Quantum
Computing
Whatis quantum computing explaining difference
between conventional computing & quantum
computing
Explain Qubits.
What is Superposition of states.
What is entanglement.
Quantum Crypography
What is a quantum computer?
A quantum computer is a machine that performs
calculations based on the laws of quantum mechanics
(which is the behavior of particles at the sub-atomic level)
Bit
The bit is the most basic unit of information in computing
and digital communications.
It is binary digit.
These values are most commonly represented as either "1"
or "0",
Today's computers use bits—a stream of electrical or optical
pulses representing 1s or 0s. Everything from your tweets
and e-mails to your iTunes songs and YouTube videos are
essentially long strings of these binary digits.
What is a qubit?
Quantum computers, on the other hand, use qubits, which are
typically subatomic particles such as electrons or photons.
In a quantum computer, one "qubit" - quantum bit - could be
both 0 and 1 at the same time.
Representation of Data - Qubits
A physical implementation of a qubit could use the two energy levels of an
atom.
An excited state representing |1> and a ground state representing |0>.
Light pulse of
frequency for
Excited time interval t
State
Nucleus
Ground
State
Electron
State |0> State |1>
All the computational difference comes from
something called Superposition
System 1: With 2 bits
This can represent 4 different values
Possible states: 4 [00, 01, 10, 11]
particular state-value = 2⁰ bit0 + 2¹ bit1
i.e. particular state-value ∈ {0,1,2,3}, one of the 4 possible values
System 2: With 2 qubits
This can represent infinite different values (vector space) formed from 4 different basis
state, 00 ≡|00⟩, 01 ≡ |01⟩, 10 ≡ |10⟩, 11 ≡|11⟩
Possible states [vectors]: Infinite
particular state-value: α |00⟩ + β |01⟩ + γ |10⟩ + δ |11⟩
such that |α|²+|β|² +|γ|² +|δ|² = 1
Representation of Data
So with three qubits of data, a quantum computer could store all
eight combinations of 0 and 1 simultaneously.
(That means a three-qubit quantum computer could calculate eight times faster than a three-bit digital computer.)
Typical personal computers today calculate 64 bits of data at a time.
A quantum computer with 64 qubits would be 2 to the 64th power
faster, or about 18 billion billion times faster. (Note: billion billion
is correct.)
=18,446,744,073,709,551,616
A bit of data is represented by a single atom that is in one of two states
denoted by |0> and |1>. A single bit of this form is known as a qubit
What is superposition?
Qubits can represent numerous possible combinations of 1 and 0 at the same time.
This ability to simultaneously be in multiple states is called superposition. To put
qubits into superposition, researchers manipulate them using precision lasers or
microwave beams.
Superposition principle :
1. The superposition principle is the idea that a system is in all possible states
at the same time, until it is measured.
2. After measurement it then falls to one of the basis states that form the
superposition, thus destroying the original configuration.
Superposition is the ability of quantum system to be in multiple states at the
same time until it is measured.
Representation of Data - Superposition
A single qubit can be forced into a superposition of the two states
denoted by the addition of the state vectors:
|> = 1 |0> + 2 |1>
2 2
Where 1 and 2 are complex numbers and | 1| + | 2 | = 1
A qubit in superposition is in both of the states |1> and |0 at the same time
What is entanglement?
Researchers can generate pairs of qubits that are “entangled,” which means the two
members of a pair exist in a single quantum state. Changing the state of one of the
qubits will instantaneously change the state of the other one in a predictable way.
This happens even if they are separated by very long distances.
For example, it is possible to prepare two particles in a
single quantum state such that when one is observed to be
spin-up, the other one will always be observed to be spin-
down and vice versa.
As a result, measurements performed on one system
seem to be instantaneously influencing other systems
entangled with it
Relationships among data - Entanglement
Entanglement is the ability of quantum systems to exhibit
correlations between states within a superposition.
Imagine two qubits, each in the state |0> + |1> (a superposition of
the 0 and 1.) We can entangle the two qubits such that the
measurement of one qubit is always correlated to the measurement of
the other qubit.
The Mathematics of Quantum Computers |
Infinite Series
[Link]
Real time imaging of quantum entalgment
[Link]
ZPUfH90A53df9P&index=25
entalgment
[Link]
ZPUfH90A53df9P&index=23
Quantum Crypography
Polarization of Photons
Direction of oscillation of the electric field associated to a lightwave
E
Polarization states
What can we do with it ?
50 %
50 %
19
Irreversibility of Measurements
Incoming photon polarized at 90
Incoming photon polarized at 45
50 % 50 %
Rotation of polarizer
20
Quantum communications
Liner States
Transmitting information with a single-photon
Use a quantum property to carry information
= "0" = |0>
= "1" = |1>
21
Quantum Cryptography Protocole
Bob
H/V Basis
BB84 Alice
Polarizers
45 Basis
Horizontal - Vertical
Diagonal (-45, +45 )
Alice's Bit Sequence
Bob's Bases
Bob's Results 0 1 0 0- 0 1 1 1 1 0- 1 0
Key - 1 - 0- 0 1 - - 1 0- 1 0
A better name: Quantum Key Distribution
22
Eavesdropping (3)
Alice
50% 50%
Eve
50% 50%
Bob
50% 50% 50% 50%
Ok Ok Error Ok
Error
23
