Rational Numbers – Recurring or Terminating
Irrational Numbers – Non-recurring and non-terminating (surds)
Standard Form:
1 x 10² = 100
1 x 10⁻² = 0.001
1/10² = 0.001
1/10⁻² = 100
Indices:
a² x a³ = a²⁺³
a² / a³ = a²⁻³
(a³)³ = a³ˣ³
a⁻³ = 1/a³
Expression – No (=)
Equation – With (=)
Formula – With (=), with variables (more than 2)
(x+4) (x+1) = x² + 5x + 4
(a+b)² = a² + b² + 2ab
(a-b)² = a² + b² - 2ab
a² - b² = (a+b)(a-b)
Multiplying – 0.02 x 0.01 = 0.0002
Dividing – 0.02 / 0.01 = 2
Amount = Principle x (1+ [Rate/100])^years
Rounding Bounds
40 (nearest 10):
Upper Bound – 44
Lower Bound – 35
35 <= x < 45
100 (nearest 100):
Upper Bound – 149
Lower Bound – 50
50 <= x < 150
5 (nearest 1):
Upper Bound – 5.5
Lower Bound – 4.5
4.5 <= x < 5.5
∈ W (belongs to whole number)
∈ N (belongs to natural number)
∈ I (belongs to integer)
Simultaneous Equations
Algebraic – 2 + 3y = y + 1
Substitution – 2x – 3(2x - 5) = 34 (y = 2x - 5)
Elimination:
2x + 3y = 7
6x - 3y = 33
Inequalities
-2/x < -5/5x → 2/x > 5/5x
If there is a (-) on both sides → the sign reverses
Angles
Triangle – 120°
Quadrilateral – 360°
Sum of Interior Angles = 90(2n - 4)
Each Interior Angle = 90(2n - 4)/n
Exterior Angle = 360°
Each Ext. Angle = 360 / no. of sides
No. of Sides = 360 / single ext. angle
Angle Relationships
Alternate Angles – Z
Corresponding Angles – F
Vertically Opposite – X
Linear Pair – Angles on a straight line (180°)
Co-interior – U (180°)
Angles Around a Point – 360°
Pythagoras’ Theorem
a² + b² = c²
Circle
Area – πr²
Perimeter – 2πr
Semi Circle
Area – ½πr²
Perimeter – πr + d
Quarter Circle
Area – ¼πr²
Perimeter – (πr)/2 + d
¾ Circle
Area – ¾πr²
Perimeter – 3(πr)/4 + d
Rectangle
Area – l × b
Perimeter – 2(l + b)
Triangle
Area – ½ × b × h
Perimeter – s + s + s
Trapezium
Area – ½(a + b)h
Prefix Letter Multiply by:(Power)
tera tm 1012
giga gm 109
Mega Mm 106
kilo km 103
hecto hm 102
deca Dm 101
meter m 10
deci dm 10-1
centi cm 10-2
mili mm 10-3
mixcro 𝜇m 10-6
nano nm 10-9
Unit of memory Number of bytes (Power of 2)
1kb 210
1mb 220
1gb 230
1tb 240
Terminating Decimals – End after some digits (powers of 2 and/or 5)
Recurring Decimals – Repeating without end
Speed = Distance / Time
Kinetic Energy = ½ × mass × velocity²
Sequences
Linear Sequence – Terms increase/decrease by the same amount
Non-linear Sequence – Terms change differently
Term-to-Term Rule – Amount between terms
Nth Term – Formula for sequence
X --> _2 --> y
x 0 1 2
Y 0 1 4
Steady line → no square
U-shaped graph → square involved
Intercepts
Y-intercept – (0, y)
X-intercept – (x, 0)
Equation of a Line – y = mx + c
m = gradient
c = y-intercept
Currency Conversion
50 USD = 400 HKD
1 HKD = 400 / 50 = 8 HKD
1 USD = 50 / 400 = 0.125 USD
Ratios
3 straws, 4 cardboard, 5 metal → 3:4:5
Straws = 3 / (4 + 5) = 3/9 = 1/3
Proportions
Direct:
20 kmph, 100 km → 40 kmph, ?
20/100 = 40/x → x = 200 km
Inverse:
100 men, 100 mins → 200 men, ?
100/100 = x/200 → x = 50 mins
Probability
Mutually Exclusive – Only one can happen
(e.g., rolling a 6 means 1–5 can’t happen)
Probability – Written in fractions
[Roll a 6 on a dice → 1/6]
Independent Events – Both can happen
P(x) = 1/6 (rolling a 6)
P(y) = 3/6 (rolling even number)
P(x) ∩ y = 2,4 → 2/5 → Not independent
P(x) = 1/2
P(y) = 3/6 → Independent
Combined Events
P(x) = 1/6
P(y) = 1/6
P(x ∩ y) = 1/36
Sample Space (S) = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
Bearings
Always use 3 digits
(e.g., 040°, not 40°)
Midpoint Formula
Dx = X₁ + k(X₂ – X₁)
Dy = Y₁ + k(Y₂ – Y₁)
k = fraction
Translation
(x, y) → coordinates
(a, b) → translation
(x+a, y+b) → translated point
Rotation (about point (h,k))
90° Anticlockwise:
X' = h - (y - k)
Y' = k + (x - h)
90° Clockwise:
X' = h + (y - k)
Y' = k - (x - h)
180°:
X' = 2h – x
Y' = 2k – y
Reflection
In x-axis: (x’, y’) = (x, -y)
In y-axis: (x’, y’) = (-x, y)
In origin: (x’, y’) = (-x, -y)
Horizontal line (y = c): (x’, y’) = (x, 2c - y)
Vertical line (x = c): (x’, y’) = (2c - x, y)
Enlargement
Scale Factor – How much to increase
Centre of Enlargement – Rays meet at a point
Surface Area
Cube = 6s²
Cuboid = 2(lb + hb + bl)
Volume = Area of cross section × length
Cube = s³
Cuboid = l × b × h
Triangular Prism = ½ × l × b × h
Trapezium Prism = ½(a + b) × h × l
Triangular Pyramid = s² + 4(½ × l × b)
Cylinder
Volume = πr²h
Surface Area = 2πr² + 2πrh = 2πr(r + h)
Lateral Surface Area = 2πrh
Correlation
• Strong Positive – Increasing, points close together
• Weak Positive – Increasing, points spread out
• Strong Negative – Decreasing, points close together
• Weak Negative – Decreasing, points spread out
Averages
• Mode – Most repeated
• Median – Middle value
• Mean – Total / Number of items
