq: 2) wat y, pu dx _ ly dp » dp dy 2p 2p dy ~~ y PAG | | z \dp ——-—+yp = ny | op p 2p lap ya, (| +2yp')p= ~y(l+2yp 2 dy (14+2yp") p+(1+2sp')y 2 =0 dy dp + y— |({1+2 =0 [» yi |\ yp’) dp Neglecting the second factor which does not contain re ¥oS! ONS Order and Higher Degree 4.115 wp + (2X->)P-y=0 9. ' » | Ans.; ac’ +(2x~b)c—y? =0] 24+ 2px -Y = Vv + oP [Ans.: 2cx = y?—c?] Al Clairaut’s Equation _quation of the form an equ v= px+ f(p) . ; (4,24) _xnown as Clairaut’s equation. oitterentiating Eq. (4.24) wart. x, dp dp p= pt+x—+4+ fF’ — I ae fp) dx +.) dp x+ f'(p)j—=0 [ ao lay - , = dp x+f(p)=0 or “z=g dx The solution of the equation dp =0 is dx p=c ... (4.25) Eliminating p from Eqs (4.24) and (4.25), y=cx+ f(c) (4.26) which is the general solution of Eq. (4.24). Hence, the solution of Clairaut’s equation is obtained on replacing p by c. Note: Elimination of p from the equation x+ (f’(p)=0 gives a solution which does hot contain any arbitrary constants. Such a solution is called a singular solution of “ (4.24) which gives the envelope of the family of straight lines represented by - (4.26), In this section, only general solutions are obtained. 4.4.2 Lagrange’s Equation An equation of the form y= (P)+ LP) is known as Lagrange’s equation. This is a generalization of Clairaut’s equation. Putting f,(p)= p , Clairaut’s equation 18 obtained, (4.27)Ee Points to Remember First-Order Differential Equation Differential Equation M(x, vidy + N(x, Ydy=0 Exact, i.e., aN _ aM 1) ee 7 ‘ay. Non-exact and dM _ oN ay ax N = fix) (i) Ma, vie + Jaterms of N not containing x)dy = (ii) Jcccems of M not containing y)dx + [Nex yay =¢ M(x. y)dv+ N(x dy =0 ) Jmycx, yoda + J terms of N, not containing x) dy = (ii) | (terms of M, not containing y)dx + | N(x, y)dy=c 1 S i Mix, y)dv+ N(x, vidy=0 Non-exact and vaydeu) Zhe cnannnba ppnualalig Aluipso ops Isid J J _ fordy (1) |My (x, y)dx + | (terms of Ny not containing x)dy =¢ wm [Fee ax dy = ft) (ii) fiterms of M, not containing y) dx + fn, (x y)dy=e 4 ee 4. [f0m)ydet+ fROy)rdy=0, | Non-exact lie | (i) J, (x, y)de-+ F(terms of N; not containing x)dy = ¢ : | Mr-Ny | ia Joerms of M, not containing y)dx + [Ni (x, dy =c Non-exact and | I | homogeneous | af 2 - (iD fa, cy, vidi + fterms of V, not containing x)dv = ¢ / | Mr+Ny | [ui focerms of M, not containing vd + IN, in wdv=¢ exact IF = x" rly" (ayydx + byxdy) Non-exact y' (iy J M,(a, y)de-+ J (terms of Ny not containing x) dy = ¢ hi —— 1M Laininy jd + JN (x, y)dy =e where li A COTM ¥ aN tty YP = + xy"? (aqyde + byxdy) =0 4, ai J terms of M, not containing ) 1 nt+k+ : b my the Mee oeg ee a | a, | nytk+ Linear in y , 2 fede lee 7 + Py =Q, where P and @ IF=e are functions of x Nonlinear ips tits where * dy frye vel = Joe! ily + ¢ where Q; = (1 - ma re(l-n)y t ind y= Jaquiaiiay 0) sqy Og ved as = foe! +e where f(y) =v afte i i + , , = 0 Note: In the cases | to 6 after multiplication by IF, differential equation reduces to Mj(x, y)dv +N) Ox, vy) dy ote: In the case’ cule