Random Packing Brochure
Random Packing Brochure
High-Performance
Norton Chemical Process
Products Corporation
Random Packing
2
At Norton Chemical Process Products Intalox® High-Performance Structured Other Norton mass transfer products
Corporation, an Intalox® High- Packing (Bulletin ISP-2) Hy-Contact™ Fractionation Trays
Performance System is an entire ■ Provides maximum predictable (Bulletin FT-2)
packed tower — a tower which
fractionation efficiencies. ■ Valve, sieve and bubblecap trays.
contains well-matched components
for optimal distillation, absorption or ■ Combines high capacity and low ■ Standard or cartridge assembly.
stripping performance. We call our pressure drop per theoretical stage.
Ceramic, Plastic and Metal Random
high-performance systems INTALOX ■ Features a unique double-corrugat-
because this well-respected trade- Packings (Bulletins CTP-1, PTP-1
ed sheet construction.
mark represents the predictable and and MTP-1)
■ Patented sheet surface texturing
reliable performance of thousands of ■ Saddles, pall rings and Raschig
improves separation efficiency.
Norton-packed towers in service rings.
worldwide. Intalox® Snowflake® High-Performance ■ Associated tower internals.
In every Intalox High-Performance Plastic Packing (Bulletin ISPP-1R)
System, you will find a superior Grid-Type Packing (Bulletin IG-1)
■ Optimizes absorption and stripping
Norton tower packing and a carefully ■ Provides great structured strength
towers.
selected liquid and/or vapor distribu- and fouling resistance.
tor, engineered to assure specific ■ Combines high capacity with high
distribution levels. efficiency in one packing size. Liquid/Liquid Extraction Tower Internals
■ Provides lower pressure drop than (Bulletin TIG-1)
90 mm (3.5 in.) plastic packings. ■ Feed pipes and dispersion plates to
■ Exhibits greater efficiency than other accompany various packings.
38 mm (1.5 in.) plastic packings. Denstone® Catalyst Bed Support Media
IMTP® High-Performance
Random Packing Intalox® Liquid and Vapor Distributors (Bulletin DEN-1)
(Bulletin TIG-1) ■ Available in a variety of sizes and
■ Provides greater capacity and
efficiency than fractionation trays ■ Each design is based on Norton’s ceramic materials.
and other random packings. rating system for quantifying distrib-
■ Exhibits approximately 40% lower ution uniformity.
pressure drop than equal-sized ■ With Intalox distributors, packing
pall rings. performance is independent of
■ Minimizes liquid residence time tower diameter and bed depth.
through low liquid hold-up. ■ Intalox distributors are essential in
■ Quickly installed; requires minimal towers requiring many stages with
changes in existing vessels; struc- low HETP.
tural strength allows packing ■ Intalox distributors are available in
depths up to 15 m (50 ft) or more. pan-type, deck-type and trough-
type construction.
3
IMTP Packing Performance.
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.20
0.60
0.50
0.40
Co - m/s
Co - ft/s
0.10
0.30 0.09
0.08
0.07
0.20 0.06
0.05
0.04
0.10 0.03
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00
Flow Parameter, X
G
Norton routinely designs towers up to
Cs - V
L G m/s or ft/s 90% of Efficient Capacity. This limit
leaves an estimated 11% turn-up
- Surface tension, dyne/cm before the packing loses its design
- Liquid viscosity, cp efficiency.
- Liquid kinematic viscosity, cs
5
IMTP Packing Pressure Drop.
0.50 (42)
0.10 (8)
per foot. Figures shown in
parentheses are mm of water
0.05 (4) per meter of packed height.
0.1
0.01
0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0
Flow Parameter, X
t
te r/f
= 1.87 mm Hg/ft
wa
n. = 6.15 mm Hg/m
1.0i
= 817 Pa/m
The efficiency of packing in most Non-uniform liquid and vapor With Norton Intalox liquid
distillation towers is expressed as distribution will cause actual HETP distributors, the HETP of IMTP
HETP, or height equivalent to a values to be substantially greater than packing is independent of tower
theoretical plate. the System Base HETP value. diameter and packing depth.
The mass transfer efficiency of However, commercial towers with
all mass transfer devices is system proper liquid and vapor distribution
properties dependent. System consistently approach the System
properties that affect the efficiency are Base HETP within 13%. For this rea-
liquid viscosity and surface tension. son, Norton designs often use HETP
The efficiency of a packed system values 13% above the System
also depends on the uniformity of Base HETP.
liquid and vapor distribution. What represents proper liquid
The concept of System Base HETP distribution for a commercial tower?
assumes that a specific separation In towers requiring few theoretical
receives uniform liquid and vapor stages, traditional distributors can
distribution. This concept is useful approach the System Base HETP
because it isolates the system’s effect value. Conversely, in towers requiring
on HETP away from the distribution many theoretical stages Norton
considerations. Intalox distributors are required to
As a first approach in projecting approach the System Base HETP
HETP values, Norton has developed value.
a correlation for estimating HETP from
the system properties. It is desirable
to confirm the projected HETP values Values of A and B
with test data in columns having e No. 15 No. 25 No. 40 No. 50 No. 60 No. 70
uniform vapor and liquid distribution in g Siz
in 272 330 401 526 616 758
the same system or a system having a ck - mm
very similar properties. Norton has an TP
P A in. 10.7 13.0 15.8 20.7 24.2 29.9
I M A - 296 366 439 579 678 827
extensive bank of operating data from m
m 11.7 14.4 17.3 22.8 26.7 32.6
a wide variety of systems and can B - in.
provide reference data to confirm final B -
HETP values upon request.
The efficiency correlation applies to
systems which (a) are non-aqueous,
(b) are non-reacting and non-ionizing,
and (c) have low relative volatility its
(less than three).
n Lim Relative Volatility < 3
o
In these systems, the System Base
elati If > 27, use = 27
rr
HETP of IMTP packing for distillation Co
and reboiled stripping services can
be estimated by:
–0.16
System Base HETP = A (1.78) for ≤ 0.4 cp ge
20 R an 2.0 ≤ ≤ 26.6
ta
or Da 0.06 ≤ ≤ 0.83
–0.19 0.21
System Base HETP = B
20
0.2
for > 0.4 cp
The performance of a mass transfer throughput capacity for a given level IMTP packing has greater capacity
device is typically measured by com- of efficiency. In vacuum service, the and efficiency than trays, as illus-
paring its capacity and efficiency. An pressure drop of the device is also a trated by the following charts.
effective device will allow a high measure of its performance.
0.61 0.58
IMTP
IMTP
IMTP
IMTP
MPR
MPR
MPR
MPR
CIS
CIS
CIS
CIS
8
Design Example.
Statement of Problem:
A deep bed of No. 50 IMTP packing Liquid Rate - 244,940 kg/hr Vapor Rate - 76,200 kg/hr
is to be used in a 2438 mm (96 in.) ID (540,000 lb/hr) (168,000 lb/hr)
11.0 bar ga (160 psig) hydrocarbon Liquid Density - 544.6 kg/m3 Vapor Density - 22.4 kg/m3
stripper. Rate the packing capacity (34.0 lb/ft3) (1.40 lb/ft3)
and estimate its pressure drop Liquid Viscosity - 0.25 cp Surface Tension - 10.5 dyne/cm
under the following hydraulic loadings.
76200 168000
2. Superficial Vapor Velocity V = V =
G (22.4)(4.668)(3600) (1.40)(50.27)(3600)
V =
G • A = 0.2024 m/s = 0.6631 ft/s
22.4 0.5
1.40 0.5
3. Capacity Factor, Cs Cs = 0.2024 Cs = 0.6631
544.6-22.4 34.0-1.40
(see pg. 4)
= 0.0419 m/s = 0.1374 ft/s
244940 22.4 0.5
540000 1.40 0.5
4. Flow Parameter, X X = X =
(see pg. 4) 76200 544.6 168000 34.0
= 0.652 = 0.652
Capacity Rating:
From the capacity chart on page 4, Co = 0.061 m/s (0.20 ft/s) for No. 50 IMTP packing at X = 0.65.
0.2 0.2
6. Efficient Capacity, Csc 10.5 0.16
0.25 –0.11
10.5 0.16
0.25 –0.11
Csc = (0.061) Csc = (0.20)
(see pg. 4) 20 20
= 0.0537 m/s = 0.1760 ft/s
7. Capacity Rating
0.0537
0.1760
0.0419 0.1374
Cs = 78% Capacity = 78% Capacity
Csc
8. Ordinate Value
(see pg. 5) Y = (194)(0.0419)2 (0.46)0.1 = 0.315 Y = (18)(0.1374)2 (0.46)0.1 = 0.314
9. Pressure Drop
(see pg. 5) P = 14 mm H2O/m P = 0.17 in. H2O/ft
9
Case Study.
3.0 –0.16
System Base HETP = 330 (1.78)0.065 = 464 mm
20
or
3.0 –0.16
System Base HETP = 13.0 (1.78)0.065 = 18.3 in.
20
2.6 –0.16
System Base HETP = 526 (1.78)0.065 = 757 mm
20
or
2.6 –0.16
System Base HETP = 20.7 (1.78)0.065 = 29.8 in.
20
Data Summary
Rectifying Stripping
on Conclusion:
e cti 481 758
rS m Measured HETP values should be
o we - m 464 757 equal to, or slightly above, the
T T P
E mm System Base HETP values estimated
re dH P-
u T . 19.0 29.8 by the correlation. Because the
as HE - in
Me ase T P 18.3 29.8 deethanizer HETP values are very
B HE - in. close to the correlation values, we
t e m d
Sy
s ure ETP conclude that the deethanizer’s
e as H
M a se packing is achieving the best
B
m efficiency that can be expected.
y ste
S
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Liquid Distribution Quality How can distribution uniformity or Norton has developed a distributor
Many researchers in the distillation distribution quality be analyzed to rating system* for quantifying distribu-
field have proven that uniform liquid quantify the degree of uniformity? tion uniformity. We rate distribution
distribution over tower packing is quality as a percentage, where 100%
imperative for developing the full effi- quality indicates ideal uniform distribu-
ciency of the packing. This concept, What degree of uniformity is required tion and 0% indicates a significant
however, poses questions concerning for a commercial packed tower to portion of packing is receiving no
liquid distribution devices: perform satisfactorily? liquid at all.
The significance of Norton’s
distribution quality rating system is
that the rating correlates to tower
performance.
P ipe
ed Norton has found that towers with
Fe deep beds of high-efficiency packing
id r
Liqu i b uto
Typical Packed Tower Layout t r r are sensitive to liquid distribution qual-
Dis mite ity. Conversely, towers with shallow
u id L i
Liq Bed beds of traditional packing are less
ing sensitive to distribution quality.
a ck
P
x
flu
Re te
r t Pla
o s)
pp ed
Su se fe
ha tor
w o-p ibu
*Norton’s distributor rating system was
( t t r
ery dis ter presented in the paper, “Liquid and Gas
G all Re Limi Distribution in Commercial Packed
h ui d d
Flas Liq Be Towers,” at the 36th Canadian Chemical
Engineering Conference in October, 1986.
ing The paper was also published in CPP
ck
ed Pa Edition Europe, August, 1987.
Fe
te
rt Pla
p po
Su uto
r
ib
Di str
p or
Va
r
ile
e bo r
R po
Va
11
When is distribution quality important?
Norton Intalox distributors are The effect of liquid distribution quality on tower
engineered for performance is shown by this correlation:
■ High purity product distillation 20
services
■ Distillation services operating 18
close to minimum reflux
■ 16
Heat transfer services with close 20
Actual Stages per Bed of Packing
2
Norton Tower Internals Guide
(TIG-1) presents a complete discus-
sion of liquid distribution as well as a 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
complete summary of available liquid Distribution Quality, Percent
and vapor distribution equipment.
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Norton Services.
A Saint-Gobain Company