Geo grade 9 Exam review

Created by: Mia Mehta

Unit 1 - Geographer’s toolkit
-1st people to study geography greeks

Five features of a map

1. Title
2. Legend
3. Scale
4. Compass
5. Border

Compass rose +
angles
● N - 0 & 360 °
● NE - 45°
● E - 90°
● SE - 135°
● S - 180°
● SW - 225°
● W - 270°
● NW - 315°
 Latitude and Longitude
Longitude lines are known as Meridians

Latitude- Parallel lines on the globe, equal distance from each other, north and south of the equator eg.
equator

Longitude - Up and down the globe east of prime meridian eg. prime meridian

Scales
Large scale map - map that shows a ;arge amount of detail of a small area eg 1:50000/ 1cm=0.5kkm, map
of Toronto, Mississauga

Small scale map - map that shows a small amount of detail of a large area 1:500000/1cm= 5km, map of
canada

RF to DF
To convert from representative fraction to direct fraction is to divide the denominator by 100000.
1cm:50000cm = 1cm:0.5km or do reverse and multiply by 100000

Map symbols
- Village - circle
- School- square with a flag
- Church- square with a cross
- Post office- P
- Airport- Plane
- Cemetery- Square with a C
- Mine- Axe and shovel
- Campsite- tent

Unit 2- Canada’s diverse natural landscape

Factors that affect climate

Latitude
Ocean currents
Wind &
air masses
Elevation
Relief
Near
water
Precipitation
5 forms of precipitation - Fog, rain, sleet, snow, hail

3 types of precipitation:
Frontal (Ontario, Quebec, Eastern Canada)
Conventional (Prairies)- thunderstorms
Relief or Orographic (BC, Western Canada)

Build up and wear down forces

Building up forces: volcanoes, Mountains(folding), Earthquakes(faulting)
Wearing down forces; TYPES OF EROSION: Wind, Ice(glaciers), rain, running water, plant roots,
animal

3 layers of the earth

● Core
● Mantle
● Crust

Plate tectonics *

● A scientist that studies earthquakes - Seismologist

● A section of the earth’s outer crust that contains both a continent and an ocean - plate
● The first person to suggest that the continents were moving - Alfred Wegner
● The supercontinent from 300 million years ago that contained all the continents - pangaea
● These 4 places were covered by giant ice sheets in the past - Africa, India, South america, Asia
● The theory that explains how the continents move - Plate tectonics
● The circular movement that makes the continents move - Convection currents
● The plate that contains the continent North America - North American
● The plate on which Canada’s west coast is found - pacific

Chinook warm dry wind *

A type of warm, dry wind that occur on the downward slope of a mountain when warm air has lost its
moisture

Igneous rock
Igneous rocks are formed throught the cooling & solidification of magma

Climate graph calculations

1. How far will the air rise before condensation begins - Middle height minus bottom height
2. How much will the temperature drop in this distance - The distance divided by cooling rate times degree rate
3. How far will the air mass rise after condensation begins - Top height minus middle height
4. How much will the temperature drop in this distance - The distance divided by cooling rate times degree rate
5. How will the temperature be at the top of the mountain - Og temp - (temp drop + temp drop) = Answer
Weather and climate *
Weather - day-to-day characteristics of the atmosphere eg. Today is Sunday with a 50% chance of rain
Climate- Long-term pattern of weather eg. last winter was very cold and dry

Metamorphic rock and sedimentary rock

Metamorphic rock- rock that is formed through great heat and pressure also known as changed rock eg. slate
Sedimentary rock- Rock that is formed by compressing layers of sediments also known as layered rock eg. Limestone

Subduction plate zone and diverging plate zone

Subduction: When one tectonic plate slides under another plate eg. Mountain building
Diverging: When two tectonics plates move apart eg. Volcanoes form

Unit 3 - Natural Resources: Challenge of Sustainability

Renewable vs non-renewable resources

Renewable resource - Fishing, Forestry, Farming
Non-renewable resources - Mining
Fossil fuels *
Fossil fuels are made from decompos ing plants and animals. These fuels are found in the Earth’s crust
and contain carbon and hydrogen, which can be burned for energy. Coal, oil, and natural gas are examples
of fossil fuels.

Natural Resources in Canada **

● Fishing: East Coast, west coast, Inland (freshwater) - Near water is maritime, away is continental.
Maritime has lobsters and near B.C there is salmon
● Forestry: British Colombia, Ontario, Newfoundland, Manitoba
● Mining:
❖ Metallic; Ontario and Quebec
❖ Non-metallic minerals; Saskatchewan
❖ Fossil fuels; Alberta, Newfoundland
● Farming:
❖ British Colombia; plants and dairy
❖ Alberta; cattle, grain, oilseed
❖ Saskatchewan; Wheat (praires) , cattle, oilseed
❖ Manitoba; Grains, oilseed, hogs
❖ Ontario; Grains, oilseed, dairy
❖ Quebec; Dairy, hog
❖ New Brunswick; Potatoes, Dairy
❖ Nova Scotia; Plants and Dairy
❖ P.E.I; Potatoes, dairy
❖ Newfoundland; Dairy, eggs
❖ Nunavut; Caribou, musk ox
❖ Northwest territories; greenhouse crops, sod
❖ Yukon; cattle, forage
 ● Niagra is known for making fruit and wine

Quotas
A quota is a government-imposed trade restriction limiting the number or monetary value of goods a
country can import or export during a particular period.

Energy consumption
Most of Canada's energy is used for transportation across our big country and heating homes during the
cold winter.

Tertiary industry
A technical name for the services sector of the economy, which encompasses a wide range of businesses,
including financial institutions, schools, hotels, and restaurants.

Threats to the forest

Climate change which is causing forest fires
Invasive insects that our ecosystem isn't used to
Grand banks
● The grand banks are the name of the rich fishing area off the East coast
● It is created when the Labrador Current (cold) and the gulf stream (warm) collide creating a good
temperature where fish can thrive

Alternative forms of energy

● Wind
● Solar
● Geothermal
● Biomass
● Tidal

Coniferous trees and deciduous trees

Coniferous trees- trees with cones and needle-like leaves that stay green all year eg. Pine, spruce (softwood)
Deciduous trees- Trees with broad- leaves that shed in the autumn- oak, maple (hardwood)

Shaft mining and strip mining *

Shaft mining- Mining that occurs underground in tunnels and is very expensive and dangerous but is good for the
environment
Strip mining- Mining that occurs at the surface, it is cheaper and faster to extract but it is worse for the environment

Primary industry and secondary industry *

Primary industry- Industries involved with manufacturing using natural resources eg fishing, farming,
forestry, mining
Secondary industry - Industries involved with manufacturing using natural resources eg. Fishing into
canned tuna, farming into wine, forestry into furniture, and mining into jewelry.
Unit 4 - People, places, patterns

Definitions **
● CBD-central business district- that part of the city which contains the principal commercial
streets and main public buildings.
● Urban - Main cities
● Rural- Country side or near cities
● Urbanization- Moving from rural to urban
● Physical imprints - China town, Little Italy
● Net migration- immigration- emigration
● Dispersed Patterns: found in areas that have a strong agricultural base (people spread out on the
farms in the region)
● Concentrated Patterns: areas where resources (and the economic opportunities and population that
result) are focused in small areas
● Supercity- a large, heavily populated urban area that includes several cities eg. NYC, Paris
● Suburbs- a large, heavily populated urban area that includes several cities eg. Parkdale outside of
Toronto

Why do canadians live near US border

It is less cold compared to being North

Urban land uses *

Residential- Homes, Appartement
Commercial- Restaurants, shops, offices
Transportation- Busses, car
Industrial- small office buildings
Recreational- Pool, park, sports

Melting pot and cultural mosaic

Melting pot- Countries that make all the cultures become one eg.USA
Cultural mosaic - Countries that allow you to maintain your background culture eg. Canada

Push and pull factors *

Push factors- are reasons to leave a country eg. War, health, conditions, poor economy
Pull factors- Reasons to come to a country eg. Good health care, education, more stability

Unit 5 - Canadian Industry/ Canada world

Deveopment

Developed countries (well off countries)- China, Canada, USA, Germany

Industrial countries (a country characterized by industry ) - India, France, Canada
Developing countries (a poor agricultural country that is seeking to become more advanced
economically and socially) - Bangladesh, Brazil, Colombia, Morocco
Multinational companies
Companies that are open all over the world
● Apple
● Microsoft
● Amazon
● Mcdonalds