INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Chapter 05 9

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Integration is the inverse process of differentiation. That is, 4. If f1(x), f2(x), f3(x), ... (finite in number) are functions of
the process of finding a function, whose differential x, then
coefficient is known, is called integration.
If the differential coefficient of F(x) is f (x), ò [ f (x) ± f
1 2 (x) ± f 3 (x)...]dx

d = ò f1 (x)dx ± ò f 2 (x)dx ± ò f 3 (x)dx ± ...

i.e. [F(x)] = f (x), then we say that the antiderivative or
dx
5. If ò f (x)dx = F(x) + c
integral of f (x) is F(x), written as ò f (x)dx = F(x),
1
then ò f (ax ± b)dx = F(ax ± b) + c
Here ò dx is the notation of integration f (x) is the integrand, a
x is the variable of integration and dx denotes the integration
6. Suppose I and J are intervals, g: J ® I is differentiable
with respect to x.
and f : I ® R has integral with primitive F. Then
(fog).g’ : J ® R has an integral and
1. INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
ò fog .g ' x dx = ò f g x g ' x dx = F g x + c
1.1 Definition
1.3 Standard Formulae of Integration
d
We know that if [F(x)] = f (x) , then ò f (x)dx = F(x). The following results are a direct consequence of the
dx
definition of an integral.
Also, for any arbitrary constant C,
n x n +1
d d
[F(x) + C] = [F(x)] + 0 = f (x).
1. òx dx =
n +1
+ C, n ¹ -1.
dx dx
1
\ ò f (x)dx = F(x) + C, 2. ò x dx = log | x | +C
This shows that F(x) and F(x) + C are both integrals of the x
3. òe dx = e x + C
same function f(x). Thus, for different values of C, we obtain
different integrals of f(x). This implies that the integral of f(x)
is not definite. By virtue of this property F(x) is called the x ax
indefinite integral of f(x).
4. òa dx =
log e a
+ C.

1.2 Properties of Indefinite Integration

5. ò sin x dx = - cos x + C
d é
1.
dx ë ò
f (x)dx ùû = f (x) 6. ò cos x dx = sin x + C
2
d
7. ò sec x dx = tan x + C
2. ò f '(x)dx = ò dx [ f (x)]dx = f (x) + c 2
8. ò cos ec x dx = - cot x + C
3. ò k f (x)dx = k ò f (x) dx , where k is any constant 9. ò sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
10

10. ò cos ec x cot x dx = - cos ec x + C. 1 1

= f (t) = f (x n ) + c
n n
11. ò tan x dx = - log | cos x | +C = log | sec x | + C. (iii) When the integrand is of the form [ f (x)]n . f ´(x), we put
f (x) = t and f ´(x) dx = dt.
12. ò cot x dx = log | sin x | + C
13. ò sec x dx = log | sec x + tan x | + C n n t n +1 [ f (x)]n +1
Thus, ò [ f (x)] f ´(x) dx =ò t dt = n +1
=
n +1
+c

14. ò cos ec x dx = log | cos ec x - cot x | + C

f ´(x)
(iv) When the integrand is of the form , we put
dx f (x)
15. ò = sin -1 x + C ; | x | < 1
2
1- x f (x) = t and f ´(x) dx = dt.

dx
16. ò 1 + x2 = tan -1 x + C f ´( x) dt
Thus, ò dx = ò = log | t |= log| f ( x) | +c
f ( x) t
dx
17. òx = sec-1 | x | + C ; | x | > 1 2.2 Some Special Integrals
2
x -1

dx 1 x
2. INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION 1. ò x 2 + a 2 = a tan
-1
+C
a

2.1 Method of Substitution

dx 1 x -a
2. òx 2
= log
- a 2 2a x+a
+C
By suitable substitution, the variable x in ò f (x) dx is
changed into another variable t so that the integrand f (x) is dx 1 a+x
3. òa 2 2
= log +C
changed into F(t) which is some standard integral or -x 2a a-x
algebraic sum of standard integrals.
There is no general rule for finding a proper substitution dx x
4. ò = sin -1 +C
and the best guide in this matter is experience. a -x2 2 a
However, the following suggestions will prove useful.
If the integrand is of the form f ´ (ax + b), then we put dx
(i) 5. ò = log x + x 2 + a 2 + C
x + a2
2
1
ax + b = t and dx = dt.
a
dx
6. ò = log x + x 2 - a 2 + C
dt x - a2
2

Thus, ò f ´(ax + b) dx = ò f ´(t) a

x 2 a2 x
7. ò a 2 - x 2 dx = a - x 2 + sin -1 + C
1 f (t) f (ax + b) 2 2 a
= ò f ´(t) dt = = +c
a a a
x a2
(ii) When the integrand is of the form x n–1
f ´(x ), we put
n 8. ò x 2 + a 2 dx = x 2 + a 2 + log x + x 2 + a 2 + C
2 2
xn = t and nxn – 1 dx = dt.
x a2
n -1 n dt 1 9. ò x 2 - a 2 dx = x 2 - a 2 - log x + x 2 - a 2 + C
Thus, òx f ´(x )dx = ò f ´(t) = ò f ´(t) dt 2 2
n n
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
11

2.3 Integrals of the Form 2.5 Integrals of the Form

(a) òf a 2 - x 2 dx, px + q px + q
(a) (b) ò dx,
ò ax 2 + bx + c dx, ax 2 + bx + c
(b) òf a 2 + x 2 dx,
(c) ò ( px + q ) ax 2 + bx + c dx
2 2
(c) òf x -a dx,
Working Rule
æa-xö
(d) ò f ç ÷ dx,
èa+xø px + q
(a) ò ax 2 + bx + c dx
Working Rule
Integral Substitution Put px + q = l (2ax + b) + m or
px + q = l (derivative of quadratic) + m.
òf a 2 - x 2 dx, x = a sin q or x = a cos q
Comparing the coefficient of x and constant term on both
sides, we get
òf a 2 + x 2 dx , x = a tan q or x = a cot q
p æ bp ö
2 2 p = 2al and q = bl + m Þ l = and m = ç q - 2a ÷ .Then
ò f x - a dx, x = a sec q or x = a cosec q 2a è ø
integral becomes
æa-xö æa+ xö
ò f çè a + x ÷ø dx or ò f çè a - x ÷ø dx x = a cos 2q
px + q
ò ax 2 + bx + c dx
2.4 Integrals of the Form
p 2ax + b æ bp ö dx
2a ò ax 2 + bx + c
= dx + ç q - ÷ ò 2
dx dx è 2a ø ax + bx + c
(a) ò 2 , (b) ò ,
ax + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c
p æ bp ö dx
= log | ax 2 + bx + c | + ç q - ÷ ò 2
(c) 2
ax + bx + c dx 2a è 2a ø ax + bx + c
ò
Working Rule px + q
(b) ò dx
ax 2 + bx + c
(i) Make the coefficient of x2 unity by taking the
coefficient of x2 outside the quadratic. In this case the integral becomes
(ii) Complete the square in the terms involving x, i.e.
px + q
write ax2 + bx + c in the form Þò dx
ax 2 + bx + c
2 2
éæ b ö ù b - 4ac
a êç x + ÷ ú - . p 2ax + b æ bp ö dx
ëêè 2a ø ûú 4a Þ ò dx + ç q - ÷ ò
2a 2
ax + bx + c è 2a ø 2
ax + bx + c
(iii) The integrand is converted to one of the nine special
integrals. p æ bp ö dx
Þ ax 2 + bx + c + ç q - ÷ ò
(iv) Integrate the function. a è 2a ø ax + bx + c
2

(c) ò (px + q) ax 2 + bx + c dx

The integral in this case is converted to

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
12

2.8 Integrals of the Form

2 p
ò (px + q) ax + bx + c dx = ò 2ax + b ax 2 + bx + c dx
2a
dx
òP , where P, Q are linear or quadratic functions of x.
æ bp ö Q
+ ç q - ÷ ò ax 2 + bx + c dx
è 2a ø Integral Substitution

1
ò (ax + b) dx cx + d = z2
p æ bp ö cx + d
= (ax 2 + bx + c)3 / 2 + ç q - ÷ ò ax 2 + bx + c dx
3a è 2a ø
dx
2.6 Integrals of the Form ò (ax 2 + bx + c) px + q
px + q = z2

P(x) dx
ò dx, where P(x) is a polynomial in x of 1
2
ax + bx + c ò (px + q) ax 2 + bx + c
px + q =
z
degree n ³ 2.
dx 1
Working Rule: ò (ax 2
+ b) cx 2 + d
x= .
z

P(x)
Write ò dx = æ p
1
p
2
p
k ö
2 ç q q q ÷ dx
ax + bx + c 2.9 Integrals of the Form ò R x, x , x ,..., x k
1 2
çç ÷÷
è ø
= (a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + ... + an -1 x n -1 )
p p p
æ 1 2 k ö
2 dx To evaluate ò R ç x, x 1 , x 2 ,..., x
q q q
k ÷ dx where R is a rational
ax + bx + c + k ò
çç ÷÷
ax 2 + bx + c è ø

where k, a0, a1, ... an – 1 are constants to be determined by p

1
p
k
q1 qk
differentiating the above relation and equating the function of its variables x, x ....., x , put x = tn where n is
coefficients of various powers of x on both sides. the L.C.M of the denomination of the fractions
2.7 Integrals of the Form p1/q1, p2/q2,....., pk/qk .

3. INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

x2 +1 x2 -1
ò x 4 + kx 2 + 1 dx or ò x 4 + kx 2 + 1 dx, p( x)
Integrals of the type ò can be integrated by resolving
where k is a constant positive, negative or zero. g ( x)
the integrand into partial fractions. We proceed as follows:
Working Rule
Check degree of p (x) and g (x).
(i) Divide the numerator and denominator by x2. If degree of p (x) > degree of g (x), then divide p (x) by g (x)
till its degree is less, i.e. put in the
1 1
(ii) Put x - = z or x + = z , whichever subsitution, on
p( x) f ( x)
x x form = r ( x) + where degree of f (x) < degree of
differentiation gives, the numerator of the resulting g ( x) g ( x)
integrand. g (x).
(iii) Evaluate the resulting integral in z CASE 1: When the denominator contains non-repeated
(iv) Express the result in terms of x. linear factors. That is
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
13

g (x) = (x – a1) (x – a2) ... (x – an). CASE 5 : If the integrand contains only even powers of x

In such a case write f (x) and g (x) as: (i) Put x2 = z in the integrand.
(ii) Resolve the resulting rational expression in z into
f ( x) A1 A2 An partial fractions
= + + ... +
g ( x ) ( x - a1 ) ( x - a 2 ) (x - an )
(iii) Put z = x2 again in the partial fractions and then
where A1, A2, ... An are constants to be determined by integrate both sides.
comparing the coefficients of various powers of x on both
sides after taking L.C.M. 4. INTEGRATION BY PARTS
CASE 2 : When the denominator contains repeated as well The process of integration of the product of two functions is
as non-repeated linear factor. That is known as integration by parts.
g (x) = (x – a1)2 (x – a3) ... (x – an). For example, if u and v are two functions of x,
In such a case write f (x) and g (x) as:
æ du ö
then ò (uv ) dx = u.ò v dx - ò ç .ò v dx ÷ dx.
f ( x) A1 A2 A3 An è dx ø
= + + + ... +
g ( x ) x - a1 ( x - a1 ) 2 x - a 3 (x - an ) In words, integral of the product of two functions = first function
× integral of the second – integral of (differential of first ×
where A1, A2, ... An are constants to determined by comparing integral of the second function).
the coefficients of various powers of x on both sides after
taking L.C.M. Working Hints
Note : Corresponding to repeated linear factor (x – a)r in the
(i) Choose the first and second function in such a way that
denominator, a sum of r partial fractions of the
derivative of the first function and the integral of the second
A1 A2 Ar function can be easily found.
type + + ... + is taken.
x - a (x - a) 2 (x - a) r n
(ii) In case of integrals of the form ò f (x). x dx, take xn as the
CASE 3 : When the denominator contains a non repeated
first function and f (x) as the second function.
quadratic factor which cannot be factorised further:
g (x) = (ax2 + bx + c) (x – a3) (x – a4) ... (x – an). (iii) In case of integrals of the form ò (log x ) n × 1dx , take 1 as
In such a case express f (x) and g (x) as: the second function and (log x)n as the first function.
f ( x) A1 x + A2 A3 An (iv) Rule of integration by parts may be used repeatedly, if
= + + ... +
g ( x ) ax 2 + bx + c x - a 3 x - an required.
(v) If the two functions are of different type, we can choose the
where A1, A2, ... An are constants to be determined by
first function as the one whose initial comes first in the
comparing the coefficients of various powers of x on both
word “ILATE”, where
sides after taking L.C.M.
I — Inverse Trigonometric function
CASE 4 : When the denominator contains a repeated
quadratic factor which cannot be factorised further: That is L — Logarithmic function
g (x) = (ax2 + bx + c)2 (x – a5) (x – a6) ... (x – an) A — Algebraic function
In such a case write f (x) and g (x) as T — Trigonometric function
E — Exponential function.
f ( x) A x + A2 A3 x + A4 A5 An
= 21 + 2 2
+ + ... + (vi) In case, both the functions are trigonometric, take that
g ( x ) ax + bx + c (ax + bx + c ) x - a5 (x - an )
function as second function whose integral is simple. If
where A1, A2, ... An are constants to be determined by both the functions are algebraic, take that function as first
comparing the coefficients of various powers of x on both function whose derivative is simpler.
sides after taking L.C.M.
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
14

(vii) If the integral consists of an inverse trigonometric function 5. INTEGRATION OF VARIOUS TRIGONOMETRIC
of an algebraic expression in x, first simplify the integrand FUNCTIONS
by a suitable trigonometric substitution and then integrate
the new integrand. 5.1 Integral of the Form

4.1 Integrals of the Form:

dx dx
Where the initial integrand reappears after integrating by
(a) ò a + b cos x (b) ò
a + b sin x
parts.
Working Rule dx
(c) ò a + b cos x + c sin x
(i) Apply the method of integration by parts twice.
(ii) On integrating by parts second time, we will obtain Working Rule
the given integrand again, put it equal to I.
(iii) Transpose and collect terms involving I on one side x x
1 - tan 2 2 tan
and evaluate I. 2 and sin x = 2
(i) Put cos x = so that the given
2 x 2 x
4.2 Integrals of the Form 1 + tan 1 + tan
2 2

x
òe éë f x + f ´ x ùû dx x
integrand becomes a function of tan .
2
Working Rule
(i) Split the integral into two integrals. x 1 2 x
(ii) Put tan = z Þ sec dx = dz
2 2 2
(ii) Integrate only the first integral by parts, i.e.
(iii) Integrate the resulting rational algebraic function of z
x
ò e éë f x + f ´ x ùû dx
x
(iv) In the answer, put z = tan .
2
= ò e x f ( x ) dx + ò e x f ´( x ) dx
5.2 Integrals of the Form
= é f (x).e x - ò f ´(x).e x dx ù + ò e x f ´(x) dx
ë û
dx dx
(a) ò (b) ò
x
= e f (x) + C. a + b cos 2 x a + b sin 2 x

4.3 Integrals of the Form dx

(c) ò
a cos x + b sin x cos x + c sin 2 x
2

ò f ( x ) + xf '( x ) dx
Working Rule
= ò f ( x) dx + ò x f '( x) dx
(i) Divide the numerator and denominator by cos2x.
(ii) In the denominator, replace sec2x, if any, by 1 + tan2x.
= ò f ( x ) dx + é x f ( x) - ò 1. f ( x ) dx ù = xf ( x) + c
ë û (iii) Put tan x = z Þ sec2x dx = dz.
(iv) Integrate the resulting rational algebraic function of z.
(v) In the answer, put z = tan x.
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
15

5.3 Integrals of the Form (iv) Substitute the values of l, m, n found in Step (ii).

5.5 Integrals of the Form

a cos x + b sin x
ò c cos x + d sin x dx
m
ò sin x cos n x dx
Working Role
Working Rule
(i) Put Numerator = l (denominator) + m (derivative of
denominator) (i) If the power of sin x is an odd positive integer, put cos x = t.
a cos x + b sin x = l (c cos x + d sin x) + m (– c sin x + d cos x).
(ii) If the power of cos x is an odd positive integer, put sin x = t.
(ii) Equate coefficients of sin x and cos x on both sides and find
the values of l and m. (iii) If the power of sin x and cos x are both odd positive integers,
put sin x = t or cos x = t.
(iii) Split the given integral into two integrals and evaluate each
integral separately, i.e. (iv) If the power of sin x and cos x are both even positive integers,
then express it as sines or cosines of multiple angles. Further
a cos x + b sin x
ò c cos x + d sin x dx = integrate term by term.
(v) If the sum of powers of sin x and cos x is an even negative
-c sin x + d cos x integer, put tan x = z.
l ò 1dx + m ò dx = l x + m log | c cos x + d sin x | .
c cos x + d sin x
(iv) Substitute the values of l and m found in step 2. 5.6 Integrating ò tan m xsec n xdx

5.4 Integrals of the Form

1. When m is odd and any n, rewrite the integrand in terms of
sin x and cos x:
a + b cos x + csin x
ò e + f cos x + g sin x dx m n
æ sin x ö æ 1 ö
tan m x sec n xdx = ç ÷ ç ÷ dx
Working Rule è cos x ø è cos x ø

(i) Put Numerator = l (denominator) + m (derivative of

sin m -1 x
denominator) + n = sin x dx
cos n + m x
a + b cos x + c sin x = l (e + f cos x + g sin x) + m
( – f sin x + g cos x) + n and then substitute u = cosx., du = - sin x dx
(ii) Equate coefficients of sin x, cos x and constant term on both sides sin2x = 1 – cos2x = 1 – u2.
and find the values of l, m, n.
2. Alternatively, if m is odd and n ³ 1 move one factor of sec x
(iii) Split the given integral into three integrals and evaluate
each integral separately, i.e. tan x to the side so that you can see secx tanx dx in the
integral, and substitute u = sec x. du = sec x tan x dx and
a + b cos x + c sin x tan2x = sec2x - 1 = u2 - 1.
ò e + f cos x + g sin x dx
3. If n is even with n ³ 2, move one factor of sec2x to the side so
that you can see sec2xdx in the integral, and substitute
- f sin x + g cos x dx
= l ò 1dx + m ò dx + n ò u = tan x, du = sec2x dx and sec2x = 1 + tan2x = 1 + u2.
e + f cos x + g sin x e + f cos x + g sin x
4. When m is even and n = 0 – that is the integrand is just an
dx even power of tangent - we can still use the u = tan x
= lx + m log | e + f cos x + g sin x | + n ò dx
e + f cos x + g sin x substitution, after using tan2x = sec2x - 1 (possibly more
than once) to create a sec2x.
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
16

n
6. REDUCTION FORMULA 6.2 Reduction Formula for ò cos x dx

Reduction formuale makes it possible to reduce an integral n n -1

Let I n = ò cos x dx = ò cos x cos x dx
depending on the index n > 0, called the order of the integral,
to an integral of the same type with smaller index. (i.e. To
reduce the integral into similar integral of order less than or nI n = cos n -1 x sin x + (n - 1) I n - 2
greater than given integral). Application of reduction formula
is given with the help of some examples. cos n -1 x sin x n - 1
or ò cos n x dx = + cos n - 2 x dx
n n ò
n
6.1 Reduction Formula for ò sin x dx
n
6.3 Reduction Formula for ò tan x dx
n n -1
Let I n = ò sin x dx = ò sin x sin x dx

I II tan n -1 x
In = - I n- 2
n -1
= - sin n -1 x cos x + ò ( n - 1) sin n - 2 x cos 2 x dx
n tan n -1 x
n -1 n-2 2 ò tan x dx = - ò tan n - 2 x dx
= - sin x cos x + ( n - 1) ò sin x (1 - sin x ) dx n -1

= - sin n -1 x cos x + ( n - 1) ò (sin n - 2 x - sin n x) dx

= - sin n -1 x cos x + (n - 1) I n - 2 - ( n - 1) I n

\ nI n = - sin n -1 x cos x + (n - 1) I n - 2

sin n -1 x cos x n - 1
Þ In = - + In -2
n n

n - sin n -1 x cos x n - 1
Thus, ò sin x dx = + ò sin n - 2 x dx
n n
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION 17

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example – 1 Example – 3

æ 3 7 2 ö x4
Evaluate : ò çè x + 5x 2 - 4 + + ÷ dx Evaluate : ò x 2 + 1 dx
x xø

æ 3 2 7 2 ö x4
Sol. ç x + 5x - 4 + + ÷ dx ò x 2 + 1 dx
ò è x xø
Sol.

7 2 x4 -1+ 1 x 4 -1 1
3 2
= ò x dx + ò 5x dx - ò 4dx + ò dx + ò dx = ò 2 dx = ò x 2 + 1 + x 2 + 1 dx
x x x +1

3 2 1 2 1 x3
= ò x dx + 5 . ò x dx - 4 . ò1 . dx + 7 . ò dx + 2 . ò x -1/ 2 dx = ò (x - 1) dx + ò x 2 + 1 dx = – x + tan–1 x + C
x 3

Example – 4
x4 x3 æ x1/ 2 ö
= + 5. - 4x + 7 log| x | +2 ç ÷+C
4 3 è 1/ 2 ø
2x + 3x
Evaluate : ò 5x dx
x4 5 3
= + x - 4x + 7 log | x | + 4 x + C
4 3 2x + 3x
Sol. ò 5x
dx
Example – 2

æ 2x 3x ö
x log a a log x a log a
= ò çè 5 + ÷ dx
Evaluate : ò e + e + e dx x
5x ø

x x
Sol. We have, é æ 2ö æ3ö ù (2 / 5) x (3 / 5) x
= ò ê +
ç ÷ ç ÷ ú dx = + +C
x log a a log x a log a ëê è 5 ø è 5 ø ûú log e 2 / 5 log e 3 / 5
ò e + e + e dx
x a a Example – 5
= ò elog a + elog x + elog a dx
3
x a a Evaluate : òx sin x 4 dx
= ò (a + x + a ) dx

x
= ò a dx +
a
dx + ò a a dx Sol. We have
òx
3 4
I = ò x sin x dx
ax x a +1
= + + aa . x + C.
log a a + 1 Let x4 = t Þ d(x4) = dt
1
Þ 4x3 dx = dt Þ dx = dt
4x 3

1 cos t cos ( x 4 )
I= sin t dt = - + C
4ò
= - +C
4 4
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION 18

Example – 6 1
= (x + 1) x 2 + 2x + 5 + 2 log |(x + 1) + x 2 + 2x + 5 | + C
2
x
Evaluate : ò x 4 + x 2 + 1 dx Example – 8

Sol. We have, 1
Evaluate : ò x 2 - x + 1 dx
x x
I= ò x 4 + x 2 + 1 dx = ò (x 2 )2 + x 2 + 1 dx
1
Let x2 = t, then, d (x2) = dt
Sol. ò x 2 - x + 1 dx
Þ 2x dx = dt
1
Þ dx =
dt = ò 1 1
dx
x2 - x + - + 1
2x 4 4

x dt
I= ò . 1
2
t + t + 1 2x = ò (x - 1/ 2) 2
dx
+ 3/ 4
1 1
=
2 ò 2
t + t +1
dt
1
= ò 2 dx
(x - 1/ 2) 2 + 3/2
1 1
= ò
2 æ 1 ö æ 3 ö2
2
dt
ç t + ÷ + çç ÷ 1 æ x - 1/ 2 ö
è 2 ø è 2 ÷ø = tan–1 ç ÷ +C
3/2 è 3/2 ø

æ 1ö 2 æ 2x - 1 ö
1 çt+ ÷ = tan–1 ç
1 2÷ 3 ÷ + C.
ç è 3 ø
= . 3 tan–1 ç 3 ÷ +C
2 2 ç ÷
è 2 ø Example – 9

1 æ 2t + 1 ö 1 æ 2x 2 + 1 ö 1
= tan–1 ç ÷ + C = tan–1
ç ÷ + C. Evaluate : ò dx
3 è 3 ø 3 è 3 ø 9 + 8x - x 2

Example – 7
1
Sol. ò 9 + 8x - x 2
dx
Evaluate : ò x 2 + 2x + 5 dx

1
Sol. We have, = ò 2
-{x - 8x - 9}
dx

ò x 2 + 2x + 5
1
= ò 2
-{x - 8x + 16 - 25}
dx
= ò x 2 + 2 x + 1 + 4dx = ò ( x + 1)2 + 2 2 dx

1
1
= (x + 1)
1
(x + 1) + 2 + . (2)2 log |(x + 1)
2 2 = ò -{(x - 4) 2 - 52 }
dx
2 2

+ (x + 1) 2 + 2 2 | + C 1 æ x-4ö
= ò 2
5 - (x - 4) 2
dx = sin–1 ç ÷ +C
è 5 ø
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION 19

Example – 10 2 2
1 11 æ 1ö æ1ö
= ò t dt – ò ç x + ÷ - ç ÷ dx where
2 2 è 2ø è 2ø
2x + 3
Evaluate : ò dx
2
x + 4x + 1 t = x2 + x

éì 2 2 ù
1 t 3/ 2 11 ê ïí 1 æç x + 1 ö÷ æç x + 1 ö÷ - æç 1 ö÷ ú
2x + 3 = . -
Sol. ò dx 2 3/ 2 2 êï 2 è 2ø è 2ø è2ø ú
x 2 + 4x + 1 ëî û

(2x + 4) - 1 é 2 ù
1 ö æ 1 ö üï
2 2
= ò 2
x + 4x + 1
dx 1 æ1ö æ 1ö æ
- . ç ÷ log êç x + ÷ + ç x + ÷ - ç ÷ ýú + C
2 è2ø êè 2ø è 2 ø è 2 ø ïú
ë þû
2x + 4 1
= ò 2
x + 4x + 1
dx – ò 2
dx
1 3/2 11 é 2x + 1 2 1 æ 1ö ù
x + 4x + 1 x + x - ln ç x + ÷ + x 2 + x ú + C
= t – ê
3 2 ë 4 8 è 2 ø û
dt 1
= ò t
– ò 2
2
dx, where t = x2 + 4x + 1
1 2
(x + 2) - 3 = (x + x)3/2
3

=2 t – log | (x + 2) + x 2 + 4x + 1 | + C 11 é 2x + 1 x 2 + x - 1 ln æ x + 1 ö + x 2 + x ù
– ê ç ÷ ú +C
2 ë 4 8 è 2ø û
= 2 x 2 + 4x + 1 – log | x + 2 + x 2 + 4x + 1 | + C

Example – 11 Example – 12

1- x2
Evaluate : ò (x - 5) x 2 + x dx
ò 1 + x2 + x4
dx

d
Sol Let (x – 5) = l . (x2 + x) + m. Then, æ 1ö
dx - ç1 - 2 ÷ dx
x ø
x – 5 = l (2x + 1) + m. Sol. ò è (Dividing numerator and denominator by x 2 )
2 1
x + 2 +1
Comparing coefficients of like powers of x, we get x

1 11
1 = 2l and l + m = – 5 Þ l = and m = – 1
2 2 Put x+ =t
x

ò (x - 5) x 2 + x dx dt
Þ -ò 2
t -1
æ1 11 ö
= ò çè 2 (2x + 1) - 2 ÷ø x 2 + x dx
1 t -1
= - ln +C
2 t +1
1 11
= ò 2 (2x + 1) x 2 + x dx – 2 ò x 2 + x dx
1
x+ -1
1 x
1 11 = - ln +C
= ò (2x + 1) x 2 + x dx – ò x 2 + x dx 2 1
2 2 x + +1
x
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION 20

Example – 13
1 æ u ö 1 1 n- 2
= tan–1 ç ÷ – log +C
2 2 è 2ø 2 2 2 n+ 2
1
Evaluate : ò x 4 + 1 dx
1 æ x - 1/ x ö 1 x + 1/ x - 2
= tan–1 ç ÷– log +C
2 2 è 2 ø 4 2 x + 1/ x + 2
Sol. We have,

1 1 æ x2 -1 ö 1 x2 - 2 x + 1
I= ò x 4 + 1 dx = tan–1 çç ÷÷ – log 2 +C
2 2 è 2xø 4 2 x + x 2 +1

1 Example – 14
x2
Þ I= ò 1
dx
x2 + Evaluate : ò x log(1 + x) dx
x2

2 Sol.
1 2
ò x log(1+ x) dx
II I
Þ I= ò x dx
2 x2 + 1
x2 x2 1 x2
= log (x + 1) .
2
– ò x +1 . 2
dx

1 1
1+ 2 1- 2 x2 1 x2
1 x - x dx
Þ I= ò
2 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
=
2
log (x + 1) –
2 ò x + 1 dx
x2 x2
x2 1 x 2 -1 + 1
=
2
log (x + 1) –
2 ò x +1
dx
1 1
1+ 2 1- 2
1 x 1 x dx x2 1 x2 -1 1
Þ I= ò dx – ò = log (x + 1) – ò + dx
2 x2 + 1 2 x2 + 1 2 2 x +1 x +1
x2 x2
x2 1é æ 1 ö ù
= log (x + 1) – ê ò ç (x - 1) + ÷ dx
2 2ë è x + 1 ø úû
1
1+
1 x2 2
Þ I= ò
2 æ 1ö
2 dx
=
x2
log (x + 1) –
1 éx ù
ê - x + log | x + 1|ú + C
çx - ÷ +2 2 2 ë2 û
è xø
Example – 15
1
1-
1 x2 sin -1 x - cos -1 x
Þ I=–
2
ò æ 1 ö2 dx Evaluate ò sin -1 dx
çx + ÷ -2 x + cos -1 x
è xø

1 1 sin -1 x - cos -1 x
Putting x – = u in 1st integral and x + = n in 2nd Sol. ò sin -1 dx
x x x + cos -1 x
integral, we get
sin -1 x - ( p / 2 - sin -1 x )
=ò dx
1 du 1 dn p/ 2
I= ò 2
- ò 2
2 u + 2
2 2 n - 2
2
{Q sin–1 q + cos–1 q = p/2}.
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION 21

2
I= (2 sin -1 x - p / 2) dx Sol. Given, òf x dx = ψ x
pò
Þ

5 3
Let I= ò x f x dx
4
I = ò sin -1 x dx - ò 1.dx
p
put x 3 = t
4
I= sin -1 x dx - x + c
pò
... (i)
dt
Þ x 2 dx = ....(i)
3
Let x = sin2 q, then dx = 2 sin q cos q dq = sin 2q dq
-1
\ ò sin x dx = ò q .sin 2 q dq 1
\I = t f t dt
3ò
I II

applying integration by parts

-1 cos 2q 1 1é ìd ü ù
ò sin x dx = -q .
2
+ ò cos 2q dq
2
= êt ò f t dt - ò í t
3ë î dt
ò f (t) dt ýþ dt úû
-q 1 [Integration by parts]
= .cos 2q + sin 2q
2 4
1é
-1. q 1 = tψ t - ò ψ t dt ù
= . (1 - 2 sin 2 q) + .sin q . 1 - sin 2 q 3ë û
2 2

-1 -1 1 1
= sin x (1 - 2x) + . x 1 - x ... (ii) = é x 3 ψ x3 - 3ò x 2 ψ x3 dx ù + c from ....(i)
2 2 3ë û

from (i) and (ii)

1
= x 3 ψ x3 - ò x 2 ψ x 3 dx + c
4 ì -1 -1 1 ü 3
I= í (sin x ) (1 - 2x) + x 1- x ý - x + c
pî2 2 þ
Example – 17
2
= { x - x 2 - (1 - 2x) sin -1 x} - x + c
p
Evaluate ò elog x + sin x cos x dx.
Example – 16
Sol. e log x + sin x cos x dx
ò
5 3
If ò f x dx = y x , then ò x f x dx is equal to
I = ò ( x + sin x) cos x dx
1é 3
(a) x y x 3 - ò x 2 y x3 dx ù + C
3ë û
1
I = ò x cos x dx + sin2 x dx
2ò
1 3
(b) x y x 3 - 3ò x3 y x 3 dx + C
3
1
= x sin x - ò sin x + x - cos 2 x + c
1 3 3 2 3 4
(c) x y x - ò x y x dx + C
3
1
1é 3 = x sin x + cos x - cos 2 x + c
(d) x y x 3 - ò x3 y x3 dx ù + C 4
3ë û

Ans. (c)
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION 22

Example – 18 1 2x
\I = e tan x + c
2
Evaluate
Example – 19
x æ 1 + sin x cos x ö æ 1 + sin 2x ö
2x
(i) ò e ç ÷ dx (ii) ò e ç ÷ dx
è cos 2 x ø è 1 + cos 2x ø x - 1 ex
Evaluate ò x +1
3
dx.

æ 1 + sin x cos x ö
Sol. (i) I = ò e x ç ÷ dx
è cos 2 x ø ex
Ans. 2
+c
x +1
ì 1 sin x cos x ü
I = ò ex í 2 + ý dx
î cos x cos2 x þ
Sol. ( x - 1)e x ( x + 1 - 2)e x
I=ò dx = ò ( x + 1)3 dx
I = ò e x {tan x + sec2 x}dx ( x + 1)3

M–I : I = ò e x .tan x dx + ò e x (sec2 x ) dx é 1 -2 ù

II I = ò ex ê 2
+ ú dx
ë ( x + 1) ( x + 1)3 û
I = tan x . e x - ò sec 2 x.e x dx + ò e x .sec2 x dx + c
Q ò e x f (x) + f '(x) dx = e x f (x) + c
I = ex tan x + c.

M–II : ò ex f (x) + f '(x) dx = ex f (x) + c =

ex
+c
( x + 1) 2
= e x tan x + c
Example – 20
ì 1 + sin 2x ü
(ii) I = ò e 2x í ý dx
î1 + cos 2x þ 3x - 5
Evaluate ò (3x - 2) (x + 1) 2
dx
ì1 + 2 sin x cos x ü
= ò e 2x í ý dx
î 2 cos 2 x þ
3x - 5 A B C
Sol. Let 2
= + +
ì 1 2sin x cos x ü (3x - 2) (x + 1) 3x - 2 x + 1 (x + 1) 2
= ò e 2x í 2
+ ý dx
î 2 cos x 2 cos 2 x þ
\ 3x – 5 = A (x + 1)2 + B (3x – 2) (x + 1) + C (3x – 2)
ì1 ü
= ò e 2x í sec2 x + tan x ý dx
î 2 þ 2 27
Putting x = , we get A = -
3 25
1 2x
M–I : I = ò e2x .tan x dx + e .sec2 x dx
II I 2ò 8
Putting x = –1, we get C = ;
5
e 2x e2x 1
= tan x . - ò sec 2 x. dx + ò e 2x .sec 2 x dx
2 2 2
9
Putting x = 0, we get B =
1 25
I = e 2x .tan x + c .
2
é 27 1 9 1 8 1 ù
1 \ I = ò ê- . + . + . 2 ú
dx
M–II : I = ò e 2x 2 tan x + sec2 x dx ë 25 3x - 2 25 (x + 1) 5 (x + 1) û
2

Q ò eg(x) f (x).g '(x) + f '(x) dx = eg(x) f (x) + c 9 9 8 1

=- log | 3x - 2 | + log | x + 1 | - . +c.
25 25 5 (x + 1)
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION 23

Example – 21
x4 1
\ 2
= x +1+
(x - 1) (x + 1) (x - 1) (x 2 + 1)
dx
Evaluate ò (x - 1) (x 2
+ 1)
x4 dx
\ ò (x - 1) (x 2 + 1) dx = ò (x + 1) dx+ ò (x - 1) (x 2 + 1)
1 A Bx + C
Sol. Let = + 2
2
(x - 1) (x + 1) x - 1 x + 1 x2 æ 1 x 1 1 ö÷
= + x +çò - - dx
2 ç 2(x - 1) 2 x 2 + 1 2 x 2 + 1 ÷
è ø
A(x 2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x - 1)
=
(x - 1) (x 2 + 1) (By Partial Fraction)

or 1 = A (x2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x – 1) x2 1 1 1
= + x + log | x - 1| - log | x 2 + 1 | - tan -1 x + c
2 2 4 2
1
Putting x = 1, we get A = ;
2 Example – 23

1
Putting x = 0, we get A – C = 1 \ C = A - 1 = - x 3 + 3x + 2
2 Evaluate ò (x 2 + 1)2 (x + 1) dx
Putting x = –1, we get 2A – 2 (–B + C) = 1

æ 1ö 1
or 1 + 2B – 2 ç - ÷ = 1 \B = - x (x 2 + 1) + 2 (x + 1)
è 2ø 2 Sol. I = ò dx
(x 2 + 1)2 (x + 1)

1 1 1 x +1
Now = - . x dx
(x - 1) (x 2 + 1) 2(x - 1) 2 x 2 + 1 =ò dx + 2 ò ... (1)
(x 2 + 1) (x + 1) (1 + x 2 ) 2

dx 1 1 x 1 dx
\ ò (x - 1) (x 2
=ò dx - òx 2
dx - ò 2 x A Bx + C
+ 1) 2(x - 1) 2 +1 2 x +1 Let = +
(1 + x) (1 + x ) 1 + x 1 + x 2
2

1 1 1 \ x = A (1 + x2) + (Bx + C) (1 + x)
= log | x - 1 | - log (x 2 + 1) - tan -1 x + c
2 4 2
1
Putting x = –1, we get A = -
Example – 22 2

x4 1
Putting x = 0, we get, 0 = A + C Þ C = -A =
Find ò (x - 1) (x 2 + 1) dx 2
Putting x = 1, we get 1 = 2A + 2(B + C)

x +1 1
3 2 4
= 2A + 2B + 2C = –1 + 2B + 1 \ B =
Sol. x - x + x - 1 x 2

x 4 - x 3 + x 2 - x,
æ 1 1ö
+ - + ç x+ ÷
x 1 2 2
x3 - x 2 + x \ ò (1 + x) (1 + x 2 ) dx = ò çç - 2(1 + x) + 1 + x 2 ÷÷ dx
ç ÷
x3 - x 2 + x - 1 è ø
+ - +
1 1 1 x 1 dx
=- log | 1 + x | + ò dx + ò
2 2 1 + x2 2 1+ x2
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION 24

1 1 1 1 A B C
=- log | 1 + x | + log (1 + x 2 ) + tan -1 x Let = + +
... (2) (1 - y) (1 + y) (1 + 2y) 1 - y 1 + y 1 + 2y
2 4 2

dx A(1 + y) (1 + 2y) + B (1 - y) (1 + 2y) + C (1 - y) (1 + y)

To evaluate : ò (1 + x 2 2
, put x = tan q =
) (1 - y) (1 + y) (1 + 2y)

\ 1 = A (1 + y) (1 + 2y) + B (1 – y) (1 + 2y) + C (1 – y) (1+y)

dx sec 2 q
Then, ò = dq
(1 + x 2 )2 ò (1 + tan 2 q) 2 1 1 4
Putting y = 1, we get A = ; putting y = - , we get C =
6 2 3
1 + cos 2q
= ò cos 2 qdq = ò dq
2 1
Putting y = –1, we get B = -
2
1 é sin 2q ù 1
= q+ = [q + sin q cos q]
2 êë 2 úû 2 é 1
Now I = - ò ê
1 4 ù
- + ú dy
ë 6 (1 - y) 2 (1 + y) 3 (1 + 2y) û
1 é -1 x 1 ù
= ê tan x + . ú
2ë 1 1 2
1+ x2 1+ x2 û = - log|1 - y | + log | 1 + y | - log |1 + 2y | +c
6 2 3
1 1 x
= tan -1 x + 1 1
2 2 1+ x2 = - log (1 - cos x) + log (1 + cos x)
6 2
Now from (1),
2
3 1 1 x - log | 1 + 2 cos x | +c
I = tan -1 x - log | 1 + x | + log (1 + x 2 ) + +c 3
2 2 4 1+ x2
Example – 25
Example – 24

Evaluate ò sin -11/ 3 x cos -1/ 3 x dx

dx
Evaluate ò
sin x + sin 2x
-11/ 3
Sol. Here, ò sin x, cos -1/ 3 x dx
Sol. Let the given integral be I, then
i.e., æ 11 1 ö
dx dx ç - - ÷ = -4
I=ò =ò è 3 3ø
sin x + 2sin x cos x sin x(1 + 2 cos x)

cos -1/ 3
sin x dx sin xdx \ I=ò -1/ 3 4
dx = ò (cot -1/ 3 x) (cosec2 x)2 .dx
=ò 2 =ò 2
sin x .sin x
sin x(1 + 2 cos x) (1 - cos x) (1 + 2 cos x)

Put cos x = y so that –sin x dx = dy. I = ò (cot -1/ 3 x) (1 + cot 2 x) cosec2 x dx.

-dy {let cot x = t, –cosec2 x dx = dt}

\ I=ò
(1 - y 2 ) (1 + 2y)
= - ò t -1/ 3 (1 + t 2 ) dt = - ò (t -1/ 3 + t 5 / 3 ) dt

dy
= -ò ì3 3 ü
(1 - y) (1 + y) (1 + 2y) = - í t 2 / 3 + t8 / 3 ý + c
î 2 8 þ

1
Now we break (1 - y) (1 + y) (1 + 2y) into partial fractions ì3 3 ü
= - í (cot 2 / 3 x) + (cot8 / 3 x) ý + c .
î2 8 þ
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION 25

Example – 26
-3sin x + 2cos x
= m ò 1 . dx + l ò dx
3cos x + 2sin x
1
Evaluate : ò 1 + sin x + cos x dx
dt
=mx+l ò t
, where t = 3 cos x + 2 sin x

1 = m x + l ln | t | + C
Sol. I = ò 1 + sin x + cos x dx
12 -5
= x+ ln | 3 cos x + 2 sin x | + C
13 13
1
= ò dx
2 tan x / 2 1 - tan 2 x / 2 Example – 28
1+ +
1 + tan 2 x / 2 1 + tan 2 x / 2
3cos x + 2
Evaluate : ò sin x + 2 cos x + 3 dx
1 + tan 2 x / 2
= ò 1 + tan 2 x / 2 + 2 tan x / 2 + 1 - tan 2 x / 2 dx Sol. We have,

3cos x + 2
sec 2 x / 2 I= ò sin x + 2 cos x + 3 dx
=ò dx
2 + 2 tan x / 2
Let 3 cos x + 2 = l (sin x + 2 cos x + 3) +
x 1 x m (cos x – 2 sin x) + n
Putting tan = t and sec2 dx = dt, we get
2 2 2
Comparing the coefficients of sin x, cos x and constant term
on both sides, we get
1 x
I= ò t + 1 dt = log | t + 1| + C = log tan
2
+1 + C l – 2m = 0, 2l + m = 3, 3l + n = 2

6 3 8
Example – 27 Þ l= , m = and n = –
5 5 5

3sin x + 2 cos x l(sin x + 2 cos x + 3) + m(cos x - 2 sin x) + n

Evaluate : ò 3cos x + 2 sin x dx \ I= dx
ò sin x + 2 cos x + 3

3sin x + 2 cos x cos x - 2sin x

Sol. I = ò 3cos x + 2 sin x dx Þ I = l ò dx + m ò sin x + 2 cos x + 3 dx +
d 1
Let 3 sin x + 2 cos x = l. (3 cos x + 2 sin x ) +
dx n ò sin x + 2 cos x + 3 dx
m (3 cos x + 2 sin x) Þ I = l x + m log | sin x + 2 cos x + 3 | + n I1, where
Þ 3 sin x + 2 cos x = l (–3 sin x + 2 cos x) +
1
m (3 cos x + 2 sin x ) I1 = ò sin x + 2 cos x + 3 dx
Comparing the coefficients of sin x and cos x on both sides,
we get
2 tan x / 2 1 - tan 2 x / 2
– 3l + 2m = 3 and 2l + 3m = 2 Putting, sin x = , cos x = we get
1 + tan 2 x / 2 1 + tan 2 x / 2
12 5
Þ m= and l = – 1
13 13 I1 = ò dx
2 tan x / 2 2(1 - tan 2 x / 2)
+ +3
l(-3sin x + 2 cos x) + m(3cos x + 2sin x) 1 + tan 2 x / 2 1 + tan 2 x / 2
\ I= ò dx
3cos x + 2sin x
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION 26

Example – 30
1 + tan 2 x / 2
=ò dx
2 tan x / 2 + 2 - 2 tan 2 x / 2 + 3(1 + tan 2 x / 2)
Evaluate ò sin 3 x.cos 5 x dx

sec 2 x / 2
= ò tan 2
x / 2 + 2 tan x / 2 + 5
dx
Sol. I = ò sin 3 x.cos5 x dx

Put tan x / 2 = t Let cos x = t Þ – sin x dx = dt

1 I = - ò (1 - t 2 ) . t 5 .dt
sec 2 x / 2. dx = dt
2
t8 t 6
2 dt dt I = ò t 7 dt - ò t 5 dt = - +c
sec x / 2dx = 2dt = 2ò 2 = 2ò 2 2
8 6
t + 2t + 5 t +1 + 2
cos8 x cos6 x
I= - +c
æ t +1 ö 8 6
= tan -1 ç ÷+C
è 2 ø
Method II: I = ò R 3 (1 - R 2 ) 2 dR, if sin x = R, cos x dx = dR.

æ æ xö ö
ç tan ç 2 ÷ + 1 ÷ I = ò R 3 dR - ò 2R 5 dR + ò R 7 dR
= 2 tan -1 ç è ø ÷+C
ç 2 ÷
ç
è
÷
ø sin 4 x 2sin 6 x sin 8 x
I= - + +c
4 6 8
Example – 29
Example – 31

1 sin x Evaluate
Integrate or .
1 - cot x sin x - cos x
1
sin x
(i) ò sin (x - a) cos (x - b) dx
Sol. Let I = ò dx
sin x - cos x
1
Again, let sin x = A(cos x + sin x) + B(sin x - cos x) then
(ii) ò cos (x - a) cos (x - b) dx
A + B = 1 and A - B = 0

1 1 1
Þ A= ,B = Sol. (i) I = ò dx
2 2 sin (x - a) cos (x - b)

1 1 cos (a - b) dx
(cos x + sin x) + (sin x - cos x) I= .ò
\I = ò 2 2 dx cos (a - b) sin (x - a) cos (x - b)
(sin x - cos x)
1 cos {(x - b) - (x - a)}
1 cos x + sin x 1 = .ò dx
= ò dx + ò 1dx + c cos (a - b) sin (x - a) cos (x - b)
2 sin x - cos x 2
1
=
cos (a - b)
1 1
= log(sin x - cos x) + x + c
2 2
ì cos (x - b) . cos (x - a) sin (x - b) . sin (x - a) ü
.ò í + ý dx
î sin (x - a) cos (x - b) sin (x - a) cos (x - b) þ
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION 27

1 sin t cosα+cos t sin α

I= ò dt
cos (a - b) ò
I= {cot (x - a) + tan (x - b)} dx
sin t

1 = ò cos α dt + ò sin α cot t dt

I= {log | sin (x - a) | - log | cos (x - b) |} + c
cos (a - b)
= t cos α + sinα ln sin t + c

1 sin (x - a) = x - α cos α +sinα ln sin x - α + c

I= log e +c
cos (a - b) cos (x - b)
Þ A = cos α, B=sin α
1
(ii) I=ò dx Example – 33
cos (x - a) cos (x - b)

dx
=
1 sin (a - b) dx ò cos x - sin x is equal to
sin (a - b) ò cos (x - a) cos (x - b)
1 æ x 3p ö
(a) log tan ç - ÷ + C
1 sin {(x - b) - (x - a)} 2 è2 8 ø
= ò dx
sin (a - b) cos (x - a) cos (x - b) 1 æxö
(b) log cot ç ÷ + C
2 è2ø
1 ì sin (x - b) cos (x - a) cos (x - b) sin (x - a) ü
=
sin (a - b) ò î cos (x - a) cos (x - b) cos (x - a) cos (x - b) þ
í - ý dx 1 æ x pö
(c) log tan ç - ÷ + C
2 è2 8ø
1 1 æ x 3p ö
sin (a - b) ò
= {tan (x - b) - tan (x - a)} dx (d) log tan ç + ÷ + C
2 è2 8 ø
Ans. (d)
1 dx 1 dx
= [–log |cos (x–b)| + log | cos (x–a)|] + c
sin (a - b)
Sol. ò cos x - sin x = 2
ò æ πö
cos ç x + ÷
è 4ø
1 é cos (x - a) ù dx 1
= êlog ú+c
sin (a - b) ë cos (x - b) û ò cos x - sin x = 2
æ πö 1 æ x 3π ö
Example – 32
ò sec çè x + 4 ÷ø dx = 2
log tan ç + ÷ + c
è2 8 ø
sin x Example – 34
If ò sin x -a
dx = Ax + B log sin (x – a) + C, then the

value of (A, B) is sin8 x - cos8 x

ò dx is equal to:
(a) (–sin a, cos a) (b) (cos a, sin a) 1 - 2sin 2 x cos 2 x
(c) (sin a, cos a) (d) (–cos a, sin a)
Ans. (b) 1 1
(a) sin 2x + c (b) - sin 2x + c
2 2
sin x
So ò sin dx
x-α 1
(c) - sin x + c (d) - sin2 x + c
2
Let x - α = t Þ x = t + α Þ dx = dt
Ans. (b)
sin t+α 8 8
I= ò dt
Sol. = sin x - cos x dx
sin t ò 1- 2sin2 x cos2 x
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION 28

sin 4 x - cos 4 x sin 4 x + cos 4 x (t 2 + 1) 2t dt

=ò dx I= ò {(t 2
- 1) 2 + 3(t 2 - 1) + 3} t 2
1 - 2sin 2 x cos 2 x

sin 2 x - cos 2 x 1 - 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x 1

=ò dx 1+
2
1 - 2 sin x cos x 2 (t 2 + 1) t2
Þ I=2 ò 4 2
t + t +1
dt = 2 ò 2 1 dt
t + 2 +1
t
= ò - cos 2x dx

-1 du 1
= sin 2 x + c
2 Þ I=2 ò 2¢ where t –
t
= u.
u2 + 3
Example – 35

x+2 ì 1ü
Evaluate : ò (x 2 + 3x + 3) dx 2 æ u ö ït - ï
2
x +1 Þ I= tan–1 ç ÷ +C= tan–1 í t ý + C
3 è 3ø 3 ï 3 ï
î þ
x+2
Sol. Let I = ò (x 2 + 3x + 3) x +1
dx
2 æ t2 -1 ö 2 ìï x üï
2
Þ I= tan–1 çç ÷÷ + C = tan–1 í ý +C
Putting x + 1 = t , and dx = 2t dt, we get 3 èt 3ø 3 ïî 3 (x + 1) þï
150 INTEGRALS

08
INTEGRALS
INTEGRALS 151

Chapter at a Glance
 Integration is the inverse process of differentiation.
d
Let F  x   f  x  . Then, we write  f  x  dx  F  x   C.
dx
These integrals are called indefinite integrals or general integrals, C is called constant of integration. All these integrals
differ by a constant.
 From the geometric point of view, an indefinite integral is collection of family of curves, each of which is obtained by
translating one of the curves parallel to itself upwards or downwards along the y -axis.
 Some properties of indefinite integrals are as follows:
(i)   f  x   g  x  dx   f  x  dx   g  x  dx
(ii) For any real number k ,  k f  x  dx  k  f  x  dx

More generally,   k1 f1  x   k2 f2  x   ...  kn fn  x  dx  k1  f1  x  dx  k 2  f 2  x  dx  ...  k n  f n  x  dx

 Some standard integrals
x n 1 dx 1
(i) x
n
dx 
n 1
 C , n  1. (x)  1  x 2  tan xC

dx
Particularly,  dx  x  C (xi)    cot 1 x  C
1  x2
(ii)  cos x dx  sin x  C x x
(xii)  e dx  e C
(iii)  sin xdx   cos x  C
x ax
(xiii)  a dx  C
(iv)  sec 2 x dx  tan x  C log a

(v)  co sec 2 x dx   cot x  C dx

(xiv) x  sec1 x  C
2
x 1
(vi)  sec x tan x dx  sec x  C
dx
(xv) x   cos ec 1 x  C
(vii)  sec x tan xdx  sec x  C 2
x 1
dx 1
(viii)   sin 1 x  C (xvi)  x dx  log | x | C
2
1 x
dx
(ix)    cos 1 x  C
2
1 x

 Integration by partial fractions

P  x
Recall that a rational function is ratio of two polynomials of the form , where P  x  and Q  x  are polynomials in x
Q  x
and Q  x   0.
If degree of the polynomial P  x  is greater than the degree of the polynomial Q  x  , then we may divide P  x  by Q  x 
P  x P  x
so that  T  x  1 , where T  x  is a polynomial in x and degree of P1  x  is less than the degree of Q  x  .
Q  x Q  x
T  x  being polynomial can be easily integrated.
P1  x  P  x
can be integrated by expressing 1 as the sum of partial fractions of the following type:
Q  x Q  x
152 INTEGRALS

px  q A B
  ,a  b
 x  a   x  b x  a x  b
px  q A B
2
 
 x  a x  a  x  a 2

px2  qx  r A B C
  
 x  a   x  b  x  c x  a x  b x  c
px 2  qx  r A B C
2
  
 x  a  x  b x  a  x  a 2 x  c

px 2  qx  r A Bx  c
  2 , where x   bx  c cannot be factorized further.
 x  a x 2
 bx  c  x  a x  bx  c

 Integration by substitution: A change in the variable of integration often reduces an integral to one of the fundamental
integrals. The method in which we change the variable to some other variable is called the method of substitution. When the
integrand involves some trigonometric functions, we use some well known identities to find the integrals. Using substitution
technique, we obtain the following standard integrals.
(i)  tan xdx  log sec x  C
(ii)  cot x dx  log sin x  C

(iii)  sec x dx  log sec x  tan x  C

(iv)  cos x dx  log cosec x  cot x  C

 Integrals of some special functions
dx 1 xa
(i)  2 2
 log C
x a 2a xa
dx 1 xa
(ii)  a 2  x2  2a log x  a  C
dx 1 1 x
(iii)  x2  a 2  a tan a
C

dx
(iv)   log x  x 2  a2  C
2 2
x a
dx x
(v)   sin 1 C
a2  x2 a
dx
(vi)   log x  x2  a2  C
2 2
x a
 Integration by parts
d 
For given functions f1 and f 2 , we have  f1  x  . f 2  x  dx  f1  x   f 2  x  dx   dx f1  x  . f2  x  dx  dx,
i.e., the integral of the product of two functions = first function  integral of the second function - integral of {differential
coefficient of the first function  integral of the second function}.
Care must be taken in choosing the first function and the second function.
Obviously, we must take that function as the second function whose integral is well known to us.
One of the applications of the integration by parts is as follows:
x x
 e  f  x   f '  x  dx   e f  x  dx  C
INTEGRALS 153

 Some special types of integrals

2
x a
(i)  x 2  a 2 dx  2
x a 
2
log x 
2
x a C
2

2 2
2
x a
(ii)  x 2  a 2 dx  2
x a 
2
log x 
2
x a
2
C
2 2
2
2 2 x 2 2 a 1 x
(iii)  a  x dx  x a  sin C
2 2 a
dx dx
(iv) Integrals of the types  ax 2  bx  c or  can be transformed into standard form by expressing
2
ax  bx  c
 2
 b c b   c b2  
ax 2  bc  c  a  x 2  x    a  x     
 a a  2a   a 4a 2  

 px  q  dx  px  q  dx
(v) Integrals of the types  ax 2  bx  c or  can be transformed into standard form by expressing
ax 2  bx  c
d
px  q  A
dx
 
ax 2  bx  c  B  A  2ax  b   B, where A and B are determined by comparing coefficients on both sides.
b
 We have defined a f  x  dx as the area of the region bounded by the curve y  f  x  , a  x  b, the x -axis and the
b
ordinates x  a and x  b. Let x be a given point in  a, b . Then a f  x  dx represents the Area function A  x  . This
concept of area function leads to the Fundamental Theorems of Integral Calculus.
 First fundamental theorem of integral calculus
x
Let the area function be defined by A  x    f  x  dx for all x  a, where the function f is assumed to be continuous on
a

 a, b . Then A '  x   f  x  for all x   a, b  .

 Second fundamental theorem of integral calculus
Let f be a continuous function of x defined on the closed interval  a, b  and let F be another function such that
d b b
F  x   f  x  for all x in the domain of f , then  f  x  dx   F  x   C   F  b   F  a  .
dx a a

 This is called the definite integral of f over the range  a, b , where a and b are called the limits of integration, a being
the lower limit and b the upper limit.
154 INTEGRALS

Solved Examples
Example–1 1
1 2 1
Find the following integrals (iii) Derivative of x is
x  .
2 2 x
(i)   sin x  cos x dx Thus, we use the substitution
(ii)  cos ecx  cos ecx  cot x dx x  t so that
1
dx  dt
1  sin x 2 x
(iii)  dx (NCERT) giving dx  2t dt .
cos 2 x
Sol. (i) We have tan 4 x sec 2 x
Thus,  dx
  sin x  cos x dx   sin x dx   cos x dx x
  cos x  sin x  C 2t tan 4 t sec 2 t dt
  2  tan 4 t sec2 t dt
(ii) We have t
Again, we make another substitution tan t  u so that
  cosec x  cosec x  cot x  dx
sec2 dt dt  du
  cosec 2 x dx   cosec x cot x dx
u5
  cot x  cos ecx  C Therefore, 2  tan 4 t sec 2 t dt  2  u 4 du  2 C
(iii) We have 5
1  sin x 1 sin x 2 5
 tan t  C  since u  tan t 
 cos2 x dx   cos2 xdx   cos2 xdx 5
2
  sec 2 x dx   tan x sec x dx  tan5 x  C since t  x
5
 
 tan x  sec x  C .
tan 4 x sec 2 x 2
Example–2 Hence,  dx  tan 5 x  C .
x 5
Integrate the following functions w.r.t. x:
Alternatively, make the substitution
(i) sin mx 
(ii) 2 x sin x 2  1  tan x  t

(iii)
tan 4 x sec 2 x
(iv)

sin tan 1
x  (iv) Derivative of tan 1 x 
1
. Thus, we use the
x 1  x2 1  x2
substitution
(NCERT)
dx
Sol. tan 1 x  t so that  dt
(i) We know that derivative of mx is m . Thus, we 1  x2
make the substitution mx  t so that mdx  dt Therefore,
Therefore, 
sin tan 1 x  dx 
1  1 x 2  sin t dt
 sin mx dx  m  sin t dt
1

  cos t  C   cos tan 1 x  C 
  cos t  C Example–3
m
1 Find the following integrals
  cos mx  C sin x
3
m (i)  sin x cos 2 x dx (ii)  sin  x  a  dx
(ii) Derivative of x 2  1 is 2x . Thus, we use the
1
substitution x 2  1  t so that 2x dx  dt . (iii)  1  tan xdx
Therefore,
Sol. We have
2
 
 2 x sin x  1 dx   sin t dt 3 2 2 2
 sin x cos x dx   sin x cos x  sin x  dx
 
  cos t  C   cos x 2  1  C   1  cos2 x  cos 2 x  sin x  dx
INTEGRALS 155

Put t  cos x so that dt   sin x dx Example–4

2
Find: (i)  cos x dx (ii)  sin 2 x cos 3 x dx
Therefore,  sin
2
 
x cos 2 x  sin x  dx    1  t 2 t 2 dt
3
(iii)  sin x dx . (NCERT)
 t3 t5 
 2 4

   t  t dt       C Sol. Recall the identity
3 5
1 1 cos 2 x  2 cos 2 x  1, which gives
  cos3 x  cos5 x  C 1  cos 2 x
3 5 cos 2 x 
(ii) Put x  a  t . Then dx  dt . 2
Therefore Therefore,
sin  t  a  2 1
sin x
 sin  x  a  dx   sin t dt  cos x dx  2  1  cos 2 x  dx
1 1
sin t cos a  cos t sin a   dx   cos 2 x dx
 dt 2 2
sin t x 1
  sin 2 x  C
 cos a  dt  sin a  cot t dt 2 4
(ii) Recall the identity
  cos a  t   sin a  log sin t  C1 
1
sin x cos y  sin  x  y   sin  x  y  
  cos a  x  a    sin a  log sin  x  a   C1  2
 x cos a  a cos a   sin a  log sin  x  a   C1 sin a Then  sin 2 x cos 3 x dx

sin x 1
 sin 5 x dx   sin x dx 
 sin  x  a  dx 2 
Hence,

1 1 
 x cos a  sin a log sin  x  a   C ,    cos 5 x  cos x   C
2 5 
where, C  C1 sin a  a cos a, is another arbitrary
1 1
constant.  cos 5 x  cos x  C
10 2
dx cos x dx
(iii)  1  tan x   cos x  sin x (iii) From the identity sin 3 x  3sin x  4 sin 3 x,
3sin x  sin 3x
1  cos x  sin x  cos x  sin x  dx we find that sin 3 x 
  4
2 cos x  sin x
3 1
1 1 cos x  sin x Therefore,  sin3 x dx   sin x dx   sin 3 x dx
  dx   dx 4 4
2 2 cos x  sin x
3 1
x C 1 cos x  sin x   cos x  cos 3 x  C .
  1  dx …(1) 4 12
2 2 2 cos x  sin x
cos x  sin x Example–5
Now, consider I   dx
cos x  sin x dx dx
Put cos x  sin x  t so that Find: (i)  x 2  16 (ii)  (NCERT)
2 x  x2
 cos x  sin x  dx  dt Sol.
Therefore dx dx 1 x4
dt
I    log t  C2  log cos x  sin x  C2
(i)  x2  16   x2  42  log
8 x4
C
t
dx dx
Putting it in (1), we get (ii)  
2 2
dx x C 1 C 2x  x 1   x  1
 1  tan x  2  21  2 log cos x  sin x  22 Put x  1  t . Then dx  dt .
x 1 C C dx dt
  log cos x  sin x  1  2 Thus,    sin 1  t   C
2 2 2 2 2x  x 2
1 t 2

x 1  C C 
  log cos x  sin x  C ,  C  1  2   sin 1  x  1  C .
2 2  2 2 
156 INTEGRALS

Example–6 (iii) We have

Find the following integrals dx dx
 
dx dx 2
5x  2 x  2x 
(i)  2 (ii)  3x 2  13x  10 5  x2  
x  6 x  13  5 
dx 1 dx
(iii)  (NCERT) 
5x2  2 x 5  2 2
(completing the square)
 1 1
Sol.  x  
  
 5 5
(i) We have
1
x 2  6 x  13  x 2  6 x  32  32  13 Put x   t . Then dx  dt .
2
5
  x  3  4 dx 1 dt
Therefore,  
dx 1 2
5x  2 x 5 1
2
So,  x2  6 x  13    x  32  22 dx t2   
5
Let x  3  t . Then dx  dt 2
1 1
dx dt  log t  t 2     C
Therefore,  x 2  6 x  13   t 2  22 5 5

1 t 1 x3 1 1 2x
 tan 1  C  tan 1 C  log x   x 2  C .
2 2 2 2 5 5 5
(ii) We write the denominator of the integrand,
Example–7
 13x 10 
3x 2  13 x  10  3  x 2    Find the following integrals
 3 3 x2
2 2
(i)  2 dx
 13   17   2x  6x  5
 3  x       (Completing the square)
6   6   x3
 (ii)  dx (NCERT)
dx 1 dx 5  4 x  x2
Thus  3x 2  13x  10  3   2
13   17 
2 Sol.
x    (i) We express
 6  6
d
Put x 
13
 t . Then dx  dt .
x2 A
dx

2 x2  6 x  5  B 
6
 A  4 x  6  B
dx 1 dt
Therefore,  2   2 Equating the coefficients of x and the constant terms
3x  13x  10 3  17 
t2    from both sides, we get
 6
1 1
17 4 A  1 and 6 A  B  2 or A  and B  .
t 4 2
1 6 C
 log 1 x2
17 17 Therefore,  2 dx
3 2  t 2x  6x  5
6 6
1 4x  6 1 dx
13 17   2 dx   2
x  4 2x  6x  5 2 2x  6x  5
1 6 6 C
 log 1 1 1
17 13 17  I1  I 2 (say) …. (1)
x  4 2
6 6
1 6x  4 In I1 , put 2 x 2  6 x  5  t , so that
 log  C1
17 6 x  30  4 x  6  dx  dt
1 3x  2 1 1 dt
 log  C1  log Therefore, I1    log t  C1
17 x5 17 3 t
1 3x  2 1 1  log 2 x 2  6 x  5  C1 …. (2)
 log  C , where C  C1  log
17 x5 17 3
INTEGRALS 157

dx 1 dx dt t
and I 2   2
  Therefore, I 2    sin 1  C2
2x  6x  5 2 5 2 3
2
x 2  3x  3 t
2
x2
1 dx  sin 1  C2 …. (3)
 3
2 2
3 1
2
Substituting (2) and (3) in (1), we obtain
x   
 2 2 x3
3  5  4 x  x 2 dx
Put x   t , so that dx  dt , we get
2 x2
1 dt 1   5  4 x  x 2  sin 1  C,
I2    tan 1 2t  C2 3
2 2  1 2 2  1 C
t   2 where C  C2  1 .
2 2
 3 Example–8
 tan 1 2  x    C2  tan 1  2 x  3  C2
 2 x2  1
Using (2) and (3) in (1), we get
Find  x2  5 x  6 dx (NCERT)

x2 x2  1
 2 x 2  6 x  5 dx Sol. Here the integrand is not proper rational
x2  5x  6
1 1
 log 2 x 2  6 x  5  tan 1  2 x  3  C function, so we divide x 2  1 by x 2  5 x  6 and
4 2
find that
C1 C2
Where, C   x2  1 5x  5 5x  5
4 2 1 2 1
(ii) Let us express x2  5x  6 x  5x  6  x  2  x  3
d 5x  5 A B
x3 A
dx
5  4x  x2  B  Let  
 x  2  x  3 x  2 x  3
 A  4  2 x   B So that 5 x  5  A  x  3  B  x  2 
Equating the coefficients of x and the constant terms Equating the coefficients of x and constant terms on
from both sides, we get both sides, we get A  B  5 and 3 A  2 B  5 .
1 Solving these equations, we get A  5 and B  10
2 A  1 and 4 A  B  3, i.e., A   and B  1
2
x2  1 5 10
Therefore, Thus, 2
 1 
x  5x  6 x2 x3
x3
 5  4 x  x 2 dx Therefore,
x2  1 1 dx
1  4  2 x  dx dx  x 2  5x  6dx   dx  5 x  2dx  10 x  3
  
2 5  4x  x 2
5  4 x  x2  x  5log x  2  10log x  3  C
1
  I1  I 2 …. (1) Example–9
2
3x  2
In I1 , put 5  4 x  x 2  t , so that  4  2x  dx  dt Find   x  12  x  3 dx (NCERT)

Therefore, I1  
 4  2 x  dx 
dt
 2 t  C1 Sol. We write
2 t
5  4x  x 3x  2 A B C
2
  
 2 5  4x  x  C1 2
…. (2)  x  1  x  3 x  1  x  12 x  3

Now consider So that

2
dx dx 3x  2  A  x  1 x  3  B  x  3  C  x  1
I2   
2 2
5  4x  x 9   x  2
  
 A x 2  4 x  3  B  x  3  C x 2  2 x  1 
Put x  2  t , so that dx  dt .
Comparing coefficient of x 2 , x and constant term on
158 INTEGRALS

both sides, we get A  C  0, 4 A  B  2C  3 and Example–11

3 A  3B  C  2 . 2
x
11 5
Evaluate  e dx as the limit of a sum. (NCERT)
Solving these equations, we get A  , B  and 0
4 2
Sol. By definition
11
C . 2 x 1 0
2 4 2n  2 
4 e dx  2  0  lim  e  e  e  ....  e 2 
n n
Thus the integrand is given by
0 n  n  

3x  2 11 5 11 Using the sum to n terms of a G.P., where
2
  2

 x  1  x  3 4  x  1 2  x  1 4  x  3 2

Therefore, a  1, r  e n , we have
2n
3x  2  
  x  12  x  3 dx 2 x 1 e n 1 1  e2  1 
 e dx  2 lim [ 2 ]  2 lim
0 n  n n  n  2 
11 dx 5 dx 11 dx
n
e 1  e n  1 
  
4  x  1 2   x  12 4  x  3 
2 e2  1   
eh  1  
  e2  1  using lim  1
11 5 11  2   h0 h 
 log x  1   log x  3  C  e n  1  
4 2  x  1 4 lim  2
n  2 
11 x 1 5  
 log  C .  n 
4 x  3 2  x  1
Example–12
Example–10 1 4
Evaluate 1 5x x5  1dx . (NCERT)
2
x
Find  dx (NCERT)
Put t  x 5  1, then dt  5 x 4 dx .
x 2

 1 x2  4  Sol.
Therefore,
x2 3 3
Sol. Consider and put x 2  y . 2 2 2 5
x 2
1 x  4 2
 4 5
 5x x  1dx   tdt  3

t  x 1
3
 2

1
x2 y 1 2
3
Then 
x 2

 1 x2  4   y  1 y  4  Hence, 1 5x
4
3

x  1dx   x5  1 2 
5

  1
y A B 3
Write   2 5  3 
 y  1 y  4  y 1 y  4  
 1 1
3 
 2

5
   1 1 2  
 
So that y  A  y  4   B  y  1
3 3
Comparing coefficients of y and constant terms on 2 2
 2  0 2 
3  
both sides, we get A  B  1 and 4 A  B  0, which
give 2 4 2
1 4

3

2 2 
3

A   and B 
3 3 Example–13
x2 1 4 1 tan 1 x
Thus,   Evaluate dx .
x 2
1 x  4  2
  2
3 x 1  3 x 2
4  0 1  x 2 (NCERT)

Therefore, 1
Sol. Let t  tan 1 x, then dt  dx .
1  x2
x 2 dx 1 dx 4 dx
  
3  x2  1 3  x2  4
The new limits are, when x  0, t  0 and when
x 2

1 x  4 2
 
x  1, t  .
1 4 1 x 4
  tan 1 x   tan 1  C
3 3 2 2 
Thus, as x varies from 0 to 1, t varies from 0 to .
1 2 x 4
  tan 1 x  tan 1  C
3 3 2 Therefore,
INTEGRALS 159

 Example–16

1 tan 1x t2  4 1
0 t dt  4 t dt
0  2 
1  x2  0
Find
x 4
x  4
dx .
 x5
(NCERT)
1  2  2
   0  Sol. We have
2  16  32
1 1
Example–14 1 4
2
x 4
x  4
dx  
(1  )
x3 dx
Evaluate 1 x3  x dx . (NCERT)  x 5
x4
Sol. We note that x3  x  0 on  1, 0 and x3  x  0 on 1 3
Put 1  3
 1  x 3  t , so that 4 dx  dt
x x
0,1 and that x3  x  0 on 1, 2 .
Therefore,
2 0 1
So, 
1
x3  x dx  
1
x 3
 0

 x dx    x3  x dx  x 4
x 
1
4
1 4
1

 dx  t dt
3
0 1 2

1
x 3
 
 x dx   x  x3 dx  
0
 1
x 3

 x dx x5
5
0
 x 4 x2   x 2 x 4   x 4 x 2 
1 2 1 4
  t4 C .
         3 5
4 2 1  2 4 0  4 2 1
5

1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4
           4  2      1  3   C
15  x 
4 2 2 4 4 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 Example–17
     2  x
4 2 2 4 4 2 Given  2 dx  f  x   C , then f  x  is :
3 3 11 (a) 2x (b) 2 x loge 2
  2 
2 4 4
Example–15 2x 2x  1
(c) (d)
3 log e 2 x 1
Evaluate 21 x sin  x  dx . Ans. (c)
(NCERT) d  2x  1
Sol. As     2 x  log e 2  2 x
Sol. Here dx  log e 2  log e 2
 x sin  x for 1  x  1
 x 2x
f  x   x sin  x   3  2 dx  C
  x sin  x for 1  x  2 log e 2

Therefore 2x
 f  x 
3
1
3 log e 2
 2 x sin  x dx   x sin  x dx   2  x sin  x dx
1 1 1

1
3 Example–18
  x sin  x dx   x sin  xdx 2
If  sec 2  7  4 x  dx  a tan  7  4 x   C , then the
1 1
Integrating both integrals on right hand side, we get value of a is:
3 1
  x cos  x sin  x  (a) 7 (b) –4
 2 x sin  x dx   
1    2  1 (c) 3 (d) 
1
3 4
  x cos  x sin  x  2 Ans. (d)
 
   2 1 2
Sol.  sec  7  4x  dx
2  1 1
   2   tan  7  4 x 
     C
4
3 1 1
  .   tan  7  4 x   C
 2 4
160 INTEGRALS

Example–19 Example–21
2
x  1 x  x
e   dx is equal to : Evaluate:  1  sin dx
 1  x2  4
ex  x x
(a) C (a)  sin  cos   C
1  x2  4 4

ex  x x
(b)  C (b) 8  sin  cos   C
 8 8
1  x2
 x x
ex (c) 8  cos  sin   C
(c) C  8 8 
2 2
1  x   x x
(d)  cos  sin   C
ex  8 8 
(d) C
1  x  2 Ans. (b)

Ans. (a) x
Sol.  1  sin dx
2 4
x  1 x 
Sol.  e  1  x2  dx   cos 2
x x x x
 sin 2  2 sin cos dx
8 8 8 8
 2

2
 1  x  2x   x x  x x
  ex  2 
dx    cos  sin  dx    cos  sin  dx
 1  x2 
 
   8 8  8 8
x x  x x
   8sin  8 cos  C  8  sin  cos   C
 1 2x  8 8  8 8
  ex  2
 2 
dx
Example–22
1 x

1  x2   
 1
1
Evaluate:   3  x 2  1 dx
 ex  C.
1  x2
x x (a) tan 1  x   C (b) tan 1  3x   C
[using  e  f  x   f '  x   dx  e f  x   C ]
(c) sec1  3x  1  C (d) tan 1  3  x   C
Example–20 Ans. (d)
sin x 6 1 x
1  3  1
 cos8 x dx is equal to : Sol.   3  x 2  1 dx  tan    tan  3  x   C
 1 
tan 7 x tan3 x Example–23
(a) C (b) C
7 3 Assertion: Geometrically, derivative of a function is
the slope of the tangent to the corresponding curve at
cos3 x 2 cos3 x
(c) C (d) C a point.
3 3
Reason: Geometrically, indefinite integral of a
Ans. (a)
function represents a family of curves parallel to each
sin 6 x other.
Sol. Let I   dx
cos8 x (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
 I   tan 6 x  sec 2 x dx correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
Let tan x  t
not a correct explanation for assertion
 sec2 x dx  dt (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
 I   t 6 dt (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
Ans. (b)
t2 tan 7 x Sol. The derivative of a function has a geometrical
 C  C
7 7 meaning, namely, the slope of the tangent to the
corresponding curve at a point.
INTEGRALS 161

Similarly, the indefinite integral to a function  

(iv) If g ( x)  log(1  tan x) , then g   x  
represents geometrically, a family of curves placed 4 
parallel to each other having parallel tangents at the
1
points of intersection of the curves of the family with (a) log 2  g ( x) (b) g ( x)  log 2
2
the lines orthogonal (perpendicular) to the axis
1
representing the variable of integration. (c) g ( x)  log 2 (d) log 2  g ( x)
2

Example–24
Assertion: Derivative of a function at a point exists.
(v) 04 log(1  tan x)dx 
Reason: Integral of a function at a point where it is  
(a) log 2 (b) log 2
defined, exists. 4 8
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a  
(c)  log 2 (d)  log 2
correct explanation for assertion. 4 8
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is Sol.
not a correct explanation for assertion. (i) (b)
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect. a f ( x)
Let I   dx …..(1)
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. 0 f ( x)  f (a  x)
Ans. (c) a f (a  x)
Sol. We can speak of the derivative at a point. We never  dx
0 f ( a  x)  f ( a  ( a  x))
speak of the integral at a point, we speak of the
a f (a  x )
integral of a function over an interval on which the I   dx …..(2)
0 f (a  x )  f ( x)
integral is defined.
Adding (1) and (2), we get
Example–25 a f ( x) f (a  x) 
2I      dx
In a Maths class, while teaching properties of 0
 f ( x)  f (a  x) f (a  x)  f ( x) 
Integrals, the teacher wrote the following statement a  f ( x)  f (a  x)  a
on the board.  2I     dx   1.dx
0
 f (a  x)  f ( x)  0
If f ( x ) is a continuous function defined on  0, a  , a
 2 I   x 0  a
a a
then 0 f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx . a
0
I 
Based on the above information, answer the 2
following questions. (ii) (b)
a f ( x) sin x  cos x
(i) 0 f ( x)  f (a  x) dx  f ( x) 
1  sin x cos x
a    
(a) a (b) sin   x   cos   x 
2   2  2 
f  x 
a 2  1  sin    x  .cos    x 
(c)  (d) 2a    
2 2  2 
sin x  cos x     cos x  sin x (sin x  cos x)
(ii) If f ( x)  , then f   x   f  x  
1  sin x cos x 2  2  1  cos x.sin x 1  cos x.sin x
(a) f ( x ) (b)  f ( x)  
Thus, f   x    f ( x)
1 2 
(c) (d) 2 f ( x)
f ( x)
 (iii) (c)
sin x  cos x
(iii)  2 dx  
sin x  cos x
0 1  sin x cos x Let I   2 dx …..(1)
  0 1  sin x cos x
(a) (b)
2 4
(c) 0 (d) None of these
162 INTEGRALS

    (v) (b)
 sin   x   cos   x  
 2   2  dx
2 Let, I   4 log(1  tan x)dx …..(1)
0     0
1  sin   x  .cos   x 
2  2  
  

  4 log 1  tan   x  dx
cos x  sin x 0
  4 
I   2 dx ……(2)
01  cos x.sin x  
 1  tan x   2 
Adding (1) and (2), we get  I   4 log 1  dx  04 log   dx
0  1  tan x   1  tan x 

 sin x  cos x cos x  sin x  
2I   2   dx
0  1  sin x.cos x 1  cos x.sin x 
   4  log 2  log(1  tan x)  dx …..(2)
0
 2I  0  I  0 Adding (1) and (2), we get
(iv) (a) 

g ( x)  log(1  tan x) 2 I   4 log 2 dx

0

      /4 
Now, g   x   log  1  tan   x    2 I  log 2. x 0  log 2
4  4  4


   1  tan x  I log 2
g   x   log 1   8
4   1  tan x 
 1  tan x  1  tan x   2 
 log    log  
 1  tan x   1  tan x 
 log 2  log(1  tan x)  log 2  g ( x)
INTEGRALS 163

EXERCISE – 1: Basic Subjective Questions

Section–A (1 Mark Questions) e2 x  1
19. Integrate with respect to x .
e2 x  1
1. Find  1  x  x dx. 20. Find the integral of sin 4 x with respect to x .
2 1
21. Find the integral of with respect to x
2. Evaluate  1  cos 2 xdx.  x  a  x  b 
5 x
 2x 
3. Find 4 e dx. 22. Integrate the function sin 1   with respect to x .
 1  x2 
 /4
4. Find 0 tan x dx.  /2sin 4 x
23. Evaluate 0 dx.
1 dx sin x  cos 4 x
4
5. Evaluate 0 .
1  x2 
24. Evaluate  e x 
 1  sin x 
 /2  dx .
 1  sin x 
Section–B (2 Marks Questions)
Section–D (5 Marks Questions)
6. Evaluate  
cosec 2 x  cot x e x dx.
2 dx
7. Evaluate 3
 sin x dx.
25. Evaluate the integral 0 x2  x  4.
1  cos 2 x 1
Evaluate dx. 26. Integrate the rational function with respect to x
8. 
1  cos 2 x x4  1
3
2  3sin x 2
9. Write the value of  dx. 27. Evaluate  (2 x  5 x) dx as limit of sum.
cos 2 x 1
2 cos x 3x  5
10. Evaluate  dx. 28. Integrate the rational function with
sin 2 x x  x2  x  1
3

0
1  tan x respect to x .
11. Write the value of  1  tan x dx . 5x  3
 29. Integrate the function with respect to x
2
4 x  4 x  10
12. Find  log x dx.
30. Integrate the function

x3 sin tan 1 x 4  with respect to
a 1  1 x 8
13. If 0 2
dx  , then find the value of a.
4 x 8 x.
Section–C (3 Marks Questions)
1 x
14. Evaluate 1 e dx.
 /2
15. Evaluate 0 cos 2 x dx.

sec2 x
16. Find the integral of with respect to x .
tan 2 x  4
17. Integrate e x sin x with respect to x .
1
18. Integrate with respect to x
1  cot x
164 INTEGRALS

EXERCISE – 2: Basic Objective Questions


Section–A (Single Choice Questions) dx
7. 02 1  sin x =
1 1
1. The value of  sin 2 x cos2 x dx is: (a) 0 (b)
2
(a) sin 2 x  cos 2 x  C (b) 1 3
(c) 1 (d)
(c) tan x  cot x  C (d) tan x  cot x  C 2
cos 2 x  cos 2 2 dx 2 dx
dx is equal to : 8. Let I1   and I 2   , then
2.  cos x  cos  1
1 x 2 1 x
(a) 2  sin x  x cos    C (a) I1  I 2 (b) I 2  I1
(b) 2  sin x  x cos    C (c) I1  I 2 (d) I1  2 I 2
(c) 2  sin x  2 x cos    C a
9. If a is such that 0 x dx  a  4, then
(d) 2  sin x  2 x cos    C
(a) 0  a  4 (b) 2  a  0
3. The value of (c) a  2 or a  4 (d) 2  a  4
sin x  cos x 3 7 d
 1  sin 2 x dx, 4  x  4 is equal to: 10. If  
3x 2  sin x  e x  6 x  cos x  e x , then the
dx
(a) log sin x  cos x  C (b) x  C representation of the expression in the form of anti-
derivative is
(c) log x  C (d)  x  C
(a) 3x  sin x  e x  C (b) 6 x  cos x  e  x  C
4. The value of  for which
(c) 6 x  cos x  e  x  C (d) 3x 2  sin x  e x  C
4 x3   4 x x 4
 4 x  x 4 dx  log 4  x  C is x 3

 1  x  2
11. Evaluate:  2
dx
(a) 1 (b) log e 4 x x2
(c) log 4 e (d) 4 x3 x 2 x 4 x3
(a)   xC (b)  C
3 2 4 3
1 1
5. If  dx  sin 1  x   C , then the value
2 3 x 4 x3 x4  x2  x
4  9x (c)   2 x2  C (d) C
4 3 4
of  is :
 e 
x log a
12. Find  ea log x  e a log a dx .
(a) 2 (b) 4 x a 1 xa
(a) a x   ax x  C (b) a x   xC
a 1 a
3 2
(c) (d)
2 3 ax x a 1
(c)   a a x  C (d) none of these
log e a a  1
y dt d2y 1
6. If x   and   y , then the value of
0
1  9t 2 dx 2
13. Evaluate:  4  9 x2 dx
 3x 
 is equal to : (a) tan 1 3x  C (b) tan 1    C
 2 
(a) 3 (b) 6 1  3x 
(c) tan 1    C (d) none of these
6  2 
(c) 9 (d) 1
INTEGRALS 165

dx 
14. The value of  x2  4 x  8 is cos x  cos3 x dx is equal to:
20. 2
2
x 21  1  x2
(a) tan  C (b) tan 1  C 4 1
 2  2  2  (a) (b)
3 3
x 4 x3 1 8
(c)  C (d) x 2  x  C (c) (d)
4 3 6 5
dx 
15. The value of  5  8x  x2 is equal to: cos x dx is:
21. The value of 0
x4 (a) – 2 (b) 
(a) log C
x4 
(c) (d) 2
2
1 x4
(b) log C  3
2 21 x4 22. The value of  sin x cos 2 x dx is ______

1 21  x  4 (a) – 1 (b) 0
(c) log C
2 21 21  x  4 5 5
(c) (d)
(d) none of these 6 3
1

Evaluate:
dx 23. The value of 1 x x dx is:
16.  2
3  2x  x 
(a) 0 (b)
 x 1 2
(a) sin 1  C
 2  1
(c) 2 (d)
 x 2
(b) sin 1    C
2 

x 11 
24. Evaluate: 02 log  tan x  dx
(c) tan  C 1
 2  (a) 0 (b)
2
(d) tan 1  x   C 1
(c) 1 (d)
x 2
17. e sec x 1  tan x  dx  ________  C ?

 sin 
93
x x 25. Evaluate: x  x 295 dx
(a) e sec x (b) e tan x

ex  
(c) (d) e x cos x (a) (b)
sec 2 x 2 2
4 4
18. If 1 f  x  dx  4 and 2  3  f  x   dx  7, then (c)  (d) 0
1
the value of 2 f  x  dx is 1 89
(a) 5 (b) – 1
26. Evaluate: 0 x(1  x) dx

(c) – 6 (d) – 5
1 1

(a) (b)
3
sin x  810 8190
19. If 02 3 sin x  3 cos x dx  a  2 , then a is equal to:

(a) 1 (b) 2 1 1
(c) (d)
792 910
3 1
(c) (d)
2 2
INTEGRALS 167

Case Study–3 Reason: If f is an odd function, then

30. The given integral can be transformed into a
 f ( x)dx
another form by changing the independent variable
 f  x  dx  0.
a
x to t by substituting x  g (t ) . (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
Consider I   f ( x ) dx correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
dx
Put x  g (t ) , so that  g '(t ) not a correct explanation for assertion.
dt (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect.
We write dx  g '(t )dt (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
Thus, I   f ( x ) dx   f  g (t )  g '(t ) dt . 33. Assertion: If the derivative of function x is
Based on the above information, answer the d
 x   1, then its anti-derivatives or integral is
following questions. dx
(i) 2
 1)dx  ______ . d  x n 1 
 2 x sin( x  dx  x  C . Reason: If 
dx  n  1 
n
  x , then the
(a) cos( x 2  1)  c (b)  cos( x 2  1)  c
corresponding integral of the function is
(c) 2 cos( x 2  1)  c (d) 2 cos( x 2  1)  c n x n 1
 x dx  n 1
 C , n  1.
sin(tan 1 x) (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
(ii)  1  x 2 dx is equal to correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
(a)  sin(tan 1 x)  c (b)  cos(tan 1 x)  c not a correct explanation for assertion.
(c) tan x  c (d) None of these (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
(iii)  tan xdx is equal to 34. Assertion: The value of the integral
(a) sec x  c x 2 x
(b) cot x  c  e  tan x  sec x  dx is e tan x  C
(c) log | x |  c (d) None of these Reason: The value of the integral
2x e x  f  x   f '  x  dx is e x f  x   C.
(iv)  1  x 2 dx is equal to (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
correct explanation for assertion.
(a) 1  x 2  c (b) log 1  x 2  c (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
not a correct explanation for assertion.
2 (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect.
(c) log c (d) None of these
1  x2 (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
b b
Section–C (Assertion & Reason Type Questions) 35. Assertion: The value of  f  t  dt and  f  u du are
a a
 
 equal
31. Assertion:  x sin x cos2 x dx   sin x cos
2
x dx
0
2 0 Reason: The value of definite integral of a function
b b over any particular interval depends on the function
ab
Reason:  xf  x  dx  2 a
f  x  dx and the interval and not on the variable of
a integration.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
correct explanation for assertion. correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
not a correct explanation for assertion. not a correct explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect. (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct. (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
2
1 x 
32. Assertion:  log  1  x  dx  0.
2
168 INTEGRALS

EXERCISE – 3: Previous Year Questions

 1  x3
1. Find the antiderivative of  3 x   . (Delhi 2014) 19. Find:  x 4  3x 2  2 dx (AI 2014C)
 x
1 3x  1
2. Evaluate:  cos  sin x  dx (Delhi 2014) 20. Evaluate:   x  12  x  3 dx (Delhi 2013C)
dx
3. Evaluate:  sin 2 x cos2 x (Foreign 2014)
3x  5
21. Evaluate:  x3  x2  x  1 dx (Delhi 2013C)
4. Evaluate:  1  x  xdx (Delhi 2012)
8
3 22. Evaluate:   x  2 dx (AI 2013C)
5. Write the value of   ax  b  dx (AI 2011) x 2
4 
x3  x 2  x  1 23. Evaluate:
2
dx (Delhi 2012)
6. Evaluate:  dx (Delhi 2012)  1  x  1  x 2
x 1  
sin 6 x 2 x dx
7. Find:  cos8 x dx (AI 2014C) 24. Evaluate:  (Delhi 2011)
x 2

 1 x2  3 
x  cos 6 x
8. Write the value of  3x 2  sin 6 x dx (AI 2012C)
25. Given x x
 e  tan x  1 sec xdx  e f  x   c Write

 3sin   2  cos  f  x  satisfying above. (AI 2012)

9. Find  5  cos2   4 sin  d . (Delhi 2016, 2013C)

26. Find:   3x  1 4  3 x  2 x 2 dx (AI 2016)

sin  x  a 
10. Evaluate:  dx (Foreign 2015)
sin  x  a 
27. Find:   x  3 3  4 x  x 2 dx. (Delhi 2015, 20114C)
dx
11. Write the value of  x 2  16 . (Delhi 2011)
28. Integrate w.r.t. x.
x 2  3x  1
(Delhi 2015)
1  x2
x
12. Find  dx. (Delhi 2016)
a  x3
3
Find:  
x 2  1 log x 2  1  2 log x 
 dx 
sin x  cos x
29.  x4
13. Evaluate:  dx (Delhi 2011C)
sin 2 x (AI 2014C, 2012C)
1 sin 1 x  cos 1 x
14. Evaluate:  cos4 x  sin 4 x dx (AI 2014) 30. Find:  sin 1 x  cos 1 x
dx, x   0,1 (AI 2014C)

1 5
15. Evaluate:  sin 4 x  sin 2 x cos2 x  cos4 x dx 31. Evaluate: x
2

 3 dx as limit of sums.
2
(AI 2014)
(Delhi 2012C)
6x  7
16. Evaluate:   x  5 x  4  dx (AI 2011) 4

x 
2
32. Evaluate:  x dx as limit of sums.
1
x2
17. Find:  x4  x 2  2 dx (AI 2016) (AI 2012C, Delhi 2010)
2
   dx  3x 
2
x2  1 x2  4 33. Evaluate:  2 dx as limit of sums.
18. Find:  (Foreign 2016) 0
x 2
 3 x 2
 5
(AI 2011C)
INTEGRALS 169

1  /2
1 dx
34. Evaluate:  dx (AI 2014C, 2011C) 50. Evaluate:  (Delhi 2015C)
2 1  tan x
0 1 x 0

2 4
x3  1
35. Evaluate:  dx (Delhi 2011) 51. Evaluate: 0  x  x  2  x  4  dx (Delhi 2013)
1
x2
5
3
1 52. Evaluate:   x  2  x  3  x  5  dx (Delhi 2013)
36. Evaluate:  x dx (Delhi 2012) 2
2
2
1
2
4  x dx 2
53. Evaluate:  1  esin x dx (Delhi 2013)
37. Evaluate:  (AI 2012) 0
0

x
38. Evaluate: 
1
dx
(Delhi 2011C)
54. Evaluate:  1  sin x dx (AI 2012C, Delhi 2010)
2 0
0 1 x
1
1 
 /2
2
x sin x dx
55. Evaluate:  log  x  1 dx (AI 2011)
39. Evaluate:  (Delhi 2014C) 0
0

1 4 3
x 1 1
56. Evaluate:  1 dx (AI 2011, Delhi 2007)
40. Evaluate:  x2  1 dx (AI 2011C)
 tan x
0
6
4 x
41. Evaluate: 2 2
dx (AI 2011C) 4
x 1 Evaluate:
57.   x  1  x  2  x  4 dx (Delhi 2011C)
1
e2
dx
42. Evaluate:  . (AI 2014) 2 x3
x log x 58. x e dx equals (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
e

1 4
x2 Find the value of (AI 2020, Delhi 2020)
43. Evaluate:  xe dx (Foreign 2014) 59.  x  5 dx.
0 1

1 x
tan 1 x 60. Find  x 2  3x  2 dx. (AI 2020)
44. Evaluate:  1  x2 dx (AI 2014C)
0
2 1 1  2x
ex 1
61. Evaluate 1  x  2 x2  e dx (Delhi 2020)
45. Write the value of  dx (Delhi 2012 C)
0 1  e2 x
1
n
Evaluate:
 /4 sin 2 d 62. Find the value of  x 1  x  dx. (Delhi 2020)
46. 0 sin 4   cos4 
(AI 2013C) 0

 /4 e x 1  x  dx
sin x  cos x 63.  is equal to (AI 2020)
47. Evaluate:  dx (Delhi 2014C)
0
9  16 sin 2 x  
cos 2 xe x

 /4
 64. Evaluate:  4 x 3 x dx (Delhi 2020)
48. Evaluate:  
tan x  cot x dx  2.
2
0 dx
65. Find:  9  4 x2 (AI 2020)
(Delhi 2012)
2  
66. Find:  1  sin 2 xdx, x (Delhi 2019)
49. Evaluate:  x3  x dx. (Delhi 2016, AI 2012, 2011) 4 2
1
170 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

cos 2 x  2sin 2 x
67. Evaluate:  dx (2018)
cos 2 x
cos( x  a )
68. Integrate with respect to x (AI 2019)
sin( x  b)

sec 2 x
69. Find:  dx (Delhi 2019)
tan 2 x  4
dx
70. Find:  (AI 2019)
5  4 x  2 x2
3x  5
71. Find:  2
dx (Delhi 2019)
x  3x  18

72. Find:  sin 1 (2 x) dx (Delhi 2019)

73. Find:  x  tan 1 xdx (AI 2019)

0 1  tan x
74. Find:   1  tan x dx (AI 2019)
4

75. Evaluate 10 x2 (1  x)n dx (AI 2019)

 Answer Key
CHAPTER 8 : INTEGRATION
EXERCISE-1:
3 5
2 2 2 2 3x 1 1
1. x  x C 2. tan x  C 20.  sin 2 x  sin 4 x  C
3 5 8 4 32
3. e4  e  1 4. log 2   a  b 
21. log  x      x  a  x  b  C
 x
  2 
5. 6. e cot x  C
2 22. 2 x tan 1 x  log 1  x 2   C
1 cos 3x  
7.  3cos x  C 8. log sec x  C 
4 3  23. 24. e 2
4
9. 2 tan x  3sec x  C 10. 2cosec x  C
1  5  15 1  15 
1 25.  log  
11. log 2 12. x log x  x  C 5  5  15 1  15 
2
e2  1 1 1 1
13. a  2 14. 26.  log x  1  log x  1  tan 1 x  C
2 4 4 2
15. 0 112
27.
3
16. log tan x  tan 2 x  4  C
1 x 1 4
28. log  C
ex 2 x  1  x  1
17.  sin x  cos x   C
2
29. 5 x 2  4 x  10  7 log  x  2   x 2  4 x  10  C
x 1
18.  log sin x  cos x  C
2 2 1
x x 4

30.  cos tan 1 x 4  C
19. log e  e C
ANSWER KEY 285

CHAPTER 8 : INTEGRATION
EXERCISE-2:

1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c)

6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (d)

11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (c)

16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (a)

21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (d)

26. (b) 27. (a)

28. (i) (a) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (c)

29. (i) (b) (ii) (b) (iii) (a) (iv) (d)

30. (i) (b) (ii) (b) (iii) (d) (iv) (b)

31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (a)
286 ANSWER KEY

CHAPTER 8 : INTEGRATION
EXERCISE-3:

 x2 1  x  27 x 5
1. 2 x  x  1  C 2. x C 18. x  tan 1   log C
2 2 4 3  3 8 5 x 5
3 5
2 2 2 2 1
3. tan x  cot x  C 4.
3
x  x C
5 19.
2

2 log x 2  2  log x 2  1  C
4

5.
 ax  b  C 6.
1 3
x  xC
x 1 1
20. 2 log  C
4a 3 x  3 x 1
1 7 1 x 1 4
7. tan x  C 21. log  C
7 2 x 1 x 1
1
8. log  3x 2  sin 6 x   C  x2  1  x 
6 22. log    tan    2
4
2
 x 4 2
9. 3log  sin   2   C
sin   2 1
 
23.  log  x  1  log 1  x 2  tan 1 x  C
2
10. x cos 2a  sin 2a log sin  x  a   C
1 x2  1
3
24. log 2 C 25. f  x   sec x
1  x 2 1  x  2
2 x 3
11. tan 1    C 12. sin    C
4 4 3 a 1 2
1 5  3   41   3
13.  log sin x  cos x  sin 2 x  C 26. 
2
 4  3x  2 x 2  2   x      x  
4 2 4   16   4
1  tan x  cot x  205  4x  3 
14. tan 1  C  sin 1  C
2  2  64 2  41 
1  tan x  cot x  1 2
 x  2 3  4x  x2
15. tan 1  C
3  3 
27. 
3
 3  4x  x2 3 
2
 9 7  x2
16. 6 x 2  9 x  20  34 log  x    x 2  9 x  20  C  sin 1  C
 2 2  7 
1 x 1 2  x  x 3
17. log  tan 1  C 28. 1  x 2  sin 1 x  1  x 2  C
6 x 1 3  2 2 2
ANSWER KEY 287

 3 3
  23
1  x 2  1  2  x2  1  2  x2  1  2  56. 57.
29.   log      C 12 2
3  x 2   x2  3  x2  
  1 3 15
58. e x  C 59.
4 2 3 2
30. x 

x cos 1 x 

 sin 1
x  x 1 x  C x 1
60. log x 2  3x  2  3log C
27 x2
31. 48 32.
2 e2  e2  2  1
 61. 62.
33. 4 34. 4  n  1 n  2 
2
12 x
3 63. tan  xe x   C 64. C
35. 1 36. log   log12
2
 1  2x 
37.  38. 65. tan 1    C 66.   cos x  sin x   C
4 6  3 
3  4 67. tan x  C
39.   2 40.
6 68. cos  a  b  log sin  x  b   x sin  a  b   C
1  17 
41. log   42. log 2 69. log tan x  tan 2 x  4  C
2  5
1 2 1  2 
43.  e  1 44. 70. sin 1   x  1   C
2 32 2  7 
 13 14
45. tan 1 e  tan 1 1 46. 71. log  x  6   log  x  3  C
4 9 9
1 11 1
47. log 3 49. 72. x sin 1  2 x   1  4 x2  C
20 4 2
 1 x 1
50. 51. 20 73. 1  x 2  tan 1 x   C 74. log 2
4 2 2 2
23 1 1 2
52. 53.  75.  
2  n  1  n  3 n2
54.  55. 0
INTEGRATION 1

EXERCISE – 1: Basic Subjective Questions

3sin x − sin 3 x
Section–A (1 Mark Questions) 7.  sin 3 x dx =  dx
4

 (1 − x ) x dx = ( x − x x ) dx
1 1
1. =  3sin xdx −  sin 3x dx
4 4
=  ( x − x ) dx = x − x + C
1/ 2 2 2
3/ 2 3/ 2 5/ 2 1 cos 3x 
3 5 =  −3cos x +  + C.
4 3 
 x n+1 
 x dx = , n  −1 .
n

 n +1  1 − cos 2 x 2sin 2 x
8.  1 + cos 2 x  2 cos2 x dx
dx =
2 2
2.  1 + cos 2 x dx =  2 cos x dx 2
 cos 2 = 1 − 2sin 2  
 
=  sec x dx = tan x + C. 2  = 2 cos 2  − 1
=  tan x dx = log sec x + C.

e x dx = e x  = e5 − e4 = e4 ( e − 1) .
5

5
3.
4 4 2 − 3sin x  2 3sin x 
9.  2
cos x
dx =   −
 cos x cos x 
2 2  dx
 /4  /4
4.  0
tan x dx = log sec x  0
(
=  2sec2 x − 3sec x tan x dx )

= log sec − log sec 0 = 2 sec2 x dx − 3 sec x tan x dx
4
= 2 tan x − 3sec x + C.
= log 2 − log1
= log 2. 2 cos x
10.  sin 2
x
dx =  2cosec x cot x dx
1 dx = −2cos ecx + C

1
5. = sin −1 x 
 cosec x cot x dx = −cosec x  .
1 − x2  
0 0

= sin −1 (1) − sin −1 ( 0 )
1 + tan x  
0 0
 
=
2
−0 =
2
. 11. I = − 1 − tan x dx = − tan  4 + x  dx
4 4
0
Section–B (2 Marks Questions)   
= log sec  + x  
 4   −
 ( cosec x − cot x ) e dx =
2 x
6. 4

( )
1
−  cot x − cosec 2 x e x dx = log 2 = log 2 .
2
(
= −  cot x + −cosec2 x  e x dx )
= −e x cot x + C 12.
 e x  f ( x ) + f ' ( x ) dx = e x . f ( x ) .
 
d 
  ( log x.1) dx = log x 1dx −   dx ( log x )  1dx  dx
1
= ( log x ) x −  x dx = x log x − x + C.
x
INTEGRATION 2

17. Let I =  e x sin x dx

a
1 
13. We have,  4+ x 2
dx =
8
 d sin x x 
= sin x  e x dx −    e dx  dx
0  dx
1  −1 x  
a

 tan = = e x sin x −  e x cos x dx

2  2  0 8
  d cos x x  
a  = e x sin x − cos x  e x dx −    e dx  dx 
 tan −1 − 0 =   dx
2 4
a I = e x sin x − e x cos x −  e x sin x dx
 =1 a = 2
2  I = e x ( sin x − cos x ) − I
a 
 tan −1 = .  2 I = e x ( sin x − cos x )
2 4
ex
Section–C (4 Marks Questions)  I= ( sin x − cos x ) + C.
2
1

1
14. e x dx = e x  18. Let I = 
1
dx
−1 −1
1 + cot x
1 e2 − 1
= e1 − e−1 = e − = . 1
e e = dx
cos x
1+
 sin x
15. Let I =  2 cos 2 x dx =
sin x
dx
0
sin x + cos x
 sin 2 x 
 cos 2 x dx =   = F ( x) 1
= 
2sin x
2  dx
2 sin x + cos x
By second fundamental theorem of
1 ( sin x + cos x ) + ( sin x − cos x )
calculus, we obtain =  dx
  2 ( sin x + cos x )
I = F   − F ( 0)
2 1 1 sin x − cos x
=  1dx + 
2 sin x + cos x
dx \
1    2
=  sin 2   − sin 0  1 1 sin x − cos x
2 2  = ( x) +  dx
2 2 sin x + cos x
1
= sin  − sin 0 Let sin x + cos x = t
2  ( cos x − sin x ) dx = dt
1
=  0 − 0 = 0. x 1 − ( dt )
2 2 t
2 I = +

16. Let tan x = t , x 1

= − log t + C
sec2 x dx = dt 2 2
sec 2 x x 1
 dx = 
dt = − log sin x + cos x + C.
2 2
tan 2 x + 4 t 2 + 22
= log t + t 2 + 4 + C e2 x − 1
19. Given:
e2 x + 1
= log tan x + tan 2 x + 4 + C. Dividing numerator and denominator by
e x , we obtain
INTEGRATION 3

(e 2x
)
−1
= x2 − ( a + b ) x +
(a + b)
2

−
(a + b)
2

+ ab
ex e x − e− x 4 4
=
( e2 x + 1) e x + e− x   a + b  ( a − b )
= x − 
2 2

ex  −
  2  4
−x
Let e + e = t
x
1
 dx =
( )
 e x − e − x dx = dt ( x − a )( x − b )
e2 x − 1 e x − e− x 1
 dx =  e x + e− x dx  dx
e2 x + 1 2
  a + b   a − b 
2

dt x −   −  
=  = log t + C   2   2 
t
 a+b 
= log e x + e − x + C. Let x −  =t
 2 
 dx = dt
20. sin 4 x = sin 2 x sin 2 x 1
 1 − cos 2 x  1 − cos 2 x 
  dx =
=
 
 a +b  − a −b 
2 2

  x −   
 2  2   2   2 
1
= (1 − cos 2 x )
2
1
4  dt
 a −b 
2
1 t2 −  
= 1 + cos 2 2 x − 2 cos 2 x   2 
4
 a −b 
2
1   1 + cos 4 x  
= 1+   − 2 cos 2 x  = log t + t 2 −   +C
4  2    2 

=
1 1 1


1 + + cos 4 x − 2 cos 2 x 
4 2 2 

= log x − 
 2 
 
 a + b  + x − a x − b + C.
( )( )

1 3 1 
=  + cos 4 x − 2 cos 2 x  22. Let x = tan 
4 2 2 
 dx = sec2  d
1
  sin 4 x dx =  2x   2 tan  
4  sin −1  2 
= sin −1  
 1+ x   1 + tan  
2
3 1 
  2 + 2 cos 4 x − 2 cos 2 x  dx = sin −1 ( sin 2 ) = 2
1 3 1  sin 4 x  2sin 2 x   2x 
=  x+    sin −1  2 
dx =  2 .sec 2  d
− +C
4 2 2 4  2   1+ x 
1 sin 4 x  = 2   .sec 2  d
= 3 x + − 2sin 2 x  + C
8 4  Integrating by parts,
  d   
=
3x 1 1
− sin 2 x + sin 4 x + C. = 2  . sec2  d −      sec2  d  d 
8 4 32   d   
= 2  .tan  −  tan  d 
21. ( x − a )( x − b ) can be written as  
x 2 − ( a + b ) x + ab. = 2  tan  + log cos   + C

Therefore, x − ( a + b ) x + ab
2
INTEGRATION 4

e x ( f ( x ) + f ' ( x ) ) dx

 1  I = 
= 2  x tan −1 x + log +C  /2
 1 + x2  
= e x  f ( x ) dx 
1  /2
( )
−
= 2 x tan −1 x + 2 log 1 + x 2 2 +C 
 x
= − e x  cot 
 1 
(
= 2 x tan −1 x + 2  − log 1 + x 2  + C
 2 
)  2  /2
  
= − e  cot − e /2  cot 
(
= 2 x tan −1 x − log 1 + x 2 + C. )  2 4
= − e  0 − e /2 1
 /2 sin 4 x
23. Let I =  dx = e /2 .
0 sin 4 x + cos 4 x
 
sin 4  − x 
I =
 /2 2  dx Section–D (6 Marks Questions)
0    
sin 4  − x  + cos 4  − x 
2  2  2 dx
=
 /2 cos 4 x
dx
25. 0 x +x+4
2

0 cos 4 x + sin 4 x 2 dx
Adding (i) and (ii), we get = 2 2
0
1 1 1
 / 2 sin x + cos x
4 4
x2 + 2   x +   −   + 4
2I =  dx 2 2 2
0 sin 4 x + cos 4 x 2 dx
 /2 
 =
= dx =  x 02 = 0
 1  15
2
2 x+  −
0

  2 4
Hence, I = . 2 dx
4 = 2
1   15 
0 2

  1 − sin x   x +  − 
24. I =  e x   dx  2  2 
 /2
 1 − cos x  52 dt
 x x =
1 − 2sin cos 
2
 
12
 15 
=  ex  2 2 dx
 t −
2

 /2
 2sin 2
x
  2 
 2    1 
 x   Putting  x +  = t  dx = dt 
cosec 2   2 
  2 − cot  dx
x
=  ex    
52
 /2 2 2 15
  1 t− 
  = log 2 
x  15 15 
Let f ( x ) = − cot  2  2 t+ 
2 2 12

 1 x
 f ' ( x ) = −  − cosec2  52
 2 2 1  2t − 15 
= log 
1 x 15  2t + 15 1 2
= cosec 2
2 2
INTEGRATION 5

1  1 − 15  27. I =  ( 2 x 2 + 5 x ) dx
3
5 − 15
= log − log  1
15  5 + 15 1 + 15  3 −1 2
Here a = 1, b = 3, h = =
1  5 − 15 1 + 15  n n
= log  .
15  5 + 15 1 − 15   f (1) + f (1 + h) + f (1 + 2h) + .
Now, I = lim h  
h →0
.. + f (1 + ( n − 1) h) 
 7 + 2(1 + h) 2 + 5(1 + h) + 2(1 + 2h) 2 + 
1 1  
= 2  I = lim h 5(1 + 2 h ) + ... + 2(1 + ( n − 1) h)
2
26. 
( x −1
4
) (
x −1 x2 + 1 )( ) h→0
 +5(1 + ( n − 1) h)



1
= = lim h [7 + 9h + 2h2 + 7 + 18h + 2.22 h 2
(
( x + 1)( x − 1) 1 + x 2 ) h →0

+... + 7 + 9(n − 1)h + 2.(n − 1)2 h2 ]

1
Let   n(n − 1)  
(
( x + 1)( x − 1) 1 + x2 )  7 n + 9h  2  + 
  
A B Cx + D = lim h 
h →0 
= + + 2 2  n( n − 1)(2n − 1)  
( x + 1) ( x − 1) x + 1 ( )  2h 
  6


( ) ( )
1 = A ( x − 1) x 2 + 1 + B ( x + 1) x 2 + 1  9 
7nh + 2 nh ( nh − h ) + 
+ ( Cx + D ) ( x − 1)
2
= lim  
h →0 1
 nh(nh − h)(2nh − h) 
1 = A ( x + x − x − 1) + B ( x + x + x + 1)
3 2 3 2
 3 
+Cx3 + Dx 2 − Cx − D 16 112
= 14 + 18 + = .
3 3
1 = ( A + B + C ) x3 + ( − A + B + D ) x 2
+ ( A + B − C ) x + (− A + B − D) 3x + 5 3x + 5
28. =
x − x − x + 1 ( x − 1)2 ( x + 1)
3 2 32
Equating the coefficients of x , x , x, and
constant term, we obtain 3x + 5 A
A+ B +C = 0 Let = +
( x − 1) ( x + 1)
2
( x − 1)
−A+ B + D = 0
B C
A+ B −C = 0 +
( x − 1)
2
( x + 1)
−A+ B − D =1
On solving these equations, we obtain 3 x + 5 = A ( x − 1)( x + 1) +
1 1 1 B ( x + 1) + C ( x − 1)
2
A = − , B = , C = 0 and D = −
4 4 2
1 −1 1 1 (
3 x + 5 = A x 2 − 1 + B ( x + 1) )
 4 = + −
x − 1 4 ( x + 1) 4 ( x − 1) 2 x 2 + 1 ( ) (
+C x 2 + 1 − 2 x ....(i) )
1 1 Substituting x = 1 in equation (i), we obtain
 dx = − log x + 1
x −1 4
4 B=4
1 1
+ log x − 1 − tan −1 x + C . Equating the coefficients of x 2 and x, we
4 2 obtain A + C = 0, B – 2C = 3
On solving we obtain
INTEGRATION 6

1 1 5x + 3 5
A = − and C =  dx = I1 − 7 I 2 ... ( i )
2 2 x 2 + 4 x + 10 2
3x + 5 −1 2x + 4
 = Then, I1 =  dx
( x − 1) ( x + 1) 2 ( x − 1)
2
x 2 + 4 x + 10
+
4
+
1 Let x 2 + 4 x + 10 = t
( x − 1)
2
2 ( x + 1)  ( 2 x + 4 ) dx = dt
3x + 5
 dx =  I1 = 
dt
=2 t
( x − 1) ( x + 1)
2
t
1 1 1 1 1 = 2 x 2 + 4 x + 10 + C1 .. ( ii )
− 
2 x −1
dx + 4 
( x − 1)
2
dx + 
2 x +1
dx
1
I2 =  dx
1  −1  1 x 2 + 4 x + 10
= − log x − 1 + 4   + log x + 1 + C
2  x −1  2 1
x +1 = dx
(x )
1 4
= log − + C. 2
+ 4x + 4 + 6
2 x − 1 ( x − 1)
1
= dx
( x + 2) ( 6)
2

( )
2
29. Let 5 x + 3 = A
d 2
x + 4 x + 10 + B +
dx
 5x + 3 = A ( 2 x + 4) + B = log ( x + 2 ) + x 2 + 4 x + 10 + C2 ... ( iii )
Equating the coefficients of x and constant Using equations (ii) and (iii) in (i), we
term, we obtain obtain
5 5x + 3 5
2A = 5  A =
2
 x 2 + 4 x + 10 dx = 2
4 A + B = 3  B = −7
 2 x 2 + 4 x + 10 + C  −
5  1

5x + 3 = ( 2 x + 4) − 7
7 log ( x + 2 ) + x 2 + 4 x + 10 + C2 
2
5x + 3  
 dx =
x + 4 x + 10
2
= 5 x 2 + 4 x + 10 −
7log ( x + 2 ) + x 2 + 4 x + 10 + C
5
( 2x + 4) − 7
 x 2 + 4 x + 10 dx
2

5 2x + 4 30. Let x 4 = t
=  dx
2 x + 4 x + 10
2
1 sin tan t
= 
(
−1

dt
) ... ( i )
1 4 1+ t2
−7  dx
x 2 + 4 x + 10 Let tan −1 t = u
2x + 4  4 x 3dx = dt
Let I =
 x 2 + 4 x + 10 dx and
( ) dx
1
x 3 sin tan −1 x 4
1 
I2 =  dx 1+ x 8

x 2 + 4 x + 10 1
 dt = du
1+ t2
INTEGRATION 7

From (i), we obtain

1 sin ( tan t ) dt 1
−1

4
=  sin u du
1+ t2 4
1
= ( − cos u ) + C
4
−1
( )
= cos tan −1 t + C
4
−1
( )
= cos tan −1 x 4 + C.
4
INTEGRATION 1

EXERCISE – 2: Basic Objective Questions

Section–A (Single Choice Questions)

1 1 1 1
1. We have,  sin 2
x cos 2 x
dx 5.  4 − 9x2
dx = 
3  2 2
dx

  −x
2
sin 2 x + cos 2 x 3
= dx
sin 2 x cos 2 x 1  3x 
=  ( sec 2 x + cos ec 2 x ) dx = sin −1   + C
3  2 
= tan x − cot x + C . 3
 = .
2
2. Given, y dt
6. Given, x = 
cos 2 x − cos 2 1 + 9t 2
 cos x − cos dx
0

dx 1
Using cos 2 x = 2cos 2 x − 1 =
dy 1 + 9 y2
2 ( cos 2 x − cos 2  )
= dx 
dy
= 1 + 9 y2
cos x − cos dx
= 2 ( cos x + cos ) dx d2y 18 y dy
 = 
= 2sin x + 2 x  cos + C . dx 2
2 1 + 9 y dx
2

d2y 1
sin x + cos x  = 9y   1 + 9 y2
3.  dx dx 2
1+ 9y 2
1 + sin 2 x
sin x + cos x Hence,  = 9 .
= dx
sin x + cos x
 
dx dx
 −  1  dx = − x + C 7. 2
= 2
0 1 + sin x 0  
1 + cos  − x 
 3 7  2 
 sin x + cos x  0 for x .
 4 4  
1  x 
=  2 sec2  −  dx
0 2
 4 2
d
4. As log 4 x + x 4 
dx   x  2
−
1   4 2  
tan
 ( 4 x  log e 4 + 4 x3 )
1
= x =  
4 + x4 2  −
1 
4 x3 + log e 4  4 x  2 
=
0

4x + x4     
= − tan  −  + tan  − 0  = 1 .
  = loge 4 . 4 4 4 

8. We have, 1 + x 2  x 2
 1 + x 2  x for x  1,2
INTEGRATION 2

1 1 1

1 + x2

x
13.  4 + 9x 2
dx

1 1

2 1 2 dx =
 dx   2
dx
1 + x2
1 1 x 9 2
  +x
2

 I1  I 2 .  
3
1 3 3x 1 3x
=  tan −1 + C = tan −1 + C .
a 9 2 2 6 2
9. Given, 
0
x dx  a + 4

a2
 a+4 dx dx
2 14. x 2
+ 4x + 8
=
( x + 2) + 4
2

 a 2 − 2a − 8  0
1  x+2
 ( a − 1)  ( 3) = tan −1  +C.
2 2

2  2 
 −3  a − 1  3
−2  a  4 . dx dx
15.  5 − 8x − x 2
=
5 − ( x2 + 8x )
10.
d
dx
( 3x 2 + sin x − e x ) = 6 x + cos x − e x
=
dx

 ( 6 x + cos x − e ) dx = 3x + sin x − e + C .
x 2 x 
5 − ( x + 4 ) − 16
2

dx 1 21 + x + 4
= = +C
(x + 1) ( x − 2 )
log
21 − ( x + 4 ) 21 − x − 4
3 2
2 21
11.  x −x−2 2
dx
.
( x + 1) ( x 2
− x + 1) ( x − 2 )
= dx dx dx
x −x−2
 =
2
16.
( x + 1)( x − 2 ) ( x 2 − x + 1) 3 − 2 x − x2 4 − (1 + 2 x + x 2 )
= dx
( x + 1)( x − 2 ) dx  x +1 
= = sin −1  +C .
=  ( x − x + 1) dx 4 − ( x + 1)  2 
2 2

x3 x 2
= − + x+C .
3 2 17.  e x sec x (1 + tan x ) dx
=  e x ( sec x + sec x tan x ) dx
12. We have
 (e + e a log x + e a log a ) dx = e x sec x + C
x log a

 e ( f ( x ) + f ' ( x ) ) dx = e f ( x ) + C .
x x

(
=  elog a + elog x + elog a dx
x a a

)
=  ( a x + x a + a a ) dx 18. We have,

 ( 3 − f ( x ) ) dx = 7
x a +1 4
a x
= + + x.a a + C .
log e a a + 1
2

 3x 2 −  f ( x ) dx = 7
4 4

2
INTEGRATION 3


 (12 − 6 ) −  f ( x ) dx = 7
4
 2 
3 2
2 = −  2  ( cos x ) 2 
 3 0
  f ( x ) dx = −1
4

2
 3

4   2  4
Now, = −  cos  − 1 =
3  2  3
 f ( x ) dx =  f ( x ) dx +  f ( x ) dx
4 2 4
 
−1 −1 2

 4 =  f ( x ) dx − 1
2

−1 21. 0
cos x dx
 −  f ( x ) dx = −4 − 1
2


=  2 cos x dx −  cos dx =
−1
−1
  f ( x ) dx = −5 .
0
2
2 
sin x 02 − sin x 


2
 3
sin x 
19. Let I =  2 3 dx ....(i ) 
0
sin x + 3 cos x =  2 cos x dx −  cos x dx
0
2
Using the property 
= sin x 02 − sin x 


f ( x ) dx =  f ( a − x ) dx
a a
0 0
2
 

=  2 cos x dx −  cos x dx = sin x 02 − sin x 
we get, 
 3 0
cos x
...( ii )
2
I = 2
2
dx
0 3
sin x + 3 cos x     
=  sin − sin 0  −  sin  − sin  = 2 .
adding (i) and (ii), we get  2   2

2 I =  2 1  dx 
  sin x cos 2 x dx = 0
3
0 22.
−
 1 
I= =  as f ( x ) = sin 3 x cos 2 x is an odd function.
4 2 2
1
a = . 1
2 23. We have, −1
x x dx
 f ( x ) = x x and
20.  2
−
2
cos x − cos3 x dx
f (−x) = (−x) −x = −x x = − f ( x)
Since, f ( − x ) = cos ( − x ) − cos ( − x )  f ( x ) is an odd function.
3

= cos x − cos3 x = f ( x )
1
  x x dx = 0 .
−1
which is an even function.

  2 cos x − cos3 x dx 
−
2 24. I =  2 log ( tan x ) dx …(i)
0

= 2 2 cos x (1 − cos 2 x ) dx
 f ( x ) dx =  f ( a − x )dx
a a
0 Using
0 0
 
= 2 2 cos x  sin x dx I =  2 log ( cot x ) dx …(ii)
0 0

Adding (i) and (ii), we get,

INTEGRATION 4


2 I =  2 log tan x.cot x dx 1  2 
=  

0
( n + 2 )  ( n + 1)( n + 3) 
=  2 log1 dx = 0 2
0 = .
I =0. ( n + 1)( n + 2 )( n + 3)

  ( sin x + x 295 ) dx
 Section–B (Case Study Questions)
−93
25.
− Case Study–1
f ( x ) is an odd function as 1

x dx = 0, since x 99 is an odd
99
28 (i).
f (−x) = − f ( x) −1

function.
( sin x + x 295 ) dx = 0 .

 −93

−
(ii).  x cos x dx = 0 , since x cos x is an
−
89

 x (1 − x )
1
26. dx odd function.
0
(iii). x sin x is an even function.
f ( x ) dx =  f ( a − x ) dx
a a
Using   

 x sin x dx = 2 x sin x dx
0 0

=  (1 − x ) x89 dx
1
− 0
0

x x  91 1 = 2  − x cos x +  (1 cos x dx )
=  ( x89 − x90 ) dx = 
1 90
− 
0

= 2  − x cos x + sin x 0

0
 90 91  0
 1 1 1
= 2 ( + 0 ) − ( 0 + 0 )  = 2 .
= − −0 = .
 90 91  8190


 tan x sec x dx = 0
2
(iv).
27. Let I =  x (1 − x ) dx
1
2 n −
0
Since it is an odd function.
 f ( x ) dx =  f ( a − x ) dx
a a
Using
0 0
Case Study–2
I =  (1 − x ) x dx
1
29 (i).  e x ( sin x + cos x ) dx = e x sin x + c
2 n
0

=  (1 − 2 x + x 2 ) x n dx  x −1 
1

0 (ii).  e x  2  dx
 x 
=  ( x n − 2 x n +1 + x n + 2 ) dx
1

1 1  ex
0
=  e x  − 2  dx . = + c .
 x n +1 xn+ 2 xn+3 
1
x x  x
= − 2. + 
n +1 n + 2 n + 3 0 (iii).  e x ( x + 1) dx = xe x + c .

=
1
−
2
+
1  ( x + 1) − 1
n +1 n + 2 n + 3 (iv).  e x   dx
 ( x + 1) 
2

 1 1   1 1 
= − − − 
 n +1 n + 2   n + 2 n + 3   1 1  ex
=  ex  −  dx = +c .
 x + 1 ( x + 1)  x +1
2
1 1
= −
( n + 1)( n + 2 ) ( n + 2 )( n + 3)
INTEGRATION 5

Case Study–3  1− x   1+ x 
f ( − x ) = log   = − log   = − f ( x)
30 (i). Put x 2 + 1 = t  1+ x   1− x 
 2xdx = dt a

  2 x sin( x 2 + 1) dx =  sin tdt f is an odd function   f ( x ) dx = 0

−a
= − cos t + c = − cos( x2 + 1) + c . Both are true and Reason is correct
−1
(ii). Put tan x = t explanation of Assertion.
1
 dx = dt 33.
1 + x2
Derivatives Integrals
sin(tan −1 x)
 dx =  sin tdt (Anti-derivatives)
1 + x2
(i) x n +1
= − cos t + c = − cos(tan −1 x) + c .  x dx =
n
+ C; n  −1
d  x  n
n +1
n +1
(iii). Put cos x = t  =x
dx  n + 1 
 − sin xdx = dt
sin x dt
Particularly,  dx = x + C
  tan xdx =  dx = −  we note that
cos x t
d
= − log t + c = − log cos x + c . x =1
dx
(iv). Put 1 + x 2 = t
 2xdx = dt 34. Here f ( x ) = tan x.
2x dt
 dx =  Both Assertion and Reason are true and
1+ x 2
t
Reason is correct explanation of Assertion.
= log t + c = log 1 + x 2 + c .
35. The value of definite integral of a
Section–C (Assertion & Reason Type Questions) function over a particular interval depends
on the function and the interval, but not on
b b the variable of integration that we choose
31.  xf ( x ) dx =  ( a + b − x ) f (a + b − x)dx to represent the independent variable. If
a a
b b
the independent variable is denoted by t or
= ( a + b )  f ( a + b − x ) dx −  xf ( a + b − x ) dx u instead of x , we simply write the
a a b b

 Reason is true only when integral as  f ( t ) dt or  f ( u ) du instead

f ( a + b − x ) = f ( x ) which holds in
a a
b
Assertion. of  f ( x ) dx.
 Reason is false and Assertion is true. a

Hence the variable of integration is called

a dummy variable.
 1+ x 
2
32.  log  1 − x  dx = 0
−2

 1+ x 
f ( x ) = log  
 1− x 
INTEGRATION 1

EXERCISE – 3: Previous Year Questions

1 ( ax + b )
4
The antiderivative of 3 x +
 ( ax + b )
1. 5.
3
dx = +C
x 4a
 1  1
= 3 x + x3 − x 2 + x − 1
 dx = 3 x dx +  x dx
−1/ 2
Let I = 
2
6. dx
 x x −1

x 2 ( x − 1) + 1( x − 1)
3/ 2 1/ 2 = dx
= 3.
x
+
x
+ C = 2x x + 2 x + C x −1
3/ 2 1/ 2
=
(x 2
+ 1) ( x − 1)
dx
x −1
= 2 x ( x + 1) + C
=  ( x 2 + 1)dx = x3 + x + C
1
3

 cos ( sin x ) dx
−1
2.

  7. Let

=  cos −1 cos  − x   dx sin 6 x sin 6 x
 2  I = dx =  cos6 x.cos2 x dx
cos8 x
   2
x
=   − x  dx = x − + C =  tan 6 x sec 2 xdx
2  2 2
Put tan x = t  sec2 xdx = dt

dx t7 1
3. We have  2  I =  t dt = + C = tan 7 x + C
6

sin x cos 2 x 7 7

=
( sin 2
x + cos 2 x ) dx
sin 2 x cos 2 x x + cos 6 x
8. Let I = 
3x 2 + sin 6 x
=  ( sec 2 x + cosec 2 x )dx
Put 3x 2 + sin 6 x = t
= tan x − cot x + C
 ( 6 x + 6cos 6 x ) dx = dt

1
 ( x + cos 6 x ) dx = dt
4.  (1 − x ) x dx =  ( )
x − x3/ 2 dx
6
1
2 2 dt
1
= x3/ 2 − x5/ 2 + C  I =  6 = log t + C
3 5 t 6

= log ( 3x 2 + sin 6 x ) + C
1
6
INTEGRATION 2

9. Let I = 
( 3sin  − 2 ) cos  d  I = 3log ( sin  − 2 ) −
6
5 − cos 2  − 4sin  sin  − 2

sin  cos  +
2
+ C,
= 3 d
4 + sin 2  − 4sin  sin  − 2

cos  4
−2 d  I = 3log ( sin  − 2 ) − +C
4 + sin 2  − 4sin  sin  − 2
where C = 3C1 − 2C2
= 3I1 − 2I 2 (say)

sin  cos 
Now, I1 =  d
4 + sin 2  − 4sin  sin ( x − a )
10. Let I =  dx
sin ( x + a )
Put sin 2  = t  2sin  cos  d = dt
sin ( x + a − 2a )
1 dt 1 dt =
 I1 =  =  sin ( x + a )
dx
2 4+t −4 t 2
( )
2
t −2
 sin ( x + a ) cos 2a − cos ( x + a ) sin 2a 
=   dx
Put t −2 =u  t =u+2 sin ( x + a )
 
1
 dt = du
2 t cos ( x + a )
 I = cos 2a  dx − sin 2a 
 dt = 2 ( u + 2 ) dt
dx
sin ( x + a )
Put sin ( x + a ) = t
 I1 = 
( u + 2 ) du = du du
u2  u + 2 u 2
 cos ( x + a ) dx = dt
2
= log u − + C1 dt
u  I = cos 2a  dx − sin 2a 
t
= log ( )
t −2 −
2
t −2
+ C1
= x cos 2a − sin 2a log sin ( x + a ) + C

2
= log ( sin  − 2 ) − + C1
sin  − 2 dx 1 x
cos 
11.  x + ( 4)
2 2
=
4
tan −1 + C
4
Also, I 2 =  d
4 + sin 2  − 4sin 
x
Put sin  = m  cos  d = dm 12. Let I =  dx
a − x3
3

dm dm
 I2 =  = Put x3/2 = t
4 + m − 4m ( m − 2)
2 2

3 1/2
 x dx = dt
−1 −1 2
= + C2 = + C2
m−2 sin  − 2
2 dt
I=
3  a3 − t 2
INTEGRATION 3

2 dt Put tan x = t  sec2 x dx = dt

3
=
(a ) 3/2 2
− t2 1
1+
t +1 2
t 2 dt
2  −1  t    I =  4 dt = 
= sin  3/2   + C t +1 t2 + 2
1
3   a  t

2  −1  x3/2   1
1+
= sin  3/2   + C t2
3  a  = 2
dt
 1
t −  + 2
2 x
3/ 2
 t
= sin −1   +C
3 a 1  1
Put t − = y  1 + 2  dt = dy
t  t 

sin x − cos x dy
13. Let I =  dx  I =
( 2)
2
sin 2 x y2 +
sin x − cos x
= dx 1  y 
1 + sin 2 x − 1 = tan −1  +C
2  2
sin x − cos x
= dx
sin x + cos 2 x + 2sin x cos x − 1 1  tan x − cot x 
tan −1 
2
= +C
2  2 

sin x − cos x
= dx
( sin x + cos x ) − 1
2
15. Let
1
I = dx
Put sin x + cos x = t sin x + sin x cos 2 x + cos 4 x
4 2

 ( cos x − sin x ) dx = dt sec4 xdx

=
tan 4 x + tan 2 x + 1
−dt
I = = − log t + t 2 − 1 + C
t −1 2
=
(1 + tan x ) sec
2 2
xdx
(where t = sin x + cos x) tan x + tan x + 1
4 2

= − log sin x + cos x + sin 2 x + C Put tan x = t  sec2 x dx = dt

1
1+
1+ t 2
t2
I = dt =  dt
14. Let I = 
1
dx t + t2 +1
4
1
t2 +1+ 2
cos x + sin 4 x
4
t
sec4 x 1
= dx 1+
1 + tan 4 x = t2 dt
2
 1
=
( tan 2
x + 1) sec 2 x
dx
t −  + 3
 t
1 + tan 4 x
INTEGRATION 4

1  1
= 3 t −1/ 2 dt + 34
dx
Put t − = y  1 + 2  dt = dy
t  t   9 1
2

x−  −
Thus,  2 4
dy 1  y 
I = = tan −1  +C =3
t1/ 2
+ 34 
dx
( 3)
2
y2 + 3  3 1/ 2 2 2
 9 1
 x −  − 
 1  2 2
t − 
1 −1  t
= +C
( ) ( ) ()
tan 2 2

3 3 9 9 1
= 6 t + 34 log x − + x− − +C
2 2 2
1  tan x − cot x 
= tan −1  +C
3  3 
= 6 x 2 − 9 x + 20

6x + 7  9
16. Let I =  dx + 34 log  x −  + x 2 − 9 x + 20 + C
( x − 5)( x − 4 )  2

6x + 7
= dx
x − 9 x + 20
2
17. Let I = 
x2
dx
x4 + x2 − 2
Let
d 
6 x + 7 = A  ( x 2 − 9 x + 20 )  + B
x2
I = dx
 dx  (x 2
− 1)( x 2 + 2 )

 6 x + 7 = A  2 x − 9 + B Let x 2 = z
Equating the coefficients of like x2 z
 =
terms from both sides, we get
(x 2
− 1)( x 2 + 2 ) ( z − 1)( z + 2 )
2 A = 6 and −9 A + B = 7
Using partial fractions, we get
 A = 3 and −9 ( 3) + B = 7
z A B
= +
 B = 7 + 27 = 34 ( z − 1)( z + 2 ) z −1 z + 2

3( 2x − 9) 34  z = A ( z + 2 ) + B ( z − 1)
I = dx +  dx
x − 9 x + 20 x − 9 x + 20
2 2

Put x − 9 x + 20 = t in first integral

2 1
When z = 1, we get A =
3
3 dx
I = dt + 34 2
and when z = −2, we get B =
2
t  9 81
 x −  + 20 − 3
 2 4
x2
I = dx
(x 2
− 1)( x 2 + 2 )
INTEGRATION 5

=
1/ 3
dx +  2
2/3 1  x 
dx = x+ tan −1 
( x − 1)
2
( x + 2) 4 3  3


1 1 2 1 7 x− 5
=  dx +  dx + 
1
+C
( )
log
3 x −1
2
3 x2 + 2 2
4 2 5 x+ 5

1 1 x −1 2 1  x  1  x 
=  log +  tan −1  = x+ tan −1 
x +1 3 +C 4 3  3

3 2 2  2

27 x− 5
+ log +C
1 x −1 2  x  8 5 x+ 5
= log + tan −1  +C
6 x +1 3  2

x3
I =
18. Let I = 
(x 2
+ 1)( x 2 + 4 )
dx
19.
x 4 + 3x 2 + 2
dx

(x 2
+ 3)( x 2 − 5 ) 1
Put x 2 = t  xdx = dt
2
Let x 2 = t
1 t

(x 2
+ 1)( x 2 + 4 )
=
( t + 1)( t + 4 ) I = 
2 t + 3t + 2
2
dt

(x 2
+ 3)( x 2 − 5 ) ( t + 3)( t − 5 )
1 t
2
t + 5t + 4 7t + 19
= 
2 ( t + 2 )( t + 1)
dt
= = 1+
( t + 3)( t − 5) ( t + 3)( t − 5 ) t A B
Let = +
7t + 19 A B ( t + 2 )( t + 1) ( t + 2 ) ( t + 1)
Let = +
( t + 3)( t − 5) t + 3 t − 5
 t = A ( t + 1) + B ( t + 2 )
 7t + 19 = A ( t − 5) + B ( t + 3)
Put t = −1, −2 in it, we get
27 A = 2, B = −1
Putting t = 5, we get B =
4 t 2 1
 = −
1 ( t + 2 )( t + 1) t + 2 t +1
Putting t = −3, we get A =
4
1  2 1 
( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 4 ) I =   −  dt
2  ( t + 2 ) ( t + 1) 
 I = dx
(x 2
+ 3)( x 2 − 5 )
1
=  2 log t + 2 − log t + 1  + C
1 1 2
=  dx +  2 dx
4 ( x + 3)
1
=  2 log x 2 + 2 − log x 2 + 1  + C
27 1 2
+ 
4 ( x − 5)
2
dx
INTEGRATION 6

20. Let I = 
3x + 1
dx  3x + 5 = A ( x − 1)( x + 1)
( x + 1) ( x + 3)
2
+ B ( x + 1) + C ( x − 1) ... ( 2 )
2

Let
Put x = 1, −1, 0 in (2) to get
3x + 1 A B C
= + + ... (1)
( x + 1) ( x + 3)
2
x +1 ( x + 1) 2
x+3 1
B = 4; C = ; A = −
1
2 2

 3x + 1 = A ( x + 1)( x + 3) From (1),

+ B ( x + 3) + C ( x + 1) ... ( 2 )
2
3x + 5
x − x2 − x + 1
3

Put x = −1, −3, 0 in (2), we get

1 1 4 1 1
=− . + + .
B = −1; C = −2; A = 2 2 x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
2 x +1
 From (1),
Integrating, we get
3x + 1 2 1 2
= − − 1 dx dx 1 dx
( x + 1) ( x + 3)
2
x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
x+3 I =− 
2 x −1
+ 4 + 
( x − 1) 2 x + 1
2

Integrating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

1 4 1
2 1 2 = −1 log x − 1 − + log x + 1 + C
I = dx −  dx −  dx 2 x −1 2
x +1 ( x + 1)
2
( x + 3)
1
= 2 log x + 1 + − 2 log x + 3 + C 1 x +1 4
x +1 = log − +C
2 x −1 x −1
x +1 1
= 2 log + +C
x + 3 x +1
8
22. Let I =  dx
( x + 2) ( x2 + 4)
3x + 5
21. Let I =  dx Let
x − x2 − x + 1
3
8 A Bx + C
= + 2 ... (1)
Here, ( x + 2) ( x 2
+ 4) x+2 x +4
x3 − x 2 − x + 1 = x 2 ( x − 1) − 1( x − 1)

= ( x 2 − 1) ( x − 1) = ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x − 1) ( )
 8 = A x 2 + 4 + ( Bx + C )( x + 2 ) ... ( 2 )

= ( x − 1)
2
( x + 1) Put x = −2, 0,1 in (2), we get

A = 1; C = 2; B = −1
3x + 5 3x + 5
Let =
x − x − x + 1 ( x − 1)2 ( x + 1)
3 2
 From (1),

A B C 8 1 −x + 2
= + + ... (1) = + 2
x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
x +1 ( x + 2) ( x 2
+ 4) x+2 x +4
INTEGRATION 7

Integrating, we get Put x2 = y  2 xdx = dy

8
I = dx  I =
dy
( x + 2) ( x2 + 4) ( y + 1)( y + 3)
dx −x + 2
= + 2 dx We write,
x+2 x +4 1 A B
= +
1 2x ( y + 1)( y + 3) y + 1 y + 3
= log ( x + 2 ) −  dx
2 x +4
2
 1 = A ( y + 3) + B ( y + 1) ... (1)
dx
+2  2 + C1 Putting y = −1 in (1), we get
x + 22
1
1 = 2A  A =
= log ( x + 2 ) − log ( x 2 + 4 )
1
2
2
Putting y = −3 in (1), we get
1  x
+2. tan −1   + C 1
2 2 1 = −2 B  B = −
2
 x+2  −1  x 
= log   + tan   + C 
1
=
1
−
1
 x +4 
2
2 ( y + 1)( y + 3) 2 ( y + 1) 2 ( y + 3)

2  1 1 
23. Let I =  dx  I =  −  dy
(1 − x ) (1 + x 2 )  2 ( y + 1) 2 ( y + 3 ) 

2 A Bx + C 1 dy 1 dy
2  y +1 2  y + 3
Let = + = −
(1 − x ) (1 + x ) 1 − x 1 + x 2
2

 2 = A (1 + x 2 ) + ( Bx + C )(1 − x )
1 1
= log y + 1 − log y + 3 + C
2 2
 2 = ( A − B ) x2 + ( B − C ) x + ( A + C )
1 y +1 1 x2 + 1
Comparing coefficient of x , x and 2 = log + C = log 2 +C
2 y +3 2 x +3
constant term, we get A = B = C = 1
2 1 x +1
Hence = +
(1 − x ) (1 + x ) 1 − x 1 + x 2
2 25. Given:
 e ( tan x + 1) sec x dx = e f ( x ) + C ... (1)
x x

−1
L.H.S. =  e x ( tan x + 1) sec xdx
1 2x 1
I =
2  1+ x
dx + dx +  dx
x −1 2
1+ x 2

= − log ( x − 1) +
1
2
( )
log 1 + x 2 + tan −1 x + C =  e x ( sec x + sec x tan x ) dx

=  e x sec xdx +  e x sec x tan xdx

2x
24. Let I =  dx
( x + 1)( x 2 + 3)
2 (Integrating first integral by parts)
INTEGRATION 8

= e x sec x −  e x sec x tan x dx −1 3

=
2
( 4 − 3x − 2 x 2 ) 2 + C1
+  e x sec x tan xdx + C
 3   41  
2
= e x sec x + C = e x f ( x ) + C
2
5
−  −2  x +  −    dx
4  4   4  
(by (1))  
On comparing, we get f ( x ) = sec x 3
=−
1
2
( 4 − 3 x − 2 x ) + C1
2 2

2
26. Let I =  ( 3x + 1) 4 − 3x − 2 x 2 dx 5 2  41   3
2

4 
−  −
  x +  dx
 4   4 
Let 3x + 1 = 
d
( 4 − 3x − 2 x 2 ) +  3
dx
=−
1
2
( 4 − 3 x − 2 x ) + C1
2 2

 3x + 1 =  ( −3 − 4 x ) + 
5 2 1 
2
  x +    −  x + 
3 41 3
 3x + 1 = −3 +  − 4 x −
4 2 4   16   4

 3 = −4 , −3 +  = 1
 3 
−3 −5  x+  
  = , = 1  41  4 +C 
4 4 +   sin −1  2
2  16   41  
  
 I =  ( 3x + 1) 4 − 3x − 2 x 2 dx
 4 

−1 3

 3 5 = ( 4 − 3x − 2 x )
2 2

=   − ( −3 − 4 x ) −  4 − 3x − 2 x 2 dx 2
 4 4
3
= − ( −3 − 4 x )  4 − 3 x − 2 x 2 dx 2
4 5  3   41   3
− x+   −x+ 
5 4 2 4   16   4
−
4  4 − 3x − 2 x 2 dx
205  4x + 3 
− sin −1   + C,
Let 4 − 3x − 2 x = t in the first
2
64 2  41 
integral
5 2
 ( −3 − 4x ) dx = dt where C = C1 − C2
4

−3 5  3  27. Let I =  ( x + 3) 3 − 4 x − x 2 dx
I =  tdt −  −2  x + x − 2 dx
2

4 4  2 
−3 2 3/ 2 =  ( x + 2 + 1) 3 − 4 x − x 2 dx
=  t + C1
4 3
−1
−2 ( x + 2 ) 3 − 4 x − x 2 dx
2 
=
5  3 9 9
−
4  −2  x 2 + x − 2 + − dx
 2 16 16  +  3 − 4x − x 2 dx
INTEGRATION 9

= I1 + I 2 (say) −3x + 2
i.e., I = −  1 − x 2 dx +  dx
1 − x2
1
 I1 = −  −2 ( x + 2 ) 3 − 4 x − x 2 dx
2 3 −2 x
= −  1 − x 2 dx +  dx
Put 2 1 − x2
3 − 4 x − x 2 = t  ( −4 − 2 x ) dx = dt
1
+2 dx
1 1 2 3/ 2 1 − x2
 I1 = −  t dt = −  ( t ) + C1
2 2 3
3 2
= −  1 − x 2 dx + 1 − x2
2
= −  ( 3 − 4 x − x 2 ) + C1 ... (1)
1 3/ 2
+2sin −1 x + C
3
x 1 
and I 2 =  3 − 4 x − x 2 dx = −  1 − x 2 + sin −1 x 
2 2 

=  − ( x 2 + 4 x − 3 + 4 − 4 )dx +3 1 − x 2 + 2sin −1 x + C

( )
x 3
=  − ( x + 2 ) − 7 dx =  7 − ( x + 2 ) dx
2 2
=− 1 − x 2 + sin −1 x + 3 1 − x 2 + C
2 2

( x + 2) 3 − 4x − x2 29. Let
=
2 x 2 + 1 log ( x 2 + 1) − 2log x 
I = dx
x4
7 ( x + 2 ) + C ... 2
+ sin −1 2 ( )
2 7
 x2 + 1 
From (1) & (2), we get x 2 + 1 log  2 
=  x  dx
( x + 2) 3 − 4x − x
2

(3 − 4x − x )
1 4
I =−
2 3/ 2
+
x
3 2
x2 + 1 1
7  x+2 Put = t  x2 =
+ sin −1  +C x 2
t −1
2  7 
−1 1 1
where C = C1 + C2  2 xdx = dt  dx = − . dt
( t − 1) 2 x ( t − 1)2
2

x 2 − 3x + 1 1
 − . t − 1.
1
dt = −
dt
28. Let I =  dx
( t − 1) 2 ( t − 1)
2 3/ 2
1 − x2 2

= −
(−x 2
+ 3x − 1)
dx 1 t
1 − x2 Also x2 + 1 = +1 =
t −1 t −1

= −
(1 − x ) + 3x − 2 dx
2

1 − x2
INTEGRATION 10

t 1 −dt Put x = sin 2   dx = 2sin  cos  d

 I = .log t. 
t −1 1/ ( t − 1) 2 ( t − 1)
2 3/ 2
4
I = x− x cos −1 x

1 sin 2 
2
=− 2
t .log t dt −
  1 − sin 2 
.2sin  cos d + C

1  t 3/ 2 t 3/ 2 1  4
=−  .log t −  . dt  + C = x− x cos −1 x
2  3/ 2 3/ 2 t  
2 sin 
  cos 
1 − .2sin  cos  d + C
= − t 3/ 2 log t −  t1/ 2 dt  + C
3
4 2
=
−1  3/ 2

2 
t log t − t 3/ 2  + C = x−

x cos −1 x −
  (1 − cos 2 ) d + C
3  3 

−1  x + 1 
3/2
2
 x2 + 1  4 2 sin 2 
=  2  log  2  = x− x cos −1 x − − +C
3  x   x   
 2 

3

2  x2 + 1  2  4 2
−  2  +C
3 x  
= x− x cos −1 x −  − sin  cos   + C
 


4
= x− x cos −1 x
30. Let 
sin −1 x − cos −1 x
I = dx, x   0,1 −
2  −1
sin x − x 1 − x  + C
sin −1 x + cos −1 x 
We know that

sin −1 x + cos −1 x = b
2 31.  f ( x ) dx =

a
−1
 sin x = − cos −1 x
2 lim h  f ( a ) + f ( a + h ) + ... + f ( a + ( n − 1) h )
h →0


− 2 cos −1 x
 I = 2 dx where nh = b − a

2 Here, f ( x ) = x 2 + 3, a = 2, b = 5 and

4 nh = 3
=  1.dx −  1.cos xdx
−1

(x ) ( ) ( 2 + h ) 
5

 
2
+ 3 dx = lim h 
 2 +3 +
2 2
+3
h →0
2

= x−
4
 x.cos
−1
x −  x.
−1
.
1 
dx  + C + ( 2 + 2h ) + 3 + .... + ( 2 + ( n − 1) h ) + 3
2 2

 1− x 2 x 
INTEGRATION 11

= lim h 3n + 2 . n + h 1 + 2 + ... + ( n − 1)

h →0
2 2
( 2 2 2
) 33. Here f ( x ) = 3x 2 − 2, a = 0, b = 2

+4h (1 + 2 + ... + ( n − 1) )  and nh = b − a = 2

 1
= lim 7nh + ( nh − h ) nh ( 2nh − h ) 2
h →0
 6   ( 3x 2 − 2 ) dx = lim h ( 0 − 2 ) + ( 3h 2 − 2 )
h →0
+2 ( nh − h ) nh 
0

1
= 7  3 + (3 − 0)  3( 2  3 − 0)
 2
 
+ 3 ( 2h ) − 2 + ... + 3 ( ( n − 1) h ) − 2 
2

 
6
+2 ( 3 − 0 )  3 h→0 

= lim h  −2n + 3h2 12 + 22 + ... + ( n − 1) 
2

 

= lim h  −2n + 3h 2
( n − 1) n ( 2n − 1) 
= 21 + 9 + 18 = 48 h →0

 6 

 1 
= lim  −2nh + ( nh − h ) nh ( 2nh − h ) 
32. We have, a = 1, b = 4, f ( x ) = x − x 2
h →0
 2 
and nh = 3  1 
=  −2  2 + ( 2 − 0 ) 2 ( 2  2 − 0 ) 
4  2 
 (x − x ) dx
2

1
= −4 + 8 = 4


= lim h  1 − 1 +
h →0
2
 (1 + h ) 2
− 1 (1 + h ) + 
1
... + (1 + ( n − 1) h ) 2
− (1 + ( n − 1) h )  34. We have, 
1 1
dx = sin −1 x 
0 1 − x2 0

= lim h 
n + h
2
(1 + 2
2 2
+ ... + ( n − 1)
2
)  
= sin −1 1 − sin −1 0 = −0 =
h →0

+2 h (1 + 2 +... + ( n − 1)) − n 2 2
−h (1 + 2 + ... + ( n − 1) )

h →0 

= lim h  h2 1 + 22 + 32 + ... + ( n − 1)
2
 x3 − 1
2 2
35. Here,  2 dx =  ( x − x −2 ) dx
+ h 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + ( n − 1) 1
x 1

( n − 1) n ( 2n − 1) h ( n − 1) n 
2 2
  x 2 x −1   x 2 1 
= lim h h + = −  = + 
2

 
 2 −1 1  2 x 1
h →0 6 2

= lim
 ( nh − h ) nh ( 2nh − h ) + ( nh − h ) nh  4 1 1  5 3

h→0 6 2  =  +  −  + 1 = − = 1
2 2 2  2 2
 (3 − h) 3( 6 − h) (3 − h) 3 
= lim  + 
h →0
 6 2 
3
1
3 ( 3) 6 3 ( 3)  x dx = log x 
3
36.
= + 2
2

6 2
=9+ =
9 27 3
= log 3 − log 2 = log  
2 2 2
INTEGRATION 12

2 2
 x3 
37.  4 − x 2 dx =  22 − x 2 dx =  − x + 2 tan −1 x  = F ( x )
0 0 3 

x 2 22 x
2
 By second fundamental theorem
= 2 − x 2 + sin −1  of calculus, we have,
2 2 2 0
I = F (1) − F ( 0 )
=  2sin −1 1 − 0  = 
1
= − 1 + 2 tan −1 1 − 0
1 3
dx
 1+ x
1
38. =  tan −1 x 
2 0 2  3 − 4
0 =− + =
3 2 6
 
= tan −1 1 − tan −1 0 = −0 = 4
x
4 4 41. Let I =  dx
 2
x +1
2

2
39. Let I =  x 2 sin x dx Put x 2 + 1 = t  xdx =
1
dt
0 2
Integrating by parts Also x = 2  t = 5 and
 x = 4  t = 17
2
 /2
I =  x 2 ( − cos x )  −  2 x ( − cos x ) dx 17
1 dt 1 1
I =  =  log t 5 =  log17 − log 5
0 17
0
25 t 2 2
Again integrating by parts

 

2
 1  17 
I = 2  x sin x 0 −  1.sin xdx 
 /2
= log   .
2  5
 0


  /2 
= 2  .1 − 0 −  − cos x 0  e2
dx
2  42. Let I = 
e
x log x
 
= 2  + ( 0 − 1)  =  − 2
2  1
Put log x = t  dx = dt
x
Also x = e  t = log e = 1
40. Let I = 
1
x +1
4
dx = 
1
( x4 − 1) + 2 dx
x2 + 1 x2 + 1 and x = e2  t = log e2 = 2log e = 2
0 0

2
dt
Consider I =  =  log t 1 = log 2 − log1 = log 2
2

t
(x 4
− 1) + 2 2 
1

 x +1
2
dx =   x 2 − 1 + 2  dx
 x + 1
INTEGRATION 13

 /4
sin 2
1
43. Let I =  xe x dx 46. Let I =  d
2

0 0
sin  + cos 4 
4

 /4
Put x 2 = t  xdx =
1 2sin  cos 
2
dt. I= 
0 sin 4  + (1 − sin 2  )
2
d

Also, x = 0  t = 0 and
x = 1  t = 1. Put sin 2  = t  2sin  cos  d = dt

1 Also  = 0  t = 0 and
1 1 1
 I =  et dt  I = et  = ( e − 1)
1
 1
20 2 0 2  = t =
4 2
1/ 2 1/ 2
dt dt
tan −1 x I=  t + (1 − t ) =  2t
1
44. Let I =  dx 2 2 2
− 2t + 1
0
1 + x 2 0 0

1/ 2
1 dt
−1
Put tan x = t 
1
dx = dt =
2  1
1 + x2 0
t − t + 
2

 2
Also x = 0  t = 0 and
 1
1/2
dt
x =1 t =
4
=
2  1 1
2 2

t −  +  
0

   2 2
4
1 
4
 I =  tdt =  t 2 
1/2
  1 
 2 0 t−
0 1 1  −1  2  
= .  tan 
2 1 1  
 
1     2
2

= .   − 0  = 2   2   0
2  4   32 1/ 2
 2t − 1 
= tan −1 
 1  0
1
ex
45. Let I =  
= tan −1 0 − tan −1 ( −1) =
dx
1 + e2 x
0 4
Put e x = t  e x dx = dt

Also x = 0  t = e0 = 1 
4
sin x + cos x
47. Let I =  dx
and x = 1  t = e = e 1
9 + 16sin 2 x
0

e
 I =
dt
=  tan −1 t 
e
Put sin x − cos x = t
1 (1 + t )
2 1

 ( cos x + sin x ) dx = dt
= tan −1 e − tan −1 1
INTEGRATION 14

Also x = 0  t = −1 and Also, x = 0  t = −1 and

 
x= t =0 x=  t = 0.
4 4

 t 2 = ( sin x − cos x ) = 1 − sin 2 x

 /4

( )
2

 tan x + cot x dx
0
 sin 2 x = 1 − t 2

0 0 0
dt dt dt
 I=  ( 9 + 16 (1 − t ) )
−1
2
= −1 25 − 16t 2 = 2
1− t2
−1

 5
0
 0
+t = 2 sin −1 t 
1 1  
0
1 dt −1
=  = . log 4 
16 −1  5 2 2 16 2. 5  5 
  −t
−t = 2 sin −1 0 − sin −1 ( −1) 
4 4  4 −1 

1   1/ 4   
=  log1 − log   = 2.sin −1 1 = 2. = R.H .S
40   9 / 4  2

1   1 
=  0 − log   
40   9  2
49. Let I = x − x dx
3

1 1 −1
= log 9 = log 3
40 20 Since,
 x3 − x, x  ( −1, 0 )  (1, 2 )
x −x =
3

− ( x − x ) , x  ( 0,1)
3
 /4
48. L.H.S. = ( tan x + cot x dx ) 0 1
I =  ( x − x ) dx +  − ( x − x ) dx
0 3 3

−1 0
 /4  sin x cos x 
=  +  dx
sin x  2
 cos x +  ( x 3 − x )dx
0

1

sin x + cos x
= 4 dx 0 1 2
0
sin x cos x  x4 x2   − x4 x2   x4 x2 
=  −  + +  + − 
  4 2 −1  4 2 0  4 2 1

= 2
4
( sin x + cos x ) dx   1 1   1 1 
= 0 −  −   +  − + − 0
0 2sin x cos x   4 2   4 2 

  1 1 
4
sin x + cos x + ( 4 − 2 ) −  −  
= 2 dx   4 2 
1 − ( sin x − cos x )
2
0
1 1 1 11
= + +2+ =
Let sin x − cos x = t then 4 4 4 4
( cos x + sin x ) dx = dt
INTEGRATION 15

 /2  /2 2 4
dx dx
50. Let I =  =  =  ( − x + 6 ) dx +  ( x + 2 ) dx
1 + tan x sin x
0 0
1+ 0 0
cos x
2 4
 x2   x2 
 /2
cos x = − + 6 x  +  + 2 x 
 I= 
0 cos x + sin x
dx …(1)  2 0  2 2

= ( −2 + 12 − 0 ) + 8 + 8 − ( 2 + 4 ) 
By the property,
= 10 + 10 = 20
a a

 f ( x ) dx =  f ( a − x ) dx , we get
0 0

  5

 /2 cos  − x  52. Let I =   x − 2 + x − 3 + x − 5  dx

2 
I=  dx 2

0    
cos  − x  + sin  − x  3

2  2  =  ( x − 2 ) − ( x − 3) − ( x − 5 )  dx
2

5
 /2
sin x +  ( x − 2 ) + ( x − 3) − ( x − 5)  dx
= 
0 sin x + cos x
dx …(2)
3

3 5
Adding (1) and (2), we get =  ( − x + 6 )dx +  xdx
2 3
 /2
 cos x sin x 
2I =  +  dx  x2   x2 
3 5

0  sin x + cos x sin x + cos x  = − + 6 x  +  

 2  2  2 3
 /2
  9   1
=  − + 18  − ( −2 + 12 )  + ( 25 − 9 )
 1.dx =  x0 =
 /2
=
0
2  2   2
9 23
 = − +8+8 =
I = 2 2
4

2
1
4
51. Let I =  ( x + x − 2 + x − 4 ) dx
53. Let I =  1+ e
0
sin x
dx

0
 2
dx dx
2 = +
=   x − ( x − 2 ) − ( x − 4 )  dx 1+ e  1+ e
sin x sin x
0
0

dx
4 = + I1 ….(1)
+   x + ( x − 2 ) − ( x − 4 )  dx 0
1 + esin x
2
2
dx
Where I1 = 
 1+ e
sin x
INTEGRATION 16

=   tan x − sec x 0
 
dy
=
1 + e− sin y
 0 − sec  − ( 0 − sec 0 )  =  1 + 1 = 2
0

( Put : x =  + y )
 
esin y dy esin x  I =
= =  dx
0
e sin y
+ 1 0
1 + e sin x

 From (1),
1 
1

  55. Let I =  log  − 1 dx

x 
sin x
dx e
I = + dx 0
1+ e sin x
1 + esin x
 1− x 
0 0

 dx ... (1)
1
 I =  log 

1 + esin x
 0
 x 
I = dx =  1.dx
1 + esin x
0 0  a a

  f ( x ) dx =  f ( a − x ) dx 
=  x 0 = 

 0 0 

 1 −1 + x 
1
 I =  log   dx
 0  1− x 
x
54. Let I =  dx ….(1)
1 + sin x  x 
1
 I =  log 
0
 dx …(2)
a a 0  1− x 
Using  f ( x ) dx = f ( a − x ) dx,
0 0
Adding (1) and (2), we get

  1− x   x 
1
we get
2 I =  log   + log    dx
0  x   1 − x 

 −x 
 −x
I=  1 + sin ( − x ) dx =  1 + sin x dx, 1
=  log1.dx = 0  I = 0
0 0

….(2) 0


Adding (1) and (2), we get 3
dx
56. Let I = 
(1 + )
 
 dx
2I =  dx =    tan x
0
1 + sin x 0
1 + sin x 6

 

1 1 − sin x 3
dx 3
cos x
=  dx I=  =  dx ... (1)
1 + sin x 1 − sin x   sin x  cos x + sin x
0
6 
1+  6


 cos x 
1 − sin x
= dx   +  − x
cos 2 x cos  
0 3
3 6 
I=  dx
 
     
=   ( sec2 x − tan x sec x ) dx 6 cos  + − x  + sin  + − x 
3 6  3 6 
0
INTEGRATION 17

 
2 4
 x2   x2 
b b



 f ( x ) dx = 
a a
f ( a + b − x ) dx 

= − + 5x  +  + x 
 2 1  2 2

   1 

cos  − x  = ( −2 + 10 ) −  − + 5  + ( 8 + 4 ) − ( 2 + 2 )
3
2   2 
I = dx
    
6 cos  − x  + sin  − x 
2  2  =
23
 2
3
sin x
 I= dx …(2) 58. The given integral is I =  x 2e x dx.
3

 sin x + cos x
6
Let x 3 = t
Adding (1) and (2), we get
 3x 2 dx = dt
 
We get
3
cos x + sin x 3
2I =  dx =  1dx 1
I =  et dt
 cos x + sin x  3
6 6

   
1
= et + c (et dt = et + c )
 2 I =  x  /6 =  −  =
 /3 3
3 6 6 1 3
= ex + c
3
 
 2I =  I=
6 12 4
59. I =  x − 5 dx
1

I =  − ( x − 5 ) dx
4
57. Here x − 1 + x − 2 + x − 4 1

I =  ( 5 − x ) dx
4
( x − 1) − ( x − 2) − ( x − 4), when 1  x  2
= 1

( x − 1) + ( x − 2) − ( x − 4), when 2  x  4  x2 
4

I = 5 x − 
 2 1
− x + 5, when 1  x  2  42   12 
= I =  5  4 −  −  5 1 − 
 x + 1, when 2  x <4  2  2
4 9 15
   x − 1 + x − 2 x − 4  dx I = 12 − =
2 2
1

2
x
=   x − 1 + x − 2 + x − 4  dx 60. Given that x dx.
1
2
+ 3x + 2

1 ( 2 x + 3) − 3
2  x 2 + 3x + 2
4
+   x − 1 + x − 2 + x − 4  dx  dx

1  ( 2 x + 3)
2
1 
  2 dx − 3 dx 
( x + 1)( x + 2 ) 
2 4
2  x + 3x + 2
=  ( − x + 5 ) dx +  ( x + 1) dx
1 2
INTEGRATION 18

1    And t = 0 when x = 1
( )
1 1
  log x + 3 x + 2 − 3  −  dx 
2

 ( x + 1) ( x + 2 )    −  (1 − t ) t n dt
0
2
1

 log ( x 2 + 3 x + 2 )
1
 −  ( t n − t n +1 ) dt
0

2 1

3   ( t n − t n +1 ) dt
1
− log ( x + 1) − log ( x + 2 )  + c 0
2
1
 x +1   t n +1 t n+2 
 log ( x 2 + 3x + 2 ) − log 
1 3
+c  − 
2 2  x+2  n + 1 n + 2 0
 (1)n +1 (1)n + 2   ( 0 )n +1 ( 0 )n + 2 
x +1  − − − 
 log x 2 + 3x + 2 − 3log +c  n + 1 n + 2   n + 1 n + 2 
x+2
 1 1 
 −
 n + 1 n + 2 
2 1 1  2x 1
61. 
1  − 2  e dx
 x 2x 

( n + 1)( n + 2 )
Let 2 x = t  2dx = dt
x = 1, t = 2 and e x (1 + x ) dx
When when 63.  cos 2 ( xe x )
x = 2, t = 4
 1 1  2x 1 4 2 2 
Let xe x = t  e x (1 + x ) .dx = dt
  − 2  e dx =   − 2  et dt
2

1
 x 2x  2 2t t 
dt
41 1
=   − 2  et dt  cos 2
t
=  sec2 t = tan t + c
2 t
 t 
= tan ( xe x ) + c
1
Let = f ( t )
t
1
Then, f ' ( t ) = − 2 64. Consider the given integral
t
 4 3 dx =  12
x x x
41 1 dx
   − 2  et dt
 t  1
(12x ln 12) dx
2 t

ln 12 
=
=  et  f ( t ) + f ' ( t )  dt
4

2
12 x
= +C
 et 
4 ln 12
= e f ( t )  =  
t 4

 t 2
2

dx 1 dx
e4 e2 e ( e − 2 )  9 + 4x = 
2 2 65. 2
= − = 4 9 + x2
4 2 4 4

 2x 
= . ( tan −1 )   + c
1 2
 x (1 − x )
1 n
62. The given integral is dx 4 3  3 
0

Put 1 − x = t sot that dx = −dt 1  2x 

= tan −1   + c
 t = 1 when x = 0, 6  3 
INTEGRATION 19

66. Let I = ( 1 − sin 2 x )dx sec 2 x

69. Let I =  dx
tan 2 x + 4
=  cos 2 x + sin 2 x − 2sin x cos xdx
Put tan x = t  sec2 xdx = dt
=  (cos x − sin x)dx
dt
  l =  = log t + t 2 + 4 + C
Since,  x  , So we get t +4
2

4 2
I = (sin x − cos x)dx = log tan x + tan 2 x + 4 + C
= −(cos x + sin x) + C

70. Let
cos 2 x + 2sin x 2
I =
dx
=
1

dx
67. Let I =  dx
cos 2 x 5 − 4 x − 2 x2 2 5
− 2x − x2
2
cos 2 x − sin 2 x + 2sin 2 x
= dx
cos 2 x
1 dx
= 
cos x + sin x
2 2
2 7
= dx −1 − 2x − x2
cos 2 x 2
1 1 dx
= 2
dx =  sec 2 xdx = 
cos x 2  2
7
  − ( x + 1)
2
= tan x + C
 2

 
cos( x + a)  x +1 
68.  dx =
1
sin −1  +C
sin( x + b) 2  7 
 
cos( x + b + a − b)  2 
= dx
sin( x + b)
1  2 
= sin −1  ( x + 1)  + C
cos( x + b ) cos( a − b ) − sin( x + b ) sin( a − b )
= dx
2  7 
sin( x + b )

cos( x + b)
= cos(a − b)  dx 71. Let
sin( x + b)
3x + 5 3x + 5
I = dx =  dx
− sin(a − b)  dx x + 3x − 18
2
( x + 6)( x − 3)

= cos(a − b) log sin( x + b) − x sin(a − b) + C

3x + 5 A B
Let = +
( x + 6)( x − 3) ( x + 6) ( x − 3)

 3x + 5 = A( x − 3) + B( x + 6) ….(i)

Putting x = 3 in (i), we get

INTEGRATION 20

9 B = 14  B =
14 x 2 tan −1 x 1  1 
= −  1 −  dx
9 2 2  1 + x2 
Putting x = -6 in (i), we get
x 2 tan −1 x 1 1 1
13 = −  dx +  dx
−9 A = −13  A = 2 2 2 1 + x2
9
x 2 tan −1 x x 1
I =
13

1
dx + 
14
dx
1 = − + tan −1 x + C
9 ( x + 6) 9 ( x − 3)
2 2 2

=
13 14
log( x + 6) + log( x − 3) + C
=
1
2
( ) x
1 + x 2 tan −1 x − + C
2
9 9

(1 + tan x)
72. Let 74. Let I =  0− dx
(1 − tan x)
I =  sin −1 (2 x)dx =  1 sin −1 (2 x)dx 4

 sin x 
−1
 1 d  1 + 
= sin (2 x) x −   (2 x)  x  dx 0  cos x 
=  − dx
 1 − 4 x dx 
2
4 1 −
sin x 
 
 cos x 
2x cos x + sin x
= x sin −1 (2 x) −  dx =  0− dx
1 − 4 x2 4
cos x − sin x

= x sin −1 (2 x) + 
dt Put cos x − sin x = t
4 t
 −(sin x + cos x)dx = dt
(Putting1 − 4 x = t  −8xdx = dt )
2
When x = 0, t = 1 , when
2
= x sin −1 (2 x) + (t )1/2 + C −
4 x= ,t = 2
4
1
= x sin −1 (2 x) + 1 − 4 x2 + C dt dt
2  I = 1 2 − = 1 2 = [log t ]1 2
t t
1
−1 = log 2 − log1 = log 2
73. Let I =  x  tan xdx 2

Integrating, by parts, we get

I = tan −1 x  xdx −   d
dx
( tan x )  xdx
−1
 dx
75. We have,

 0a f ( x)dx =  0a f (a − x)dx ……(i)

Now,
x2 x2
(
= tan x −1
− )
1
dx
2 1 + x2 2 ( ) 10 x 2 (1 − x)n dx = 10 (1 − x)2 (1 − (1 − x))n dx
INTEGRATION 21

[using (i)]

( )
= 10 (1 − x) 2 x n dx = 10 1 + x 2 − 2 x x n dx
(
= 10 x n + x n + 2 − 2 x n +1) dx
= 10 x n dx + 10 x n+ 2 dx − 2 10 x n +1dx
1 1 1
 x n +1   x n +3   x n+ 2 
= +
   − 2  
 n + 1 0  n + 3  0  n + 2 0

1 1 2
= + −
n +1 n + 3 n + 2