Unit 1

writer. noun. someone whose job is writing books, stories, articles, etc..

teacher. noun. someone whose job is to teach in a school, college, etc..

sister. noun. a girl or woman who has the same parents as you.

scientist. noun. someone who studies science or works in science.

mother. noun. someone’s female parent.

manager. noun. someone in control of an office, shop, team, etc..

free. adjective. costing no money.

father. noun. someone’s male parent.

family. noun. a group of people who are related to each other, especially parents and children.

engineer. noun. someone whose job is to design, build, or repair machines, roads, bridges, etc..

doctor. noun. a person whose job is to treat people who are ill or hurt.

creative. adjective. good at thinking of new ideas and making interesting things.

businessman, businesswoman. noun. someone who works in business, usually having an important job.

brother. noun. a boy or man who has the same parents as you.

Unit 2

yellow. adjective. being the same colour as a lemon or the sun.

winter. noun. the coldest season of the year, between autumn and spring.

windy. adjective. with a lot of wind.

wind. noun. a natural, fast movement of air.

white. adjective. being the colour of snow or milk.

weather. noun. the temperature or conditions outside, for example if it is hot, cold, sunny, etc..

temperature. noun. how hot or cold something is.

sunny. adjective. bright because of light from the sun.

summer. noun. the warmest season of the year, between spring and autumn.

stormy. adjective. If it is stormy, the weather is bad with a lot of wind and rain.

storm. noun. very bad weather with a lot of rain or snow and strong wind.

spring. noun. the season of the year between winter and summer, when the weather becomes warmer
and plants start to grow again.
spin. verb. If something spins or you spin something, it turns around and around quickly.

snowy. adjective. snowing or covered with snow.

snow. noun. soft white pieces of frozen water that fall from the sky when the weather is cold.

sky. noun. the area above the Earth where you can see clouds, the sun, the moon, etc..

sea. noun. a large area of salt water.

red. adjective. being the same colour as blood.

rainy. adjective. raining a lot.

rain. noun. water that falls from the sky in small drops.

park. noun. a large area of grass, often in a town, where people can walk and enjoy themselves.

orange. adjective. being a colour that is a mixture of red and yellow.

mountain. noun. a very high hill.

island. noun. an area of land that has water around it.

inch. noun. a unit for measuring length, equal to 2.54 centimetres.

hot. adjective. very warm.

green. adjective. being the same colour as grass.

forest. noun. a large area of trees growing close together.

equator. noun. the imaginary line around the Earth that divides it into equal north and south parts.

desert. noun. a large, hot, dry area of land with very few plants.

cloudy. adjective. with many clouds in the sky.

cloud. noun. one of the white or grey things in the sky that are made of small water drops.

climate. noun. the weather conditions of an area.

blue. adjective. being the same colour as the sky when there are no clouds.

black. adjective. being the colour of the sky on a dark night.

autumn. noun. the season of the year between summer and winter, when leaves fall from the trees.

Unit 3

watch. verb. to look at something for a period of time, especially something that is changing or moving.

text. verb. to send someone a text message by phone.

teenager. noun. a young person between 13 and 19 years old.

study. verb. to learn about a subject, especially in an educational course or by reading books.
sleep. noun. the resting state in which the body is not active and the mind is unconscious.

computer game. noun. a game that is played on a computer, in which the pictures that appear on the
screen are controlled by pressing keys or moving a joystick.

lifestyle. noun. someone's way of living, for example the things they usually do, where they live, what
they spend their money on, etc..

gym. noun. a place or club where you can go to exercise using machines, weights, and other equipment.

go out. . to leave a room or building, especially in order to do something for entertainment.

online. adjective. Online products, services, or information can be bought or used on the internet.

exercise. noun. physical activity that you do to make your body strong and healthy.

homework. noun. work that teachers give their students to do at home.

café. noun. a small restaurant where you buy drinks and small meals.

busy. adjective. In a busy period, you have a lot of things to do.

Unit 4

urban. adjective. of or in a city or town.

university. noun. a place of higher education usually for people who have finished twelve years of
schooling and where they can obtain more knowledge and skills, and get a degree to recognize this.

train station. noun. a place with one or more buildings and platforms where trains stop for people to get
on or off.

tower. noun. a tall, narrow structure, often square or circular, that either forms part of a building or
stands alone.

toilet. noun. a room with a toilet in it.

supermarket. noun. a large shop which sells most types of food and other goods needed in the home.

skyline. noun. a shape or pattern made against the sky, especially by buildings.

shopping centre. noun. a place where lots of shops have been built close together.

safe. adjective. not dangerous.

record. noun. information that is written on paper or stored on a computer so that it can be used in the
future.

playground. noun. an area of land where children can play, especially at a school and that often has
special equipment for playing on.

park. noun. a large area of grass, often in a town, where people can walk and enjoy themselves.

museum. noun. a building where you can look at important objects connected with art, history, or
science.
monument. noun. something that is built to make people remember a famous person or something
important that happened.

map. noun. a picture that shows where countries, towns, roads, etc. are.

location. noun. a place or position.

library. noun. a building, room, or organization that has a collection, especially of books, for people to
read or borrow, usually without payment.

hospital. noun. a place where people who are ill or injured are treated and taken care of by doctors and
nurses.

grow. verb. to increase in size or amount, or to become more advanced or developed.

fountain. noun. a stream of water that is forced up into the air through a small hole, especially for
decorative effect, or the structure in a lake or pool from which this flows.

food court. noun. a large area or room, for example inside a shopping centre, where there are small
restaurants selling many different types of food that you can eat at tables in the middle of the area.

factory. noun. a building or set of buildings where large amounts of goods are made using machines.

directions. . instructions that you give to someone about how to find a particular place.

department store. noun. a large shop divided into several different parts, each of which sells different
things.

cinema. noun. a theatre where people pay to watch films.

car park. noun. an area of ground for parking cars.

campus. noun. the buildings of a college or university and the land that surrounds them.

building. noun. a structure with walls and a roof, such as a house or factory.

bridge. noun. a structure that is built over a river, road, or railway to allow people and vehicles to cross
from one side to the other.

bank. noun. an organization where people and businesses can invest or borrow money, change it to
foreign money, etc., or a building where these services are offered.

Unit 5

work. verb. to do a job that you get money for.

teach. verb. to give classes in a particular subject at a school, university, etc..

strong. adjective. A strong person or animal is physically powerful.

polite. adjective. behaving in a way that is not rude and shows that you think about other people.

kind. adjective. Kind people do things to help others and show that they care about them.

job. noun. the work that you do in order to get money.

help. verb. to make something better or easier.

hard. adjective. needing or using a lot of physical or mental effort.

fit. adjective. healthy, especially because you exercise a lot.

example. noun. something that is typical of the group of things that you are talking about.

earn. verb. to get money for doing work.

boring. adjective. not interesting or exciting.

advice. noun. suggestions about what you think someone should do.

Unit 6

wooden. adjective. made of wood.

wood. noun. the hard material that trees are made of.

wall. noun. one of the sides of a room or building.

uncomfortable. adjective. not making you feel comfortable and pleasant.

table. noun. a piece of furniture with four legs, used for eating at, putting things on, etc..

sofa. noun. a large, comfortable seat for more than one person.

room. noun. a part of the inside of a building, that is separated from other parts by walls, floors, and
ceilings.

quiet. adjective. making little or no noise.

plastic. noun. a light substance that can be made into different shapes when it is soft and has many uses.

noisy. adjective. Noisy people or things make a lot of noise.

near. adverb, preposition. not far away in distance.

modern. adjective. designed and made using the most recent ideas and methods.

metal. noun. a hard, shiny material such as iron, gold, or silver.

leather. noun. the skin of animals that is used to make shoes and bags.

lamp. noun. an object that makes light.

glass. noun. a hard, clear substance that objects such as windows and bottles are made of.

furniture. noun. things such as chairs, tables, and beds that you put into a room or building.

floor. noun. a surface that you walk on inside a building.

far. adverb. used to talk about how distant something is.

expensive. adjective. costing a lot of money.

desk. noun. a table that you sit at to write or work.

comfortable. adjective. making you feel relaxed and free from pain.

cheap. adjective. not expensive, or costing less than usual.

chair. noun. a seat for one person, with a back and usually four legs.

ceiling. noun. the top surface of a room.

bookcase. noun. a piece of furniture with shelves for putting books on.

armchair. noun. a comfortable chair with sides that support your arms.

Unit 7

vegetable. noun. a plant, root, seed, or pod that is used as food, especially in dishes that are not sweet.

taco. noun. a hard, folded tortilla (= thin flat bread) filled with meat, cheese, etc. and often a hot, spicy
sauce.

sandwich. noun. two pieces of bread with cheese, salad, or meat, usually cold, between them .

salad. noun. a mixture of uncooked vegetables, usually including lettuce, eaten either as a separate dish
or with other food.

rice. noun. the small seeds of a particular type of grass, cooked, and eaten as food.

pizza. noun. a large circle of flat bread baked with cheese, tomatoes, and sometimes meat and
vegetables spread on top.

pasta. noun. a food made from flour, water, and sometimes egg, that is cooked and usually served with
a sauce. It is made in various shapes that have different names.

noodle. noun. a food in the form of long, thin strips made from flour or rice, water, and often egg,
cooked in boiling liquid.

meat. noun. the flesh of an animal when it is used for food.

meal. noun. an occasion when food is eaten, or the food that is eaten on such an occasion.

international. adjective. involving more than one country.

cooked. adjective. Cooked food has been prepared by heating.

healthy. adjective. good for your health.

fish. noun. an animal that lives only in water.

favourite. adjective. Your favourite person or thing is the one that you like best.

fast food. noun. hot food that is served very quickly in a restaurant because it is already made.

enjoy. verb. If you enjoy something, it makes you feel happy.

dish. noun. part of a meal.

culture. noun. the habits, traditions, and beliefs of a country or group of people.

chip. noun. a long, thin piece of potato that is cooked in oil.

burger. noun. meat that is cooked in a round, flat shape and eaten between round pieces of bread.

Unit 8

travel. verb. to make a journey, usually over a long distance.

train. noun. a railway engine connected to carriages for carrying people or to wheeled containers for
carrying goods.

traffic. noun. the number of vehicles moving along roads, or the amount of aircraft, trains, or ships
moving along a route.

ticket. noun. a small piece of paper or card given to someone, usually to show that they have paid for an
event, journey, or activity.

taxi. noun. a car with a driver who you pay to take you somewhere.

problem. noun. a situation, person, or thing that needs attention and needs to be dealt with or solved.

petrol. noun. a liquid obtained from petroleum, used especially as a fuel for cars and other vehicles.

pavement. noun. a path with a hard surface on one or both sides of a road, that people walk on.

passenger. noun. a person who is travelling in a vehicle but is not driving it, flying it, or working on it.

motorbike. noun. a motorcycle.

metro. noun. an underground electric railway system in some cities.

journey. noun. the act of travelling from one place to another, especially in a vehicle.

idea. noun. a suggestion or plan for doing something.

ferry. noun. a boat or ship for taking passengers and often vehicles across an area of water, especially as
a regular service.

bus. noun. a large vehicle in which people are driven from one place to another.

accident. noun. something bad that happens that is not expected or intended and that often damages
something or injures someone.

Unit 1

wood. noun. a large area of trees growing near each other.

urban. adjective. belonging or relating to a town.

traffic. noun. the cars, trucks, etc. using a road.

strange. adjective. unusual or not expected.

rural. adjective. relating to the countryside and not to towns.

rock. noun. the hard, natural substance that forms part of the Earth’s surface.

recognize. verb. to know someone or something because you have seen them or it before.

popular. adjective. liked by many people.

modern. adjective. relating to the present time and not to the past.

lake. noun. a large area of water that has land all around it.

field. noun. an area of grass where you can play a sport.

expensive. adjective. costing a lot of money.

crowded. adjective. very full of people.

cheap. adjective. not expensive, or costing less than usual.

cave. noun. a large hole in the ground or in the side of a mountain.

capital. noun. the most important city in a country or state.

bridge. noun. a structure that is built over a river or road so that people can go across it.

be located. . to be in a particular place.

area. noun. a part of a country or city.

apartment. noun. a set of rooms for someone to live in on one level of a building or house.

ancient. adjective. from a very long time ago.

Unit 2

traditional. adjective. following the customs or ways of behaving that have continued in a group of
people for a long time.

take place. . to happen.

take part (in something). . to do an activity with other people.

take care of someone/something. . to look after someone or something.

parade. noun. an event where lines of people walk through a public place to celebrate a special day.

lecture. noun. a talk to a group of people about a subject.

have difficulty, fun, problems, etc.. . used with nouns to say that someone experiences something.

celebration. noun. an occasion or party that celebrates a special event.

gift. noun. something that you give to someone, usually on a special day.
firework. noun. a small object that explodes and makes a loud noise and bright colours in the sky.

entertainment. noun. shows, movies, television, or other performances or activities that entertain
people.

enjoy. verb. If you enjoy something, it makes you feel happy.

dish. noun. part of a meal.

decorate. verb. to make something look more attractive by putting things on it.

culture. noun. the habits, traditions, and beliefs of a country or group of people.

costume. noun. a set of clothes worn in order to look like someone else, especially for a party, or in a
movie or play.

celebrate. verb. to have a party or a meal because it is a special day or something good has happened.

activity. noun. something that you do, especially for enjoyment.

Unit 3

online. adjective, adverb. connected to and shared by a system of computers, especially the Internet.

turn something off. . to move the switch on a machine, light, etc. so that it stops working.

turn something on. . to move the switch on a machine, light, etc. so that it starts working.

wi-fi. noun. a system for connecting electronic equipment such as computers and electronic organizers
to the internet without using wires.

the cloud. . a computer network where files and programs can be stored, especially the internet.

text message. noun. a written message, often containing short forms of words, sent from one mobile
phone or pager to another.

surf. verb. to spend time visiting a lot of websites.

suit. noun. a jacket and trousers or a jacket and skirt that are made from the same material.

stupid. adjective. silly or unwise; showing poor judgment or little intelligence.

shut (sth) down. . if a computer or other machine shuts down or someone shuts it down, it stops
operating.

robot. noun. a machine controlled by a computer that is used to perform jobs automatically.

research. noun. a detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a
(new) understanding.

PC. noun. abbreviation for personal computer.

mouse. noun. a small mammal with short fur, a pointed face, and a long tail.

memory. noun. the ability to remember information, experiences, and people.

luxury. noun. great comfort, especially as provided by expensive and beautiful things.

log in. . to connect to a computer system by putting in a particular set of letters or numbers.

location. noun. a particular place or position.

laptop. noun. a computer that is small enough to be carried around easily and is flat when closed.

keyboard. noun. the set of keys on a computer or typewriter that you press in order to make it work .

key. noun. any of the set of moving parts that you press with your fingers on a computer keyboard, or
musical instrument to produce letters, numbers, symbols, or musical notes.

information. noun. facts about a situation, person, event, etc..

file. noun. a collection of information stored electronically.

disabled. adjective. having an illness or condition that makes it difficult to do the things that other
people do.

develop. verb. to make something new, such as a product.

collect. verb. to get things from different places and bring them together.

charger. noun. a piece of equipment used for putting electricity in a battery.

charge. verb. to put electricity into something.

battery. noun. an object that provides electricity for things such as radios, toys, or cars.

application. noun. a computer program with a particular purpose.

accident. noun. something bad that happens that is not wanted or planned, and that hurts someone or
damages something.

Unit 4

wildlife. noun. animals, birds, and plants in the place where they live.

upset. adjective. sad or worried because something bad has happened.

unusual. adjective. different and not ordinary, often in a way that is interesting.

save. verb. to make or keep someone or something safe from danger or harm, or to bring something
back to a satisfactory condition.

rainforest. noun. a forest with a lot of tall trees where it rains a lot.

prevent. verb. to stop something happening or to stop someone doing something.

prefer. verb. to like someone or something more than another person or thing.

look after. . to take care of someone or something.

humid. adjective. Humid air or weather is hot and slightly wet.

global warming. noun. an increase in the temperature of the air around the world that is caused by
pollution.

forest fire. noun. a fire burning in an area of land with many trees, that is difficult to control and
sometimes spreads quickly.

energy. noun. the ability to be very active without becoming tired.

dry. adjective. without water or liquid on the surface.

discover. verb. to find something or get information about something for the first time.

disappear. verb. to no longer exist.

cut. verb. to make something shorter, lower, smaller, etc..

cool. adjective. slightly cold.

careful. adjective. giving a lot of attention to what you are doing so that you do not have an accident or
make a mistake.

believe. verb. to think that something is true, or that what someone says is true.

become. verb. to begin to be something.

angry. adjective. feeling that you want to shout at someone or hurt them because they have done
something bad.

Unit 5

strong. adjective. powerful; having or using great force or control.

support. verb. to take care of someone by paying for their food, clothes, etc..

score. noun. the number of points someone gets in a game or test.

salary. noun. the money that you get, usually every month, for working.

prize. noun. something valuable that is given to someone who wins a competition.

kick. verb. to hit or move something or someone with your foot.

intelligent. adjective. able to learn and understand things easily.

hit. verb. to touch something or someone quickly and with force, usually hurting or damaging
something.

fan. noun. someone who likes a person or thing very much.

cost. noun. the amount of money that you need to buy or do something.

competition. noun. an event in which people try to win something by being the best, fastest, etc..

compete. verb. to try to win a competition.

charge. noun. the price of something, especially a service.

champion. noun. a person or animal that wins a competition.

Unit 6

write. . to write something on a piece of paper so that you do not forget it.

weakness. noun. a part or quality of something or someone that is not good.

waste time. . to not make good use of the hours, etc. that you have available.

take part (in something). . to do an activity with other people.

stress. noun. feelings of worry caused by difficult situations such as problems at work.

strength. noun. a good quality or ability.

spend. verb. to use time doing something or being somewhere.

skill. noun. the ability to do an activity or job well, especially because you have done it many times.

run out. . If a supply of something runs out, all of it has been used or it is completely finished.

project. noun. a piece of school work that involves detailed study of a subject.

profit. noun. money that you get from selling something for more than it cost you to buy or produce.

messy. adjective. dirty or untidy.

look. verb. to direct your eyes in order to see.

goal. noun. a purpose, or something that you want to achieve.

get by. . to be able to live or deal with a situation with difficulty, usually by having just enough of
something you need, such as money.

find (. . to get information about something.

earn. verb. to get money for doing work.

customer. noun. a person or organization that buys things or services from a shop or business.

colleague. noun. someone that you work with.

careless. adjective. not giving enough attention to what you are doing.

break. verb. to stop an activity and have a short rest.

Unit 7

use. verb. If you use something, you do something with it for a particular purpose.

tiring. adjective. making you feel tired.

tired. adjective. feeling that you want to rest or sleep.

surprising. adjective. not expected and making someone feel surprised.

surprised. adjective. feeling surprise because something has happened that you did not expect.

success. noun. something that has a good result or that is very popular.

situation. noun. the set of things that are happening at a particular time and place.

simple. adjective. not complicated.

retire. verb. to leave your job and stop working because you are old.

remarkable. adjective. very unusual in a way that you admire.

relaxing. adjective. making you feel relaxed.

relaxed. adjective. feeling happy and comfortable because nothing is worrying you.

purpose. noun. why you do something or why something exists.

point. noun. an opinion, idea, or fact that someone says or writes.

invention. noun. something that has been designed or made for the first time.

interested. adjective. wanting to do something or know more about something.

interesting. adjective. Someone or something that is interesting keeps your attention because he, she, or
it is unusual, exciting, or has a lot of ideas.

fascinating. adjective. extremely interesting.

exciting. adjective. making you feel excited.

excited. adjective. feeling very happy and enthusiastic.

entrepreneur. noun. someone who starts their own business, especially when this involves seeing a new
opportunity.

design. noun. the way in which something is planned and made.

complicated. adjective. with many different parts and difficult to understand.

boring. adjective. not interesting or exciting.

bored. adjective. tired and unhappy because something is not interesting or because you are doing
nothing.

amazing. adjective. very surprising.

achievement. noun. something good that you have done that was difficult.

Unit 8

talent. noun. a natural ability to do something.

surface. noun. the top or outside part of something.

spacecraft. noun. a vehicle that can travel outside the Earth and into space.

solution. noun. the way to stop a problem.

reach. verb. to arrive somewhere.

public parks, toilets, transport, etc.. . parks, toilets, transport, etc. that are for everyone to use.

problem. noun. a situation that causes difficulties.

private. adjective. controlled by or paid for by a person or company and not by the government.

planet. noun. a large, round object in space that moves around the sun or another star.

path. noun. a route or track between one place and another, or the direction in which something is
moving.

option. noun. a choice.

journey. noun. a trip from one place to another.

issue. noun. an important subject or problem that people are talking about.

impact. noun. the strong effect or influence that something has on a situation or person.

explore. verb. to think or talk about something in order to find out more about it.

expert. noun. a person with a high level of knowledge or skill relating to a particular subject or activity.

evaluate. verb. to judge or calculate the quality, importance, amount, or value of something.

effect. noun. a change or result that is caused by something.

beyond. preposition. on the other side of something.

alternative. noun. one of two or more things that you can choose between.

Unit 1

welfare. noun. Someone's welfare is their health and happiness.

threat. noun. the possibility that something bad will happen.

survive. verb. to continue to live after almost dying because of an accident, illness, etc.

support. verb. to agree with an idea, group, or person.

suffer. verb. to experience pain or unpleasant emotions.

species. noun. a group of plants or animals that share similar characteristics.

source. noun. where something comes from.

protect. verb. to keep someone or something safe from something dangerous or bad.
melt. verb. If something melts, it changes from a solid into a liquid because of heat and if you melt
something, you heat it until it becomes liquid.

issue. noun. an important subject or problem that people are discussing.

involve. verb. If a situation or activity involves something, that thing is a necessary part of it.

habitat. noun. the natural environment of an animal or plant.

the environment. . the air, land, and water where people, animals, and plants live.

endangered birds/plants/species, etc. . animals or plants that may soon not exist because there are very
few now alive.

depend on/upon sb/sth. . to need the help of someone or something in order to exist or continue as
before.

debate. noun. discussion or argument about a subject.

damage. noun. harm or injury.

cruel. adjective. extremely unkind, or causing people or animals to suffer.

connect. verb. to join two things or places together.

condition. noun. the state that something or someone is in.

communicate. verb. to share information with others by speaking, writing, moving your body, or using
other signals.

analyze. verb. US spelling of analyse.

abuse. noun. violent, cruel treatment of someone.

abandon. verb. to leave someone or something somewhere, sometimes not returning to get them.

Unit 2

system. noun. a way or method of doing things.

solution. noun. the answer to a problem.

risk. noun. the possibility of something bad happening.

resource. noun. something that a country, person, or organization has that they can use.

provide. verb. to supply something to someone.

pollute. verb. to make water, air, soil, etc dirty or harmful.

opponent. noun. someone who disagrees with an action or belief and tries to change it.

long-term. adjective. continuing a long time into the future.

limited. adjective. small in amount or number.

environmental. adjective. relating to the environment.

disaster. noun. something that causes a lot of harm or damage.

crisis. noun. a situation or time that is extremely dangerous or difficult.

benefit. noun. something that helps you or gives you an advantage.

alternative. noun. one of two or more things that you can choose between.

affordable. adjective. cheap enough for most people.

Unit 3

trouble. noun. problems, difficulties, or worries.

solve. verb. to find the answer to something.

serious. adjective. A serious problem or situation is bad and makes people worry.

scared. adjective. frightened or worried.

safety. noun. the state of being safe from harm or danger.

respect. noun. polite behaviour towards someone, especially because they are older or more important
than you.

prevent. verb. to stop something happening or to stop someone doing something.

pass. verb. to go past something or someone.

method. noun. a way of doing something, often one that involves a system or plan.

injure. verb. to hurt a person, animal, or part of your body.

influence. noun. the power to affect how someone thinks or behaves, or how something develops.

impact. noun. the effect that a person, event, or situation has on someone or something.

figure sth/sb out. . to finally understand something or someone after a lot of thought.

extreme. adjective. the most unusual or most serious possible.

cure. noun. something that makes someone with an illness healthy again.

crash. noun. an accident in which a vehicle hits something.

convenient. adjective. easy to use or suiting your plans well.

control. noun. a rule or law that limits something.

consist of sth. . to be formed or made from two or more things.

compare. verb. to examine the ways in which two people or things are different or similar.

break the law. . to do something illegal.

avoid. verb. to stay away from a person, place, situation, etc.

Unit 4

thoughtful. adjective. kind and always thinking about how you can help other people.

specialize. verb. to spend most of your time studying one particular subject or doing one type of
business.

social. adjective. relating to society and the way people live.

political. adjective. relating to or involved in politics.

personal. adjective. relating to or belonging to a particular person.

occasion. noun. an important event or ceremony.

obligation. noun. something that you do because it is your duty or because you feel you have to.

multicultural. adjective. including people of different races and religions.

interact. verb. to talk and do things with other people.

graduate. noun. a person who has finished their school, college or university education.

generation. noun. all the people in a society or family who are approximately the same age.

frighten. verb. to make someone afraid or nervous.

event. noun. something that happens, especially something important or unusual.

die out. . to become more and more rare and then disappear completely.

commercial. adjective. relating to buying and selling things.

celebration. noun. an occasion when you celebrate a special day or event, or the act of celebrating.

behaviour. noun. the way that you behave.

anniversary. noun. a date on which you remember or celebrate something that happened on that date
one or more years ago.

agreement. noun. a situation in which people have the same opinion as each other.

acceptable. adjective. good enough.

Unit 5

work out. . to exercise in order to improve the strength or appearance of your body.

unhealthy. adjective. not good for your health.

try out for sth. . to compete for a position in a sports team or a part in a play.

treatment. noun. something that you do to try to cure an illness or injury, especially something
suggested or done by a doctor.
take sth up. . to start doing a particular job or activity.

stress. noun. feelings of worry caused by difficult situations such as problems at work.

social. adjective. relating to the things you do with other people for enjoyment when you are not
working.

relax. verb. If a part of your body relaxes, it becomes less stiff, and if you relax it, you make it become
less stiff.

reduce. verb. to make something less.

prove. verb. to show that something is true.

physical. adjective. relating to the body.

personal. adjective. relating to or belonging to a particular person.

performance. noun. how successful someone or something is.

participate. verb. to be involved with other people in an activity.

overweight. adjective. too heavy or too fat.

mental. adjective. relating to the mind, or involving the process of thinking.

join in (sth). . to become involved in an activity with other people.

intellectual. adjective. using or relating to your ability to think and understand things.

illness. noun. a disease of the body or mind.

habit. noun. something that you do regularly, almost without thinking about it.

give up. . to stop trying to think of the answer to a joke or question.

get over sth. . to begin to feel better after being unhappy or sick.

emotional. adjective. showing strong feelings, or making people have strong feelings.

educational. adjective. providing education, or relating to education.

cultural. adjective. relating to the habits, traditions, and beliefs of a society.

concentration. noun. the ability to think carefully about something you are doing and nothing else.

come down with sth. . to get an illness.

Unit 6

user. noun. someone who uses a product, machine, or service.

technology. noun. knowledge, equipment, and methods that are used in science and industry.

scientific. adjective. relating to science, or using the organized methods of science.

product. noun. something that is made or grown to be sold.

improvement. noun. If there is an improvement in something, it gets better.

decision. noun. a choice that you make about something after thinking about several possibilities.

contribution. noun. something that you do to help produce or develop something, or to help make
something successful.

comparison. noun. something that compares two or more people or things, or the act of comparing
them.

investment. noun. the money that you put in a bank, business, etc in order to make a profit, or the act of
doing this.

invent. verb. to design or create something that has never existed before.

install. verb. to put software onto a computer.

industry. noun. the production of goods in factories.

discover. verb. to be the first person to find something important.

diagram. noun. a simple picture showing what something looks like or explaining how something works.

device. noun. a piece of equipment that is used for a particular purpose.

develop. verb. to grow or change and become more advanced, or to make someone or something do
this.

design. noun. the process of making drawings to show how something will be made.

create. verb. to make something happen or exist.

app. noun. abbreviation for application or application program: a small computer program that you can
put onto a mobile phone or other electronic device.

allow. verb. to make it possible for someone to do something.

access. verb. to be able to get to or get inside a place.

Unit 7

useless. adjective. If something is useless, it does not work well or it has no effect.

unique. adjective. different from everyone and everything else.

style. noun. a way of designing hair, clothes, furniture, etc.

smart. adjective. A smart machine, weapon, etc uses advanced computer systems.

practical. adjective. suitable or useful for a situation which may involve some difficulty.

modest. adjective. not large in size or amount, or not expensive.

local. adjective. relating to an area near you.

individual. adjective. considered separately from other things in a group.

give someone a hand. . to give someone help.

focus (sth) on sth. . to give a lot of attention to one particular subject or thing.

fabric. noun. cloth.

design. noun. the way in which something is planned and made.

convert. verb. to change the appearance, form, or purpose of something.

confidence. noun. a feeling of being certain of your ability to do things well.

combine. verb. to become mixed or joined, or to mix or join things together.

collection. noun. a group of objects of the same type that have been collected by one person or in one
place.

admire. verb. to respect or approve of someone or something.

Unit 8

service. noun. a system that supplies something that people need.

a sense of loyalty/responsibility/security, etc. . the quality or feeling of being loyal, responsible, safe, etc.

savings. noun. money that you have saved, usually in a bank.

responsible. adjective. showing good judgment and able to be trusted.

payment. noun. the amount of money that is paid.

pay sth off. . to pay all of the money that you owe.

minimum wage. noun. the smallest amount of money that employers are legally allowed to pay
someone who works for them.

millionaire. noun. a very rich person who has money and possessions to the value of at least one million
pounds or dollars.

manage. verb. to use or organize your time or money.

loan. noun. money that someone has borrowed.

encourage. verb. to make someone more likely to do something, or make something more likely to
happen.

decision. noun. a choice that you make about something after thinking about several possibilities.

debt. noun. an amount of money that you owe someone.

can afford. . to have enough money to buy something or enough time to do something.
Unit 1

transport. noun. the movement of people or goods from one place to another.

supply chain. noun. the system of people and things that are involved in getting a product from the
place where it is made to the person who buys it.

purchase. verb. to buy something.

prosperity. noun. the state of being successful and having a lot of money.

profit. noun. money that is earned in trade or business after paying the costs of producing and selling
goods and services.

produce. verb. to make something or bring something into existence.

produce. noun. food or any other substance or material that is grown or obtained through farming.

overseas. adjective, adverb. in, from, or to other countries.

outsourcing. noun. a situation in which a company employs another organization to do some of its work,
rather than using its own employees to do it.

multinational. adjective. active in several countries, or involving people from several countries.

labour. noun. practical work, especially involving physical effort.

investigate. verb. to examine something carefully, esp. to discover the truth about it.

import. verb. to buy or bring in products from another country.

greenhouse. noun. a building with a roof and sides made of glass, used for growing plants that need
warmth and protection.

goods. plural noun. items for sale, or possessions that can be moved.

domestic. adjective. relating to a person's own country.

discount. noun. a reduction in the usual price.

consumer. noun. a person who buys goods or services for their own use.

Unit 2

vocational. adjective. Vocational education and skills prepare you for a particular type of work.

understanding. noun. knowledge about a subject, situation, etc or about how something works.

technical. adjective. relating to the knowledge, machines, or methods used in science and industry.

specialist. noun. someone who has a lot of experience, knowledge, or skill in a particular subject.

secure. adjective. if someone's future, investment, or job is secure, they feel confident that it will
continue and not fail or be lost.
professional. adjective. relating to work that needs special training or education.

practical. adjective. relating to experience, real situations, or actions rather than ideas or imagination.

physical. adjective. relating to the body.

medical. adjective. related to the treatment of illness and injuries.

mechanical. adjective. relating to engines or machines, or the way they operate.

manual. adjective. done with the hands.

internship. noun. a period of training spent in a hospital by a young doctor in order to finish their
medical qualification.

complex. adjective. involving a lot of different but related parts.

adviser. noun. someone whose job is to give advice about a subject.

acquire. verb. to get or buy something.

academic. adjective. relating to schools, colleges, and universities, or connected with studying and
thinking, not with practical skills.

Unit 3

virus. noun. an infectious organism too small to be seen that causes disease, or an illness that it causes.

urgent. adjective. very important and needing you to take action immediately.

trial. noun. a test of something new to find out if it is safe, works correctly, etc.

treatment. noun. something that you do to try to cure an illness or injury, especially something
suggested or done by a doctor.

treat. verb. to give medical care to someone for an illness or injury.

researcher. noun. someone who studies a subject, especially in order to discover new information or
reach a new understanding.

recover. verb. to become completely well again after an illness or injury.

prove. verb. to show that something is true.

prevention. noun. the act of stopping something from happening or of stopping someone from doing
something.

precaution. noun. an action that is done to prevent something unpleasant or dangerous happening.

outbreak. noun. a sudden appearance of something, esp. of a disease or something else dangerous or
unpleasant.

occur. verb. to happen, often without being planned.

infected. adjective. containing bacteria or other things that can cause disease.
be in favour of sth. . to agree with or approve of a plan or idea.

factor. noun. one of the things that has an effect on a particular situation, decision, event, etc.

data. noun. information or facts about something.

control. verb. to limit the number, amount, or increase of something.

contract. verb. to get a serious disease.

clinical. adjective. relating to medical treatment and tests.

antibiotic. noun. a medicine that cures infections by destroying harmful bacteria.

aid. noun. money, food, or equipment that is given to help a country or group of people.

Unit 4

wilderness. noun. an area of land that has not been farmed or had towns and roads built on it, esp.
because it is difficult to live in as a result of its extremely cold or hot weather or bad earth.

waste. noun. unwanted matter or material of any type, especially what is left after useful substances or
parts have been removed.

survive. verb. to continue to live or exist, especially after coming close to dying or being destroyed or
after being in a difficult or threatening situation.

occur. verb. (esp. of unexpected events) to happen.

natural gas. noun. gas that is found underground, which is used as a fuel.

modify. verb. to change something such as a plan, opinion, law, or way of behaviour slightly, usually to
improve it or make it more acceptable.

mining. noun. the industry or activity of removing substances such as coal or metal from the ground by
digging.

mineral. noun. a valuable or useful chemical substance that is formed naturally in the ground.

impact. verb. to have an influence on something.

impact. noun. a powerful effect that something, especially something new, has on a situation or person.

harsh. adjective. severe and unpleasant.

habitat. noun. the natural environment in which an animal or plant usually lives.

extract. verb. to remove or take out something.

exploit. verb. to use someone or something unfairly for your own advantage.

diamond. noun. a transparent, extremely hard precious stone that is used in jewellery, and in industry
for cutting hard things.

decline. verb. to gradually become less, worse, or lower.

copper. noun. a soft, red-brown metal, used mostly in electrical equipment and for making wire and
coins.

conservation. noun. the process of using water, gas, electricity, etc. carefully in order not to waste it.

coastal. adjective. situated on or relating to the coast.

affect. verb. to have an influence on someone or something, or to cause a change in someone or

something.

adapt. verb. to adjust to different conditions or uses, or to change to meet different situations.

Unit 5

transform. verb. to change completely the appearance or character of something or someone, especially
so that that thing or person is improved.

sympathetic. adjective. agreeing with or supporting.

potential. adjective. possible when the necessary conditions exist.

obtain. verb. to get something, especially by asking for it, buying it, working for it, or producing it from
something else.

maintain. verb. to continue to have; to keep in existence, or not allow to become less.

feature. noun. a typical quality or an important part of something.

expand. verb. to increase in size, number, or importance, or to make something increase in this way.

existing. adjective. used to refer to something that exists now.

convert. verb. to change the character, appearance, or operation of something.

controversial. adjective. causing disagreement or discussion.

contribute. verb. to be one of the reasons why something happens.

contemporary. adjective. existing or happening now.

concerned. adjective. worried.

collapse. verb. When someone collapses, they fall down, usually because they are sick or weak.

appropriate. adjective. suitable or right for a particular situation or person.

anticipate. verb. to expect something, or to prepare for something before it happens.

ambitious. adjective. An ambitious plan will need a lot of work and will be difficult to achieve.

adequate. adjective. enough or satisfactory for a particular purpose.

acquire. verb. to get or buy something.

abandon. verb. to leave a place, thing, or person, usually for ever.

Unit 6

volume. noun. the number or amount of something, especially when it is large.

source. noun. where something comes from.

reservoir. noun. a natural or artificial lake for storing and supplying water for an area.

potential. noun. someone's or something's ability to develop, achieve, or succeed.

network. noun. a large system consisting of many similar parts that are connected together to allow
movement or communication between or along the parts, or between the parts and a control centre.

maintenance. noun. the work needed to keep a road, building, machine, etc. in good condition.

the mainland. noun. the main part of a country or continent, not including the islands around it.

limitation. noun. the act of controlling or reducing something.

generation. noun. the production of energy in a particular form.

generate. verb. to cause to exist; produce.

function. noun. the purpose that something has.

experimental. adjective. using or based on new ideas.

element. noun. a part of something.

efficient. adjective. working or operating in a way that gets the results you want without any waste.

drawback. noun. a disadvantage or the negative part of a situation.

decline. verb. to gradually become less, worse, or lower.

cycle. noun. a group of events that happen in a particular order, one following the other, and are often
repeated.

consumption. noun. the act of using, eating, or drinking something.

consistent. adjective. always behaving or happening in a similar, especially positive, way.

challenge. noun. (the situation of being faced with) something that needs great mental or physical effort
in order to be done successfully and therefore tests a person's ability.

capacity. noun. the amount that can be held or produced by something.

Unit 7

vandalism. noun. the crime of intentionally damaging property belonging to other people.

self-expression. noun. expression of your personality, emotions, or ideas, especially through art, music,
or acting.
right. noun. your opportunity to act and to be treated in particular ways that the law promises to
protect for the benefit of society.

reveal. verb. to make known or show something that is surprising or that was previously secret.

restore. verb. to return something or someone to an earlier good condition or position.

reject. verb. to refuse to accept, use, or believe something or someone.

interpret. verb. to decide what the intended meaning of something is.

identity. noun. who a person is, or the qualities of a person or group that make them different from
others.

focus (sth) on sb/sth. . to give a lot of attention to one particular person, subject, or thing.

display. verb. to show something or a collection of things in an organized way for people to see.

criticism. noun. the act of saying that something or someone is bad.

creativity. noun. the ability to produce or use original and unusual ideas.

composition. noun. the way that people or things are arranged in a painting or photograph.

comment. noun. something that you say or write that expresses your opinion.

appreciate. verb. to understand how good something or someone is and be able to enjoy them.

analyse. verb. to examine the details of something carefully, in order to understand or explain it.

Unit 8

retirement. noun. the point at which someone stops working, esp. because of having reached a
particular age or because of ill health, or the period in someone’s life after the person has stopped
working.

responsibility. noun. a duty to take care of something.

provider. noun. someone who provides something.

property. noun. a building or area of land that someone owns.

permit. verb. to allow something.

pension. noun. an amount of money paid regularly by the government or a private company to a person
who does not work any more because they are too old or have become ill.

participate. verb. to take part in or become involved in an activity.

institution. noun. an organization that exists to serve a public purpose such as education or support for
people who need help.

indicate. verb. to show, point, or make clear in another way.

generation. noun. all the people of about the same age within a society or within a particular family.
ensure. verb. to make something certain to happen.

devote something/yourself to something/someone. . to give your time or effort completely to

something you believe in or to a person, or to use a particular amount of time or energy doing
something.

dependent. noun. a person who is financially supported by another person.

cooperate. verb. to act or work together for a particular purpose, or to be helpful by doing what
someone asks you to do.

contribute. verb. to help by providing money or support, esp. when other people or conditions are also
helping.

assist. verb. to help.

asset. noun. something valuable belonging to a person or organization that can be used for the payment
of debts.

ancestor. noun. a person related to you who lived a long time ago.

Unit 1

yield. noun. a profit or an amount esp. of a crop produced.

viable. adjective. able to work as intended or able to succeed.

unprecedented. adjective. never having happened or existed in the past.

credit. noun. praise or approval, esp. to recognize achievement.

step up. . to take action when there is a need or opportunity for it.

starvation. noun. the state of having no food for a long period, often causing death.

sidestep. verb. to avoid something.

shirk. verb. to avoid work, duties, or responsibilities, especially if they are difficult or unpleasant.

shameful. adjective. causing you to feel guilty or ashamed, or being a cause for feeling ashamed.

sanction. verb. to punish someone for not obeying a law or rule.

point the finger at someone. . to say that someone should be blamed.

nutrient. noun. any substance that plants or animals need in order to live and grow.

loosen. verb. to become or make something less firmly fixed.

accountable. adjective. Someone who is accountable is completely responsible for what they do and
must be able to give a satisfactory reason for it.

thank sb for sth. . If you thank someone for something, you mean that they are responsible or to blame
for it.
fertile. adjective. Fertile land can produce a large number of good quality crops..

face up to sth. . to accept that a difficult situation exists.

divert. verb. to use something for a different purpose.

dispose of sth. . to get rid of something, especially by throwing it away.

credit someone with something. . to consider someone as having good qualities or good achievements.

conversion. noun. the process of converting something from one thing to another.

combat. verb. to try to stop something unpleasant or harmful from happening or increasing.

burden. noun. something difficult or unpleasant that you have to deal with or worry about.

be responsible for sth/doing sth. . to be the person who caused something to happen, especially
something bad.

be to blame. . to be the reason for something that happens.

accelerate. verb. to happen or make something happen sooner or faster.

abundant. adjective. more than enough.

Unit 2

resent. verb. to feel angry because you have been forced to accept someone or something that you do
not like.

rejection. noun. the act or process of rejecting someone or something.

obstacle. noun. something that blocks you so that movement, going forward, or action is prevented or
made more difficult.

mass production. noun. the process of producing a lot of goods cheaply using machines in a factory.

junk. noun. things that are considered to be of no use or value, or of low quality.

issue. verb. to produce or provide something official.

innovation. noun. (the use of) a new idea or method.

foundation. noun. the base that is built below the surface of the ground to support a building.

finite. adjective. having a limit or end.

fabric. noun. cloth or material for making clothes, covering furniture, etc..

drastically. adverb. in a way that is severe and sudden or has very noticeable effects.

downside. noun. a disadvantage of a situation.

devise. verb. to invent a plan, system, object, etc., usually using your intelligence or imagination.

customize. verb. to make or change something according to the buyer's or user's needs.
circumvent. verb. to avoid something, especially cleverly or illegally.

backlash. noun. a strong, negative reaction to something, esp. to change.

Unit 3

warrant. noun. an official document, signed by a judge or other person in authority, that gives the police
permission to search someone's home, arrest a person, or take some other action.

trade-off. noun. a situation in which you accept something bad in order to have something good.

trace. verb. to find the origin of something.

target. noun. a person or a particular group of people that something is directed at, or that something is
intended for.

step. noun. a stage in a process.

surf. verb. to spend time visiting a lot of websites.

search. verb. to look for information on a computer or on the internet.

search engine. noun. a computer program that finds information on the internet by looking for words
that you have typed in.

secure. adjective. safe and protected from the risk of an attack or crime.

retailer. noun. a person, shop, or business that sells goods to the public.

safety. noun. the condition of not being in danger or of not being dangerous.

personalize. verb. If you personalize an object, you change it or add to it so that it is obvious that it
belongs to or comes from you.

organized crime. noun. criminal organizations that plan and commit crime, or the crimes that are
committed by such organizations.

offline. adjective, adverb. (of a computer) not connected to or directly controlled by a central system, or
not connected to the internet.

move on. . to start a new activity.

livelihood. noun. (the way someone earns) the money people need to pay for food, a place to live,
clothing, etc..

legitimate. adjective. allowed by law.

law enforcement. noun. the activity of making certain that the laws of an area are obeyed.

law-abiding. adjective. Someone who is law-abiding obeys the law.

insight. noun. (the ability to have) a clear, deep, and sometimes sudden understanding of a complicated
problem or situation.
identity theft. noun. the crime of using someone's personal information in order to pretend to be them
and to get money or goods in their name.

encryption. noun. the process of changing electronic information or signals into a secret code (= system
of letters, numbers, or symbols) that people cannot understand or use without special equipment.

enable. verb. to make someone able to do something, or to make something possible.

disable. verb. to stop something such as (part of) a machine, system, or weapon from working.

compel. verb. to force someone to do something.

combat. verb. to try to stop something unpleasant or harmful from happening or increasing.

cookie. noun. a small file that is sent by a website to your computer and that contains information about
how you use the site, so that this information is available the next time you use the site.

Unit 4

worthy. adjective. deserving respect, admiration, or support.

wary. adjective. not completely trusting or certain about something or someone.

venture. noun. a new activity, usually in business, that involves risk or uncertainty.

transaction. noun. an occasion when someone buys or sells something, or when money is exchanged or
the activity of buying or selling something.

trace. noun. a sign that something has happened or existed.

status. noun. an accepted or official position, especially in a social group.

scope. noun. the range of a subject covered by a book, programme, discussion, class, etc..

ongoing. adjective. continuing to exist or develop, or happening at the present moment.

primary. adjective. more important than anything else; main.

overview. noun. a short description of something that provides general information but no details.

oversight. noun. a mistake made because of a failure to notice something.

overload. verb. to put too many things in or on something.

option. noun. one thing that can be chosen from a set of possibilities, or the freedom to make a choice.

enterprise. noun. an organization, especially a business, or a difficult and important plan, especially one
that will earn money.

emerge. verb. to appear by coming out of something or out from behind something.

elaborate. adjective. containing a lot of careful detail or many detailed parts.

dump. verb. to put down or drop something heavy without caring where it goes, or to get rid of
something or someone no longer wanted.
donor. noun. a person who gives money or goods to an organization.

disruptive. adjective. changing the traditional way that an industry operates, especially in a new and
effective way.

corporation. noun. a large company or group of companies that is controlled together as a single
organization.

considerable. adjective. large or of noticeable importance.

concisely. adverb. in a short and clear way that expresses what needs to be said without unnecessary
words.

buzzword. noun. a word or expression from a particular subject area that has become fashionable by
being used a lot, especially on television and in the newspapers.

analyse. verb. to study or examine something in detail, in order to discover more about it.

abandon. verb. to leave a place, thing, or person, usually for ever.

Unit 5

thoughtfulness. noun. the quality of being kind and thinking about other people's needs.

thoughtful. adjective. carefully considering things.

speculate. verb. to guess possible answers to a question when you do not have enough information to
be certain.

reliance. noun. the state of needing or depending on something or someone in order to be able to do
something.

relate to sth. . to understand a situation or someone's feelings because you have experienced a similar
situation or similar feelings.

reconstruct. verb. If you reconstruct something that has happened in the past, you combine a lot of
information in order to get a complete description of what happened.

navigate. verb. to successfully find a way from one place to another.

likeable. adjective. A likeable person is pleasant and easy to like.

landmark. noun. a building or place that is easily recognized, especially one that you can use to judge
where you are.

intensively. adverb. in a way that involves a lot of effort or activity in a short period of time or small
area.

impair. verb. to damage or weaken something so that it is less effective.

exposure. noun. the fact of experiencing something or being affected by it because of being in a
particular situation or place.

dominant. adjective. liking to take control in a group and having natural authority.
dominance. noun. the quality of being more important, strong, or successful than anything else of the
same type.

deteriorate. verb. to become worse.

definitively. adverb. in a way that is not able to be changed or improved.

cue. verb. to give someone a signal to do something.

competent. adjective. able to do something well.

competence. noun. the ability to do something well.

attractive. adjective. very pleasing in appearance or sound.

approachable. adjective. friendly and easy to talk to.

application. noun. a way in which something can be used for a particular purpose.

aggressive. adjective. behaving in an angry and violent way towards another person.

aggression. noun. spoken or physical behaviour that is threatening or involves harm to someone or
something.

Unit 6

vision. noun. an idea or mental image of something.

start out. . to begin your life, or the part of your life when you work, in a particular way.

reiterate. verb. to say something again, once or several times.

rehearse. verb. to practise a play, a piece of music, etc. in order to prepare it for public performance.

ramble. verb. to talk or write in a confused way, often for a long time.

probationary. adjective. relating to a period of time when you are new to a job or activity and are being
watched and tested to see if you are suitable.

format. noun. a pattern, plan, or arrangement.

dreaded. adjective. causing fear or worry.

distinct. adjective. clearly noticeable; that certainly exists.

discrimination. noun. treating a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse
way from the way in which you treat other people, because of their skin colour, sex, sexuality, etc..

daunting. adjective. making you feel slightly frightened or worried about your ability to achieve
something.

collaboration. noun. the situation of two or more people working together to create or achieve the same
thing.
cap. noun. a limit on the amount of money that can be charged or spent in connection with a particular
activity.

analytical. adjective. involving the careful, systematic study of something.

accomplishment. noun. something that is successful, or that is achieved after a lot of work or effort.

Unit 7

shocking. adjective. offensive, upsetting, or immoral.

shocked. adjective. surprised or upset because something unexpected and usually unpleasant has
happened.

severity. noun. seriousness.

property. noun. a quality in a substance or material, especially one that means that it can be used in a
particular way.

outrageous. adjective. shocking and morally unacceptable.

outraged. adjective. feeling outrage.

obesity. noun. the fact of being extremely fat, in a way that is dangerous for health.

minimal. adjective. very small in amount.

intervene. verb. to intentionally become involved in a difficult situation in order to improve it or prevent
it from getting worse.

incidence. noun. an event, or the rate at which something happens.

hygiene. noun. the degree to which people keep themselves or their environment clean, especially to
prevent disease.

horrified. adjective. very shocked.

guideline. noun. information intended to advise people on how something should be done or what
something should be.

dreadful. adjective. causing fear, shock, or suffering.

disparity. noun. a lack of equality or similarity, especially in a way that is not fair.

dismayed. adjective. feeling unhappy and disappointed.

deplorable. adjective. very bad.

correlation. noun. a connection or relationship between two or more facts, numbers, etc..

contaminate. verb. to make something less pure or make it poisonous.

concentration. noun. a large number or amount of something in the same place.

compromise. verb. to lower or weaken standards.

atrocious. adjective. of very bad quality.

appalling. adjective. shocking and very bad.

appalled. adjective. having strong feelings of shock or disapproval.

allergy. noun. a condition that makes a person become sick or develop skin or breathing problems
because they have eaten certain foods or been near certain substances.

aghast. adjective. suddenly filled with strong feelings of shock and worry.

Unit 8

stake. noun. a share or a financial involvement in something such as a business.

resolve. verb. to solve or end a problem or difficulty.

reservation. noun. a doubt or feeling of not being able to agree with or accept something completely.

resentment. noun. a feeling of anger because you have been forced to accept something that you do not
like.

prevail. verb. to get control or influence.

perception. noun. a belief or opinion, often held by many people and based on how things seem.

ownership. noun. the fact that you own something.

outcome. noun. a result or effect of an action, situation, etc..

legacy. noun. something that is a part of your history or that remains from an earlier time.

hybrid. noun. something that is a mixture of two very different things.

dynamics. noun. forces or processes that produce change inside a group or system.

defuse. verb. to make a difficult or dangerous situation calmer by reducing or removing its cause.

counteract. verb. to reduce or remove the effect of something unwanted by producing an opposite
effect.

constructive. adjective. intended to help someone or improve understanding.

consensus. noun. a generally accepted opinion or decision among a group of people.

bully. noun. someone who hurts or frightens someone else, often over a period of time, and often
forcing them to do something that they do not want to do.

Unit 9

verify. verb. to prove that something exists or is true, or to make certain that something is correct.

unsustainable. adjective. Something that is unsustainable cannot continue at the same rate.

unscrupulous. adjective. behaving in a way that is dishonest or unfair in order to get what you want.
unproductive. adjective. not producing very much.

undesirable. adjective. not wanted, approved of, or popular.

unavoidable. adjective. impossible to avoid.

reluctant. adjective. not willing to do something and therefore slow to do it.

related. adjective. connected.

rational. adjective. based on clear thought and reason.

pervasive. adjective. present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place.

peer. noun. a person who is the same age or has the same social position or the same abilities as other
people in a group.

mundane. adjective. very ordinary and therefore not interesting.

mimic. verb. to copy the way in which a particular person usually speaks and moves, usually in order to
make people laugh.

irrevocable. adjective. impossible to change.

irreversible. adjective. not possible to change; impossible to return to a previous condition.

irreplaceable. adjective. too special, unusual, or valuable to replace with something or someone else.

irrational. adjective. not using reason or clear thinking.

intuition. noun. (knowledge from) an ability to understand or know something immediately based on
your feelings rather than facts.

insignificant. adjective. small or not noticeable, and therefore not considered important .

inefficient. adjective. not organized, skilled, or able to work in a satisfactory way.

indispensable. adjective. Something or someone that is indispensable is so good or important that you
could not manage without it, him, or her.

inconsiderate. adjective. not thinking or worrying about other people or their feelings.

implausible. adjective. difficult to believe, or unlikely.

impersonal. adjective. without human warmth; not friendly and without features that make people feel
interested or involved.

imperfect. adjective. damaged, containing problems, or not having something.

immoral. adjective. morally wrong, or outside society's standards of acceptable, honest, and moral
behaviour.

immobile. adjective. not moving or not able to move.

illogical. adjective. not reasonable, wise, or practical, usually because directed by the emotions rather
than by careful thought.

illiterate. adjective. unable to read and write.

illegible. adjective. (of writing or print) impossible or almost impossible to read because of being very
untidy or not clear.

illegal. adjective. not allowed by law.

elaborate. adjective. containing a lot of careful detail or many detailed parts.

disposable income. noun. the money that you can spend as you want and not the money that you spend
on taxes, food, and other basic needs.

dexterity. noun. the ability to perform a difficult action quickly and skilfully with the hands.

constitute. verb. to form or make something.

confront. verb. to deal with a difficult problem, situation, or person.

compassion. noun. a strong feeling of sympathy and sadness for the suffering or bad luck of others and a
wish to help them.

at stake. . If something that is valuable is at stake, it is in a situation where it might be lost.

Unit 10

vague. adjective. not clearly expressed, known, described, or decided.

talk sb out of sth. . to persuade someone not to do something.

statistics. plural noun. a collection of numerical facts or measurements, as about people, business
conditions, or weather.

remotely. adverb. in a remote or very slight way.

radically. adverb. completely or extremely.

pick up on sth. . to notice something that other people have not noticed.

be lacking in sth. . to not have a quality.

incomprehensible. adjective. impossible or extremely difficult to understand.

grasp. verb. to understand something, especially something difficult.

get across something. . to communicate an idea or message successfully.

get at something. . to suggest or express something in a way that is not direct or clear.

frustrating. adjective. making you feel annoyed or less confident because you cannot achieve what you
want.

frown on/upon sth. . to disapprove of something.

explicit. adjective. clear and exact.

excel. verb. to be extremely good at something.

discrepancy. noun. a difference between two things that should be the same.

determine. verb. to discover the facts or truth about something.

complexity. noun. the state of having many parts and being difficult to understand or find an answer to.

come out with sth. . to say something suddenly and unexpectedly.

come across. . to behave in a way that makes people believe that you have a particular characteristic.

coherent. adjective. If someone is coherent, you can understand what that person says.

aptitude. noun. a natural ability or skill.

Unit 1

work. verb. to do a job that you get money for.

watch. verb. to look at something for a period of time.

unusual. adjective. different and not ordinary, often in a way that is interesting.

uncle. noun. the brother of someone’s mother or father, or the husband of someone’s aunt.

son. noun. someone’s male child.

sister. noun. a girl or woman who has the same parents as you.

normal. adjective. usual and ordinary.

music. noun. a pattern of sounds that is made by playing instruments or singing, or a recording of this.

mother. noun. someone’s female parent.

live. verb. to have your home somewhere.

language. noun. the words used by the people of a country.

job. noun. the regular work that a person does to earn money.

interest sb in sth. . Someone might ask if they can interest you in something when that person is trying
to persuade you to buy something or is offering you something.

hobby. noun. an activity that someone does for pleasure when they are not working.

grandmother. noun. the mother of a person's father or mother.

grandfather. noun. the father of a person's mother or father.

father. noun. a male parent.

family. noun. a group of people who are related to each other, such as a mother, a father, and their
children.

daughter. noun. your female child.

date of birth. noun. the day you were born, shown in numbers, or words and numbers.

country. noun. an area of land that has its own government, army, etc..

city. noun. a large town.

brother. noun. a boy or man who has the same parents as you.

aunt. noun. the sister of someone’s mother or father, or the wife of someone’s uncle.

Unit 2

winter. noun. the season between autumn and spring, lasting from November to March north of the
equator and from May to September south of the equator, when the weather is coldest.

windy. adjective. with a lot of wind.

warm. adjective. having or producing a comfortably high temperature, although not hot.

sunny. adjective. bright because of light from the sun.

summer. noun. the season of the year between spring and autumn when the weather is warmest,
lasting from June to September north of the equator and from December to March south of the
equator.

spring. noun. the season of the year between winter and summer, lasting from March to June north of
the equator, and from September to December south of the equator, when the weather becomes
warmer, leaves and plants start to grow again and flowers appear.

season. noun. one of the four periods of the year; spring, summer, autumn, or winter.

rainy. adjective. raining a lot.

rainfall. noun. rain, or the amount of rain that falls.

dry. adjective. without rain.

cold. adjective. having a low temperature.

cloudy. adjective. with many clouds in the sky.

climate. noun. the weather conditions of an area.

autumn. noun. the season of the year between summer and winter, when leaves fall from the trees.

Unit 3

weekend. noun. Saturday and Sunday, the two days in the week when many people do not work.

weekday. noun. one of the five days from Monday to Friday, when people usually go to work or school.
travel. verb. to make a journey.

timetable. noun. a list of the times and days of lessons at a school, college, etc..

swim. verb. to move through water by moving your body.

science. noun. the study of the structure of natural things and the way that they behave.

relax. verb. to become happy and comfortable because nothing is worrying you, or to make someone do
this.

physics. noun. the scientific study of natural forces, such as energy, heat, light, etc..

morning. noun. the first half of the day, from the time when the sun rises until the middle of the day.

meet. verb. to see and speak to someone for the first time.

maths. noun. the study or science of numbers and shapes.

management. noun. the people who are in control of an office, shop, team, etc..

lunch. noun. the food that you eat in the middle of the day.

literature. noun. books, poems, etc. that are considered to be art.

history. noun. the study of events in the past.

geography. noun. the study of all the countries of the world, and of the surface of the Earth.

evening. noun. the part of the day between the afternoon and the night.

English. noun. the language that is spoken in the UK, the US, and in many other countries.

economics. noun. the study of the way in which trade, industry, and money are organized.

dinner. noun. the main meal of the day that people eat in the evening.

cook. verb. to make food ready to eat.

chemistry. noun. the scientific study of substances and how they change when they combine.

busy. adjective. In a busy period, you have a lot of things to do.

business. noun. the buying and selling of goods or services.

breakfast. noun. the food you eat in the morning after you wake up.

biology. noun. the study of living things.

arts. . subjects, such as history, languages, and literature, that are not scientific subjects.

Arabic. noun. a language spoken in Western Asia and North Africa.

afternoon. noun. the time between the middle of the day and the evening.

Unit 4
valley. noun. an area of low land between hills or mountains.

tourist. noun. someone who visits a place for pleasure and does not live there.

sea. noun. a large area of salt water.

river. noun. a long, natural area of water that flows across the land.

popular. adjective. liked by many people.

ocean. noun. one of the five main areas of sea.

mountain. noun. a very high hill.

modern. adjective. designed and made using the most recent ideas and methods.

map. noun. a picture that shows where countries, towns, roads, etc. are.

lake. noun. a large area of water that has land all around it.

island. noun. an area of land that has water around it.

international. adjective. relating to or involving two or more countries.

forest. noun. a large area of trees growing close together.

field. noun. an area of land used for growing crops or keeping animals.

farm. noun. land and buildings used for growing crops and keeping animals.

famous. adjective. known by many people.

cliff. noun. a high area of rock with a very steep side, often next to a coast.

capital. noun. the most important city in a country or state.

beach. noun. an area of sand or stones next to the sea.

Unit 5

software engineer. noun. someone whose job is to create computer programs.

schoolteacher. noun. someone who teaches children in a school.

school. noun. a place where children go to learn things.

pilot. noun. someone who flies a plane.

pay. verb. to give someone money for the work that they do.

office. noun. a room or building where people work.

nurse. noun. someone whose job is looking after people who are ill and hurt.

medicine. noun. something that you drink or eat when you are ill, to stop you being ill.

manager. noun. someone in control of an office, shop, team, etc..

language. noun. the words used by the people of a country.

journalist. noun. someone whose job is writing for newspapers, magazines, television, or radio.

interesting. adjective. keeping your attention.

hospital. noun. a place where sick or injured people go to be treated by doctors and nurses.

high school. noun. a school in the US that children go to between the ages of 14 and 18.

healthy. adjective. not sick.

gym. noun. a building with equipment for doing exercises.

great. adjective. very good.

good. adjective. successful, or able to do something well.

friendly. adjective. behaving in a pleasant, kind way towards someone.

football player. noun. a person who plays football, especially as a job.

instructor. noun. someone who teaches a particular sport or activity.

fitness. noun. the condition of being physically strong and healthy.

fit. adjective. healthy and strong, especially as a result of exercise.

farmer. noun. someone who owns or looks after a farm.

engineer. noun. someone whose job is to design, build, or repair machines, roads, bridges, etc..

doctor. noun. a person whose job is to treat people who are ill or hurt.

company. noun. an organization that sells things or services.

Unit 6

wood. noun. the hard material that trees are made of.

window. noun. a space in the wall of a building or car that has glass in it, used for letting light and air
inside and for looking through.

wall. noun. one of the sides of a room or building.

ugly. adjective. bad to look at.

traditional. adjective. following the customs or ways of behaving that have continued in a group of
people for a long time.

tall. adjective. being higher than most other people or things.

stairs. noun. a set of steps from one level in a building to another.

small. adjective. little in size or amount.

short. adjective. having a small distance from one end to the other.

shopping centre. noun. a place where lots of shops have been built close together.

roof. noun. the surface that covers the top of a building or vehicle.

plastic. noun. a light substance that can be made into different shapes when it is soft and has many uses.

old. adjective. having lived or existed for a long time.

new. adjective. different from before.

modern. adjective. relating to the present time and not to the past.

lift. noun. a device like a box that moves up and down, carrying people or goods from one floor of a
building to another or taking people up and down underground in a mine.

glass. noun. a hard, clear substance that objects such as windows and bottles are made of.

garden. noun. an area of ground next to a house, often with grass, flowers, or trees.

expensive. adjective. costing a lot of money.

exit. noun. a door, window, or other opening that allows you to leave a structure or a vehicle.

entrance. noun. a door or other opening that you use to go in somewhere.

cost. noun. the amount of money that you need to buy or do something.

cheap. adjective. not expensive, or costing less than usual.

ceiling. noun. the top surface of a room.

car park. noun. a place where you can leave your car for a short time.

building. noun. a structure with walls and a roof, such as a house or school.

big. adjective. large in size or amount.

beautiful. adjective. very attractive.

apartment. noun. a set of rooms for someone to live in on one level of a building or house.

Unit 7

yogurt. noun. a slightly sour, thick liquid made from milk with bacteria added to it, sometimes eaten
plain and sometimes with sugar, fruit, etc. added.

water. noun. the clear liquid that falls from the sky as rain and that is in seas, lakes, and rivers.

vegetable. noun. a plant that you eat, for example a potato, onion, etc..

type. noun. a group of people or things that have similar qualities.

spice. noun. a substance made from a plant, which is used to give a special taste to food.
serve. verb. to give someone food or drink, especially in a restaurant or bar.

the same. . exactly alike.

rice. noun. small grains from a plant that are cooked and eaten.

prepare. verb. to make food ready to be eaten.

onion. noun. a round vegetable with layers that has a strong taste and smell.

milk. noun. a white liquid that babies and baby animals drink that comes from their mothers’ bodies.

meat. noun. the soft parts of animals, used as food.

meal. noun. an occasion when you sit down to eat food, or the food that you eat at that time.

jam. noun. a sweet food made from fruit, which you put on bread.

honey. noun. a sweet, sticky food that is made by bees.

fish. noun. an animal that lives only in water.

drink. verb. to put liquid into your mouth and swallow it.

dish. noun. a container for food that you eat from and cook food in.

different. adjective. not the same as someone or something else.

date. noun. a sweet, sticky brown fruit with a long seed inside.

coconut. noun. a large nut with a hard shell, a white part that you eat, and liquid inside.

chilli. noun. a small, thin, red or green vegetable that tastes very hot.

bread. noun. a basic food made by mixing and baking flour and water.

almond. noun. a flat, oval nut, often used in cooking.

Unit 8

transport. noun. a vehicle or system of vehicles, such as buses, trains, planes, etc., for getting from one
place to another.

train. noun. a long, thin vehicle that travels along metal tracks and carries people or goods.

traffic. noun. the cars, trucks, etc. using a road.

taxi. noun. a car with a driver that you pay to take you somewhere.

take. verb. to travel somewhere using a bus, train, car, etc..

spend. verb. to use money to buy or pay for something.

ride. verb. to travel by sitting on a horse, bicycle, or motorcycle and controlling it.
result. noun. information that you get from something such as an exam, a scientific experiment, or a
medical test.

report. noun. a description of an event or situation.

prefer. verb. to like someone or something more than another person or thing.

motorcycle. noun. a vehicle with two wheels and an engine.

metro. noun. an underground railway system in a large city.

drive. verb. to make a car, bus, or train move, and control what it does.

bus. noun. a large vehicle that carries passengers by road.

bicycle. noun. a vehicle with two wheels that you sit on and move by turning the two pedals (= parts you
press with your feet).

Unit 1

ugly. adjective. unpleasant to look at; not attractive.

traffic. noun. the number of vehicles moving along roads, or the amount of aircraft, trains, or ships
moving along a route.

quiet. adjective. making very little noise.

population. noun. all the people living in a particular country, area, or place.

pollution. noun. damage caused to water, air, etc. by harmful substances or waste.

pollute. verb. to make an area or substance, usually air, water, or soil, dirty or harmful to people,
animals, and plants, especially by adding harmful chemicals.

noisy. adjective. making a lot of noise.

modern. adjective. designed and made using the most recent ideas and methods.

local. adjective. from, existing in, serving, or responsible for a small area, especially of a country.

interesting. adjective. Someone or something that is interesting keeps your attention because he, she, or
it is unusual, exciting, or has a lot of ideas.

expert. noun. a person with a high level of knowledge or skill relating to a particular subject or activity.

expensive. adjective. costing a lot of money.

countryside. noun. land not in towns, cities, or industrial areas, that is either used for farming or left in
its natural condition.

clean. adjective. not dirty.

city centre. noun. the central part of a city.

cheap. adjective. not expensive, or costing less than usual.

capital. noun. the most important city in a country or state, where the government is based.

boring. adjective. not interesting or exciting.

beautiful. adjective. very attractive.

area. noun. a region of a country or city.

Unit 2

visitor. noun. someone who visits a person, place, or website.

traditional. adjective. following or belonging to the customs or ways of behaving that have continued in
a group of people or society for a long time without changing.

part. noun. involvement in or responsibility for an activity, or action.

popular. adjective. liked, enjoyed, or supported by many people.

lucky. adjective. having good things happen to you by chance.

history. noun. (the study of or a record of) past events considered together, especially events of a
particular period, country, or subject.

highlight. noun. the best or most exciting, entertaining, or interesting part of something.

gift. noun. a present or something that is given.

fireworks. plural noun. small containers filled with explosive chemicals that make a loud noise when
they explode and sometimes produce bright, colored patterns.

culture. noun. the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people
at a particular time.

celebrate. verb. to take part in special enjoyable activities in order to show that a particular occasion is
important.

activity. noun. something that is done for enjoyment, especially an organized event.

Unit 3

website. noun. a place on the Internet with one or more pages of information about a subject.

video game. noun. a game in which the player controls moving pictures on a screen by pressing buttons.

software. noun. the instructions that control what a computer does; computer programs.

smartphone. noun. a mobile phone that can be used as a small computer and that connects to the
internet.

security. noun. Security is also the group of people responsible for keeping buildings or other areas safe.

secret. noun. a piece of information that is only known by one person or a few people and should not be
told to others.
record. verb. to store sounds or moving pictures using electronic equipment so that they can be heard
or seen later.

keyboard. noun. the set of keys on a computer or typewriter that you press in order to make it work .

interest. noun. Your interests are the activities that you enjoy doing and the subjects that you like to
spend time learning about.

improve. verb. to (cause something to) get better.

imagination. noun. the ability to form pictures in the mind.

free. adjective, adverb. costing nothing, or not needing to be paid for.

email address. noun. a series of letters, numbers, and symbols used to send and receive email.

educational. adjective. providing education or relating to education.

download. verb. to copy or move programs or information into a computer's memory, especially from
the internet or a larger computer.

creative. adjective. producing or using original and unusual ideas.

computer program. noun. a set of instructions that makes a computer do a particular thing.

collect. verb. to get things from different places and bring them together.

affect. verb. to cause a change in someone or something.

advertisement. noun. a picture, short film, etc. that is designed to persuade people to buy something.

Unit 4

thunder. noun. the loud noise in the sky that you hear during a storm.

shock. noun. a big, unpleasant surprise.

rise. verb. to get bigger in level.

reach. verb. to arrive at a place, especially after spending a long time or a lot of effort travelling.

precipitation. noun. water that falls from the clouds towards the ground, especially as rain or snow.

minimum. adjective. The minimum amount of something is the smallest amount that is allowed or
possible.

maximum. adjective. The maximum amount of something is the largest amount that is allowed or
possible.

lightning. noun. sudden, bright light in the sky during a storm.

last. adjective, determiner. happening or coming at the end.

increase. verb. to get bigger or to make something bigger.

huge. adjective. very large.

drop. verb. If a level or amount drops, it becomes less.

decrease. verb. to become less, or to make something become less.

decide. verb. to choose something after thinking about the possibilities.

dangerous. adjective. If someone or something is dangerous, they could harm you.

cover. verb. to put or spread something over something, or to lie on the surface of something.

careful. adjective. giving a lot of attention to what you are doing so that you do not have an accident or
make a mistake.

almost. adverb. nearly.

Unit 5

throw. verb. to make something move through the air by pushing it out of your hand.

take place. . to happen.

swim. verb. to move through water by moving your body.

strange. adjective. unusual or not expected.

participant. noun. someone who does an activity with other people.

fit. adjective. healthy and strong, especially as a result of exercise.

course. noun. an area used for horse races or playing golf.

competition. noun. an event in which people try to win something by being the best, fastest, etc..

compete. verb. to try to win a competition.

climb. verb. to go up something.

challenging. adjective. difficult, in a way that tests your ability or determination.

ancient. adjective. from a very long time ago.

accident. noun. something bad that happens that is not wanted or planned, and that hurts someone or
damages something.

Unit 6

set up. . to start a new business.

section. noun. one of the parts that something is divided into.

run. verb. to organize or control something.

result. noun. information that you get from something such as an exam, a scientific experiment, or a
medical test.
product. noun. something that someone makes or grows so that they can sell it.

partner. noun. someone who owns a business with another person.

organize. verb. to plan or arrange something.

office. noun. a room or building where people work.

occupation. noun. your job.

neat. adjective. well arranged and clean.

manager. noun. someone in control of an office, shop, team, etc..

introduce. verb. to make something exist or happen for the first time.

hobby. noun. an activity that you like and often do when you are not working.

goal. noun. something that you want to do in the future.

employee. noun. someone who is paid to work for a person or company.

employ. verb. to pay someone to work for you.

department. noun. a part of an organization that does a particular type of work.

customer. noun. a person or organization that buys things or services from a shop or business.

colleague. noun. someone that you work with.

apply. verb. to officially ask for something.

advice. noun. suggestions about what you think someone should do.

advertise. verb. to tell people about a product or service, on television, on the Internet, in newspapers,
etc., so that people will buy it.

Unit 7

train. verb. to prepare someone or yourself for a job, activity, or sport, by learning skills and/or by
mental or physical exercise.

talented. adjective. showing natural ability in a particular area.

talent. noun. a natural ability to do something.

stupid. adjective. very silly or not clever.

shy. adjective. not confident, especially about meeting new people.

sensible. adjective. showing the ability to make good decisions and do things that will not make
problems.

selfish. adjective. caring only about yourself and not other people.
respect. noun. a feeling of admiration that you have for someone because of the person’s knowledge,
skill, or achievements.

reliable. adjective. able to be trusted or believed.

patient. adjective. able to stay calm and not get upset, especially when something takes a long time.

operation. noun. the process of cutting someone’s body to remove or repair part of it.

look after. . to take care of someone or something.

lazy. adjective. Someone who is lazy does not like working.

kind. adjective. generous, helpful, and caring about other people.

intelligent. adjective. able to learn and understand things easily.

inspire. verb. to make someone feel that they want to do something.

incredible. adjective. impossible, or very difficult, to believe.

honest. adjective. sincere and truthful.

friendly. adjective. behaving in a pleasant, kind way towards someone.

former. adjective. happening or existing in the past but not now.

dream. verb. to imagine something that you would like to happen.

difficult. adjective. not friendly, easy to deal with, or behaving well.

confident. adjective. being certain of your abilities or having trust in people, plans, or the future.

clever. adjective. having or showing the ability to learn and understand things quickly and easily.

calm. adjective. relaxed and not worried or frightened.

brave. adjective. Not afraid of dangerous or difficult situations.

blind. adjective. not able to see.

achieve. verb. to succeed in doing something difficult.

Unit 8

wonder. verb. to want to know something or to try to understand the reason for something.

unlikely. adjective. not expected to happen.

support. verb. to help to show something to be true.

suggest. verb. to say an idea or plan for someone else to consider.

study. verb. to examine a subject in detail in order to discover new information.

research. verb. to study a subject in order to discover new information about it.
report. noun. a description of an event or situation.

public. adjective. involving or provided by the government, usually for the use of anyone.

prove. verb. to show that something is true.

private. adjective. belonging to or managed by a person or independent company rather than the
government.

particular. adjective. used to talk about one thing or person and not others.

explore. verb. to travel to a new place to learn about it or become familiar with it.

exist. verb. to be, or to be real.

evidence. noun. one or more reasons for believing that something is or is not true.

entrepreneur. noun. someone who starts their own business, especially when this involves seeing a new
opportunity.

crash. noun. an accident involving a vehicle, usually a serious one in which the vehicle is damaged or
someone is hurt.

conditions. plural noun. all the particular things that influence someone’s living or working environment.

beyond. preposition, adverb. further away in the distance (than something).

believe. verb. to think that something is true, correct, or real.

advance. verb. to go or move something forward, or to develop or improve something.

Unit 1

chemical. adjective. relating to chemistry or chemicals.

survive. verb. to continue to live after almost dying because of an accident, illness, etc.

species. noun. a group of plants or animals that share similar characteristics.

release. verb. to allow a prisoner to be free.

protect. verb. to keep someone or something safe from something dangerous or bad.

pollute. verb. to make water, air, soil, etc dirty or harmful.

natural. adjective. Something that is natural exists or happens because of nature, not because it was
made or done by people.

native. adjective. Native animals or plants live or grow naturally in a place, and have not been brought
from somewhere else.

major. adjective. more important or more serious than other things or people of a similar type.

introduce. verb. to make something exist, happen, or be used for the first time.
fatal. adjective. A fatal accident or illness causes death.

endangered birds/plants/species, etc. . animals or plants that may soon not exist because there are very
few now alive.

due to sth. . because of something.

disease. noun. an illness caused by an infection or by a failure of health and not by an accident.

destroy. verb. to damage something so badly that it does not exist or cannot be used.

cruel. adjective. extremely unkind, or causing people or animals to suffer.

cooperate. verb. to work together with someone in order to achieve the same aim.

contrast. noun. an obvious difference between two people or things.

common. adjective. belonging to or shared by two or more people or things.

attach. verb. to join or fix one thing to another.

affect. verb. to influence someone or something, or cause them to change.

Unit 2

trend. noun. a general development or change in a situation.

threaten. verb. to be likely to cause harm or damage to something or someone.

rainforest. noun. a forest with a lot of tall trees where it rains a lot.

predict. verb. to say what you think will happen in the future.

logging. noun. the activity of cutting down trees in order to get wood that can be sold.

issue. noun. an important subject or problem that people are discussing.

greenhouse gas. noun. a gas that causes the greenhouse effect, especially carbon dioxide (= a gas
produced when carbon is burned).

global warming. noun. an increase in the temperature of the air around the world because of pollution.

fossil fuel. noun. a fuel such as coal or oil that is obtained from under the ground.

farming. noun. the job of working on a farm or organizing the work there.

effect. noun. a change, reaction, or result that is caused by something.

ecosystem. noun. all the living things in an area and the way they affect each other and the
environment.

destruction. noun. the process of destroying something.

contribute to sth. . to be one of the causes of an event or a situation.

construction. noun. the work of building houses, offices, bridges, etc.

consequence. noun. the result of an action or situation, especially a bad result.

climate. noun. the weather conditions that an area usually has.

challenge. noun. something that is difficult and that tests someone's ability or determination.

cause. noun. someone or something that makes something happen.

the atmosphere. . the layer of gases around the Earth.

area. noun. a region of a country or city.

annual. adjective. happening or produced once a year.

absorb. verb. If a substance absorbs a liquid, it takes it in through its surface and holds it.

Unit 3

waste. noun. a bad use of something useful, such as time or money, when there is a limited amount of
it.

vehicle. noun. something such as a car or bus that takes people from one place to another, especially
using roads.

congestion. noun. the state of being full or blocked, especially with traffic.

require. verb. to need or demand something.

reduce. verb. to make something less.

rail. noun. trains as a method of transport.

public transport. noun. a system of vehicles such as buses and trains which operate at regular times and
that the public use.

produce. verb. to make or grow something.

prevent. verb. to stop something happening or to stop someone doing something.

practical. adjective. suitable or useful for a situation which may involve some difficulty.

the outskirts. noun. the outer area of a city, town, or village.

government. noun. the group of people who officially control a country.

fuel. noun. a substance that is burned to provide heat or power.

engineering. noun. the work of an engineer, or the study of this work.

emergency. noun. a serious or dangerous situation that needs immediate action.

destination. noun. the place where someone or something is going.

cycle. noun. a bicycle.

convince. verb. to make someone believe that something is true.

consider. verb. to think carefully about a decision or something you might do.

connect. verb. to join two things or places together.

commute. verb. to regularly travel between work and home.

attempt. noun. If you make an attempt to do something, you try to do it.

Unit 4

tradition. noun. a custom or way of behaving that has continued for a long time in a group of people or a
society.

serious. adjective. A serious problem or situation is bad and makes people worry.

separate. adjective. not joined or touching anything else.

relationship. noun. the way two people or groups feel and behave towards each other.

protect. verb. to keep someone or something safe from something dangerous or bad.

preserve. verb. to keep something the same or prevent it from being damaged or destroyed.

obvious. adjective. easy to understand or see.

important. adjective. having a lot of power, influence, or effect.

greet. verb. to welcome someone.

generation. noun. all the people in a society or family who are approximately the same age.

formal. adjective. used about clothes, language, and behaviour that are serious and not friendly or
relaxed.

expect. verb. to think that something will happen.

exchange. noun. an occasion when you give something to someone and they give you something else.

endangered birds/plants/species, etc. . animals or plants that may soon not exist because there are very
few now alive.

culture. noun. the habits, traditions, and beliefs of a country, society, or group of people.

common. adjective. happening often or existing in large numbers.

certain. adjective. used to refer to a particular person or thing without naming or describing them
exactly.

ceremony. noun. a formal event that is performed on important social or religious occasions.

brief. adjective. lasting only for a short time.

belief. noun. an idea that you are certain is true.

appearance. noun. the way a person or thing looks.

Unit 5

advertising campaign. noun. a planned series of advertisements that will be used in particular places at
particular times in order to advertise a product or service and persuade people to buy it or use it.

serious. adjective. A serious problem or situation is bad and makes people worry.

self-esteem. noun. confidence in yourself and a belief in your qualities and abilities.

reduce. verb. to make something less.

recognize. verb. to accept that something is true or real.

portion. noun. the amount of food served to one person, especially in a restaurant.

obese. adjective. extremely fat.

nutrition. noun. the food that you eat and the way that it affects your health.

moderate. adjective. average in size or amount and not too much.

life expectancy. noun. the number of years that someone is likely to live.

junk food. noun. food that is unhealthy but is quick and easy to eat.

heart disease. noun. a medical condition affecting the heart.

campaign. noun. a series of organized activities or events intended to achieve a result.

calorie. noun. a unit for measuring the amount of energy food provides.

a balanced diet/meal. . a healthy mixture of different kinds of food.

active. adjective. doing a lot of things, or moving around a lot.

Unit 6

dehumanize. verb. to remove from a person the special human qualities of independent thought, feeling
for other people, etc..

unsafe. adjective. dangerous.

unlimited. adjective. without any limits.

translate. verb. to change written or spoken words from one language to another.

three-dimensional. adjective. having length, depth, and height.

rethink. verb. to change what you think about something or what you plan to do.

prevent. verb. to stop something happening or to stop someone doing something.

personal. adjective. relating to or belonging to a particular person.

pattern. noun. a design of lines, shapes, colours, etc.

object. noun. a thing that you can see or touch but that is usually not alive.

movement. noun. a change of position or place.

illustrate. verb. to give more information or examples to explain or prove something.

helpful. adjective. useful.

harmful. adjective. causing or likely to cause harm.

essential. adjective. very important and necessary.

equipment. noun. the things that are used for a particular activity or purpose.

enlarge. verb. to become bigger or to make something become bigger.

electronic. adjective. Electronic equipment consists of things such as computers, televisions, and radios..

disorganized. adjective. not planned or organized well.

break down. . If a machine or vehicle breaks down, it stops working.

artificial. adjective. not natural, but made by people.

Unit 7

outsource. verb. If a company outsources, it pays to have part of its work done by another company.

designer label. noun. a famous company that makes expensive clothes, bags, etc. and that is a well-
known brand.

wage. noun. the amount of money a person regularly receives for their job.

volume. noun. the number or amount of something, especially when it is large.

textile. noun. any type of cloth that is made by weaving (= crossing threads under and over each other).

supplier. noun. someone who provides things that people want or need, often over a long period of
time.

season. noun. a period of the year when a particular thing happens.

overseas. adjective. in, to, or from another country.

offshore. adjective. An offshore bank or bank account is based in another country and so less tax has to
be paid.

multinational. adjective. active in several countries, or involving people from several countries.

manufacturing. noun. the production of something, usually in large quantities in a factory.

manufacture. verb. to produce something, usually in large numbers in a factory.

labour. noun. work, especially the type of work that needs a lot of physical effort.

invest. verb. to give money to a bank, business, etc, or buy something, because you hope to get a profit.
import. verb. to bring something into your country from another country for people to buy.

cotton. noun. a plant that produces a soft, white substance used for making thread and cloth.

consumer. noun. someone who buys or uses goods or services.

conditions. . the physical situation that people are in.

competitor. noun. a person, team, or company that is competing with others.

collection. noun. a group of objects of the same type that have been collected by one person or in one
place.

brand. noun. a product that is made by a particular company.

advertising. noun. the business of trying to persuade people to buy products or services.

Unit 8

wealthy. adjective. rich.

value. noun. how much money something could be sold for.

valuable. adjective. Valuable objects could be sold for a lot of money.

trend. noun. a general development or change in a situation.

supply. verb. to provide things that people want or need, often over a long period of time.

standard of living. noun. how much money and comfort someone has.

savings. noun. money that you have saved, usually in a bank.

revenue. noun. large amounts of money received by a government as tax, or by a company.

return. verb. to give, send, or put something back where it came from.

recession. noun. a time when the economy of a country is not successful.

purchase. verb. to buy something.

professional. adjective. relating to a job that needs special training or education.

poverty. noun. the state of being very poor.

percentage. noun. an amount of something, expressed as a number out of 100.

market. noun. all the people who want to buy a particular product, or the area where they live.

investor. noun. someone who puts money in a bank, business, etc in order to make a profit.

investment. noun. the money that you put in a bank, business, etc in order to make a profit, or the act of
doing this.

interest rate. noun. the percentage of an amount of money that is charged or paid by a bank or other
financial company.
income. noun. money that you earn by working, investing, or producing goods.

financial. adjective. relating to money or how money is managed.

factor. noun. one of the things that has an effect on a particular situation, decision, event, etc.

expenditure. noun. the total amount of money that a government or person spends.

employment. noun. paid work that someone does for a person or company.

economy. noun. the system by which a country produces and uses goods and money.

demand. noun. a need for something to be sold or supplied.

consumer. noun. someone who buys or uses goods or services.

Unit 1

supplier. noun. a company, person, etc. that provides things that people want or need, especially over a
long period of time.

study. verb. to examine something very carefully.

specialty. noun. a product that is extremely good in a particular place.

selling point. noun. a characteristic of a product that will persuade people to buy it.

reputation. noun. the opinion that people have about someone or something based on their behaviour
or character in the past.

remove. verb. to take something away.

relatively. adverb. quite, when compared to other things or people.

refuse. verb. to say that you will not do or accept something.

outlet. noun. In business, an outlet is a shop that sells one type of product or the products of one
company..

multinational. adjective. relating to or involving several different countries.

monopoly. noun. a situation in which a company or organization is the only one in an area of business or
activity and has complete control of it.

influence. noun. the power to affect how someone thinks or behaves, or how something develops.

inflation. noun. the rate at which prices increase, or a continuing increase in prices.

increase. verb. to get bigger or to make something bigger in size or amount.

experiment. verb. to test or to try a new way of doing something.

exhaust. verb. to use something completely.

exclude. verb. to prevent someone or something from entering a place or taking part in an activity.
ensure. verb. to make something certain to happen.

dominant. adjective. more important, strong, or noticeable than anything else of the same type.

domestic. adjective. inside one country and not international.

discount. noun. a reduction in price.

convenience. noun. the fact of being easy to use and suitable for what you want to do.

continue. verb. to keep happening, existing, or doing something.

consumption. noun. the amount of something that someone uses, eats, or drinks.

confuse. verb. to make someone unable to think clearly or understand something.

Unit 2

virtual. adjective. created by computer technology and appearing to exist but not existing in the physical
world .

under-represented. adjective. If a type of person or thing is under-represented in a group or

organization, there are not enough of them in it.

tutor. noun. someone who teaches one person or a very small group of people.

term. noun. one of the periods of time that the school or university year is divided into.

specific. adjective. used to refer to a particular thing and not something general.

significant. adjective. important or noticeable.

seminar. noun. a meeting of a group of people with a teacher or expert for training, discussion, or study
of a subject.

semester. noun. one of the two time periods that a school or college year is divided into.

principle. noun. a basic idea or rule that explains or controls how something happens or works.

plagiarism. noun. the process or practice of using another person's ideas or work and pretending that it
is your own.

oriented. adjective. directed towards or interested in something.

motivation. noun. willingness to do something, or something that causes such willingness.

lecturer. noun. someone who teaches at a college or university.

launch. verb. to begin an important activity.

journal. noun. a magazine containing articles about a particular subject.

gender gap. noun. a difference between the way men and women are treated in society, or between
what men and women do and achieve.
examination. noun. a formal test that you must pass in order to earn a particular qualification or to be
allowed to do a particular job.

evolve. verb. to develop gradually, or to cause something or someone to develop gradually.

establishment. noun. the act of starting or creating something that will last a long time.

distance learning. noun. a way of studying in which you do not attend a school, college, or university,
but study from where you live, usually being taught and given work to do over the internet.

dissertation. noun. a very long piece of writing done as part of a course of study.

discipline. noun. a particular subject of study.

degree. noun. a course of study at a college or university, or the qualification given to a student after he
or she has completed his or her studies.

core. adjective. most important or most basic.

concrete. adjective. certain or based on facts.

assignment. noun. a piece of work given to someone, typically as part of their studies or job.

aspect. noun. one part of a situation, problem, subject, etc..

alternative. noun. something that is different from something else, especially from what is usual, and
offering the possibility of choice.

Unit 3

underfunding. noun. a situation in which something is given less money than it needs.

treatment. noun. the use of drugs, exercises, etc. to cure a person of an illness or injury.

symptom. noun. a physical feeling or problem that shows that you have a particular illness.

surgery. noun. the activity in which a doctor cuts people's bodies open and repairs or removes
something.

substance. noun. material with particular physical characteristics.

sedentary. adjective. involving little exercise or physical activity.

safety net. noun. something, esp. a government program, that protects or helps people.

regardless. adverb. despite; not being affected by something.

proponent. noun. a person who speaks publicly in support of a particular idea or plan of action.

professional. adjective. having the qualities that you connect with trained and skilled people, such as
effectiveness, skill, organization, and seriousness of manner.

precise. adjective. exact and accurate.

physical. adjective. relating to the body.

patent. noun. the official legal right to make or sell an invention for a particular number of years.

medical. adjective. related to the treatment of illness and injuries.

labour. noun. workers, especially people who do practical work with their hands.

illegal. adjective. not allowed by law.

fund. verb. to provide the money to pay for an event, activity, or organization.

epidemic. noun. the appearance of a particular disease in a large number of people at the same time.

conventional. adjective. following the usual practices of the past.

controversial. adjective. causing disagreement or discussion.

contribution. noun. something that you contribute or do to help produce or achieve something together
with other people, or to help make something successful.

consultation. noun. a meeting to discuss something or to get advice.

complex. adjective. difficult to understand or find an answer to because of having many different parts.

chief. adjective. most important or main.

burden. noun. a duty or responsibility that is hard to bear.

adverse. adjective. having a negative or harmful effect on something.

adequate. adjective. enough or satisfactory for a particular purpose.

Unit 4

strategy. noun. a plan that you use to achieve something.

severe. adjective. extremely bad.

rely on/upon sb/sth. . to trust someone or something or to expect him, her, or it to behave in a
particular way.

reduction. noun. the act of making something, or of something becoming, smaller in size, amount,
degree, importance, etc..

policy. noun. a set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular situations that has been agreed to
officially by a group of people, a business organization, a government, or a political party.

monitor. verb. to watch and check a situation carefully for a period of time in order to discover
something about it.

measure. noun. a way of achieving something, or a method for dealing with a situation.

major. adjective. more important, bigger, or more serious than others of the same type.

maintenance. noun. the work needed to keep a road, building, machine, etc. in good condition.
long-term. adjective. continuing a long time into the future.

large-scale. adjective. involving many people or things, or happening over a large area.

issue. noun. a subject or problem that people are thinking and talking about.

infrastructure. noun. the basic systems and services, such as transport and power supplies, that a
country or organization uses in order to work effectively.

identify. verb. to recognize someone or something and say or prove who or what that person or thing is.

extreme. adjective. very large in amount or degree.

disrupt. verb. to prevent something, especially a system, process, or event, from continuing as usual or
as expected.

disaster. noun. an event causing great harm, damage, or suffering.

devastating. adjective. causing a lot of damage or destruction.

crucial. adjective. extremely important or necessary.

criticize. verb. to express disapproval of someone or something.

community. noun. the people living in a particular area.

casualty. noun. a person injured or killed in a serious accident or war.

Unit 5

urban sprawl. noun. the spread of a city into the area surrounding it, often without planning.

suburb. noun. an area where people live outside the centre of a city.

structural engineer. noun. a trained person whose job is to examine structures such as buildings and
bridges to check their condition.

skyscraper. noun. a very tall modern building, usually in a city.

sector. noun. a part of society that can be separated from other parts because of its own special
character.

second-hand. adjective, adverb. not new; having been used in the past by someone else.

be responsible for sb/sth/doing sth. . to have control and authority over something or someone and the
duty of taking care of it, him, or her.

responsibility. noun. something that it is your job or duty to deal with.

reputation. noun. the general opinion that people have about someone or something.

relevant. adjective. related to a subject or to something happening or being discussed.

reflect on sb/sth. . to affect other people's opinion of someone or something, especially in a bad way.
the outskirts. noun. the areas that form the edge of a town or city.

inspiring. adjective. encouraging, or making you feel you want to do something.

green belt. noun. a strip of countryside round a city or town where building is not allowed.

function. noun. a purpose or duty, or the way something or someone works.

environmentally. adverb. in a way that relates to the environment.

environmental. adjective. relating to the environment.

efficient. adjective. working or operating quickly and effectively in an organized way.

efficiency. noun. the condition or fact of producing the results you want without waste, or a particular
way in which this is done.

durable. adjective. able to last and be used for a long time without becoming damaged.

depression. noun. the state of feeling very unhappy and without hope for the future.

depressingly. adverb. in a way that makes you feel unhappy and without hope for the future.

depressing. adjective. making you feel unhappy and without hope for the future.

depress. verb. to cause someone to feel unhappy and without hope.

demonstrate. verb. to show something and explain how it works.

conservation. noun. the protection of plants and animals, natural areas, and interesting and important
structures and buildings, especially from the damaging effects of human activity.

compromise. noun. an agreement in an argument in which the people involved reduce their demands or
change their opinion in order to agree.

civilized. adjective. A civilized society or country has a well developed system of government, culture,
and way of life and that treats the people who live there fairly.

architecturally. adverb. related to the art and practice of designing and making buildings.

architectural. adjective. relating to architecture.

architecture. noun. the job or activity of designing buildings.

amenity. noun. something, such as a swimming pool or shopping centre, that is intended to make life
more pleasant or comfortable for the people in a town, hotel, or other place.

Unit 6

vital. adjective. necessary for the success or continued existence of something; extremely important.

utilize. verb. to make use of something.

urgent. adjective. needing immediate attention.

universal. adjective. existing everywhere or involving everyone.

secure. verb. to get something, sometimes with difficulty.

resistant. adjective. not wanting to accept something, especially changes or new ideas.

omit. verb. to fail to include or do something.

offshore. adjective, adverb. away from or at a distance from the coast.

instigate. verb. to cause an event or situation to happen by making a set of actions or a formal process
begin.

initial. adjective. of or at the beginning.

inexhaustible. adjective. existing in very great amounts that will never be finished.

generate. verb. to cause something to exist.

diminish. verb. to reduce or be reduced in size or importance.

deliver. verb. to give, direct, or aim something.

contest. verb. to oppose esp. in argument.

consult. verb. to get information or advice from a person, book, etc. with special knowledge on a
particular subject.

aquatic. adjective. living or growing in, happening in, or connected with water.

alarming. adjective. causing worry or fear.

adopt. verb. to accept or start to use something new.

address. verb. to give attention to or deal with a matter or problem.

Unit 7

significance. noun. importance.

perceive. verb. to think of something in a particular way.

objective. adjective. based on real facts and not influenced by personal beliefs or feelings.

notion. noun. a belief or idea.

moving. adjective. causing strong feelings of sadness or sympathy.

monumental. adjective. very big.

medium. noun. The medium that an artist works in is the materials or method used to create things.

mechanical. adjective. relating to engines or machines, or the way they operate.

lifelike. adjective. seeming real or seeming to be alive.

figurative. adjective. (of a painting, drawing, etc.) representing something as it really looks, rather than
in an abstract way.

expressive. adjective. showing what someone thinks or feels.

established. adjective. accepted or respected because of having existed for a long period of time.

distinction. noun. a difference between two similar things.

deliberately. adverb. intentionally, having planned to do something.

decorative. adjective. making something or someone look more attractive.

contemporary. adjective. of the present time.

conceptual. adjective. based on ideas.

avant-garde. adjective. If art, music, etc, is avant-garde, it is new and unusual in style..

aesthetic. adjective. relating to beauty and the way something looks.

acknowledge. verb. to accept that something is true or exists.

abstract. adjective. relating to ideas and not real things.

Unit 8

voluntary. adjective. done, made, or given willingly, without being forced or paid to do it.

undertake. verb. to take responsibility for and begin doing something.

sum (sth/sb) up. . to describe briefly the important facts or characteristics of something or someone.

rely on/upon sb/sth. . to need a particular thing or the help and support of someone or something in
order to continue, to work correctly, or to succeed.

range. noun. the amount, number, or type of something between an upper and a lower limit.

proportion. noun. a part or share of the whole, or the relationship between one thing and another in
size, amount, or degree.

pension. noun. an amount of money paid regularly by the government or a private company to a person
who does not work any more because they are too old or have become ill.

median. adjective. The median value is the middle one in a set of values arranged in order of size.

leisure. noun. the time when you are not working or doing other duties.

in theory. . if something is possible in theory, it should be possible, but often it does not happen in that
way.

contrast. noun. an obvious difference between two or more things.

brief. adjective. lasting only a short time or containing few words.

identify with sth. . to feel that you can support something.

focus (sth) on sb/sth. . to give a lot of attention to one particular person, subject, or thing.

demographic. adjective. relating to human populations and the information collected about them, such
as their size, growth, ages, and education.

cope. verb. to deal successfully with a difficult situation.

capacity. noun. a particular position or job.

allocate. verb. to give something to someone as their share of a total amount, to use in a particular way.

adapt. verb. to adjust to different conditions or uses, or to change to meet different situations.

Unit 1

well known. adjective. known or recognized by many people.

vulnerable. adjective. able to be easily physically, emotionally, or mentally hurt, influenced, or attacked.

vibrant. adjective. energetic, exciting, and full of enthusiasm.

state-of-the-art. adjective. very modern and using the most recent ideas and methods.

retrieve. verb. to find and bring back something.

renovation. noun. the act or process of repairing and improving something, especially a building.

prompt sb to do sth. . to make someone decide to say or do something.

practice. noun. something that is usually or regularly done, often as a habit, tradition, or custom.

out of date. adjective. If clothes, colours, styles, etc. are out of date, they are old and not fashionable.

opt. verb. to make a choice, especially of one thing or possibility instead of others.

one-way. adjective. travelling or allowing travel in only one direction.

memorabilia. noun. objects that are collected because they are connected with a person or event that is
thought to be very interesting.

long-term. adjective. continuing a long time into the future.

longevity. noun. remaining popular or useful for a long time.

irreversible. adjective. not possible to change; impossible to return to a previous condition.

fast-growing. adjective. used to describe activities, organizations, etc. that are getting bigger very
quickly.

energy-efficient. adjective. using little electricity, gas, etc..

demolition. noun. the act of destroying something such as a building.

compatible. adjective. able to exist, live, or work successfully with something or someone else.
anonymous. adjective. having no unusual or interesting features.

affluent. adjective. having a lot of money or owning a lot of things.

adaptive. adjective. having an ability to change to suit different conditions.

Unit 2

sustainable. adjective. causing little or no damage to the environment and therefore able to continue for
a long time.

suspicion. noun. a belief or idea that something may be true.

subsequent. adjective. happening after something else.

strategic. adjective. helping to achieve a plan, for example in business or politics.

stir sth up. . to cause an unpleasant emotion or problem to begin or grow.

retain. verb. to keep or continue to have something.

resemble. verb. to look like or be like someone or something.

reinforce. verb. to make something stronger.

refine. verb. To refine something also means to improve it by making small changes.

provoke. verb. to cause a reaction, especially a negative one.

outrage. noun. a feeling of anger and shock.

opposition. noun. strong disagreement.

inspire. verb. to make someone have a particular strong feeling or reaction.

generate. verb. to cause something to exist.

foremost. adjective. best known or most important.

evoke. verb. to make someone remember something or feel an emotion.

distinctive. adjective. Something that is distinctive is easy to recognize because it is different from other
things.

curiosity. noun. an eager wish to know or learn about something.

criterion. noun. a standard by which you judge, decide about, or deal with something.

convey. verb. to express a thought, feeling, or idea so that it is understood by other people.

controversy. noun. a lot of disagreement or argument about something, usually because it affects or is
important to many people.

associate. verb. to connect someone or something in your mind with someone or something else.

arouse. verb. to cause someone to have a particular feeling.

anxiety. noun. an uncomfortable feeling of nervousness or worry about something that is happening or
might happen in the future.

Unit 3

abhorrent. adjective. morally very bad.

withdraw. verb. to stop being involved in a situation, having a particular responsibility, or belonging to
an organization.

threatening. adjective. expressing a threat of something unpleasant or violent.

run into sb. . to meet someone you know when you are not expecting to.

resolve. verb. to solve or end a problem or difficulty.

regulate. verb. to control something, especially by making it work in a particular way.

prosecute. verb. to officially accuse someone of committing a crime in a law court, or (of a lawyer) to try
to prove that a person accused of committing a crime is guilty of that crime.

precedent. noun. an action, situation, or decision that has already happened and can be used as a
reason why a similar action or decision should be performed or made.

offensive. adjective. causing offence.

negative. adjective. not expecting good things, or likely to consider only the bad side of a situation.

malicious. adjective. intended to harm or upset other people.

insulting. adjective. rude or offensive.

humiliation. noun. the feeling of being ashamed or losing respect for yourself, or an occasion when you
have this feeling.

hostile. adjective. unfriendly and not liking something.

exhibit. verb. to show something publicly.

eliminate. verb. to remove or take away someone or something.

disturbing. adjective. making you feel worried or upset.

confront. verb. to face, meet, or deal with a difficult situation or person.

combat. verb. to try to stop something unpleasant or harmful from happening or increasing.

assemble. verb. to bring or come together in a single group or place, or to put together the parts of
something.

accountable. adjective. Someone who is accountable is completely responsible for what they do and
must be able to give a satisfactory reason for it.

abusive. adjective. using rude and offensive words.

abuse. verb. to use something for the wrong purpose in a way that is harmful or morally wrong.

anonymity. noun. the situation in which someone's name is not given or known.

Unit 4

utility. noun. a service for supplying electricity, gas, etc..

transition. noun. a change from one form or type to another, or the process by which this happens.

track record. noun. all the achievements or failures that someone or something has had in the past.

start-up cost. noun. the amount of money needed to start an organization, a business, a piece of work,
etc..

shrewdly. adverb. in a way that shows a clear understanding and good judgment of a situation, usually
when this results in an advantage.

revenue. noun. money that a company receives, especially from selling goods or services.

retention. noun. the ability of a company to keep its employees and stop them from going to work
somewhere else.

proposition. noun. an offer or suggestion, usually in business.

pioneer. noun. a person who is one of the first people to do something.

outweigh. verb. to be greater or more important than something else.

ongoing. adjective. continuing to exist or develop, or happening at the present moment.

small-scale. adjective. small, especially when compared to other things like it.

large-scale. adjective. involving many people or things, or happening over a large area.

profit. noun. money that is earned in trade or business, especially after paying the costs of producing
and selling goods and services.

incentive. noun. something that encourages a person to do something.

follow suit. . to do the same thing as someone else.

fluctuating. adjective. fluctuating prices, levels, or interest rates go up and down.

component. noun. one of the parts of a system, process, or machine.

brick-and-mortar. adjective. existing as a physical building, especially a shop, rather than doing business
only on the internet.

breakeven. noun. the fact of a company or a product not making a profit or a loss.

attainable. adjective. possible to achieve.

aspiring. adjective. wishing to become successful in a particular type of job.

accumulate. verb. to collect a large number of things over a long period of time.

Unit 5

trauma. noun. (a) severe emotional shock and pain caused by an extremely upsetting experience.

trait. noun. a particular characteristic that can produce a particular type of behaviour.

suppress. verb. to prevent something from being seen or expressed or from operating.

stimulation. noun. an action or thing that causes someone or something to become more active or
enthusiastic, or to develop or operate.

reproduce. verb. to produce a copy of something, or to be copied in a production process.

norm. noun. an accepted standard or a way of behaving or doing things that most people agree with.

label. verb. to describe someone or something using a particular word or phrase, often unfairly.

intervention. noun. the action of becoming intentionally involved in a difficult situation, in order to
improve it or prevent it from getting worse.

genius. noun. very great and rare natural ability or skill, especially in a particular area such as science or
art, or a person who has this.

emulate. verb. to copy something achieved by someone else and try to do it as well as they have.

control group. noun. a group of people who are used for comparing another group to in a test or
experiment.

contradictory. adjective. If two or more facts, pieces of advice, etc. are contradictory, they are very
different from each other.

contend. verb. to state as the truth; claim.

constrain. verb. to control and limit something.

conformity. noun. behaviour that follows the usual standards that are expected by a group or society.

cognition. noun. the use of conscious mental processes.

arrive at sth. . to reach an agreement about something.

attractiveness. noun. the quality of being very pleasing in appearance or sound.

Unit 6

work-life balance. noun. the amount of time you spend doing your job compared with the amount of
time you spend with your family and doing things you enjoy.

training. noun. the process of learning the skills you need to do a particular job or activity.

prospective buyers, employers, parents, etc.. . people who are expected to buy something, employ
someone, become parents, etc..
pose. verb. to cause something, especially a problem or difficulty.

persistent. adjective. lasting for a long time or difficult to get rid of.

multiple. adjective. very many of the same type, or of different types.

mismatch. noun. an occasion when people or things are put together that are not suitable for each
other.

labour force. noun. all the people in a particular country who are of the right age to work, or all the
people who work for a particular company.

labour. noun. workers, especially people who do practical work with their hands.

job market. noun. the number of jobs that are available in a particular place or for a particular type of
work.

illustration. noun. a picture in a book, magazine, etc. or the process of illustrating something.

founder. noun. someone who establishes an organization.

expertise. noun. a high level of knowledge or skill.

entry-level. adjective. at or relating to the lowest level of an organization, type of work, etc..

earning power. noun. the ability of a person to earn money or of a company to make a profit.

dispute. verb. to disagree with something that someone says.

comprise. verb. to have things or people as parts or members; to consist of.

chronic. adjective. (esp. of a disease or something bad) continuing for a long time.

assertive. adjective. Someone who is assertive behaves confidently and is not frightened to say what
they want or believe.

assert. verb. to say that something is certainly true.

ambiguity. noun. a situation or statement that is unclear because it can be understood in more than one
way.

Unit 7

virus. noun. an extremely small piece of organic material that causes disease in humans, animals, and
plants.

viral. adjective. caused by a virus.

transmittable. adjective. able to be passed or sent from one person, thing, or place to another.

transmit. verb. to pass a disease from one person or animal to another.

transmission. noun. the process of broadcasting or sending out something by radio or television, on the
internet, etc., or something that is broadcast or sent out .
thrive. verb. to grow, develop, or be successful.

therapeutic. adjective. causing someone to feel happier and more relaxed or to be more healthy.

therapy. noun. a treatment that helps someone feel better, grow stronger, etc., especially after an
illness.

surge. noun. a sudden and great increase.

revolutionize. verb. to completely change something so that it is much better.

resistant. adjective. not harmed or affected by something.

resist. verb. to fight against something or someone that is attacking you.

proximity. noun. the state of being near in space or time.

promote. verb. to encourage people to like, buy, use, do, or support something.

problematic. adjective. full of problems or difficulties.

prevention. noun. the act of stopping something from happening or of stopping someone from doing
something.

preventive. adjective. intended to stop something before it happens.

preventable. adjective. able to be prevented.

prevent. verb. to stop something from happening or someone from doing something.

phase sth out. . to remove or stop using something gradually or in stages.

mutation. noun. the way in which genes change and produce permanent differences.

mutate. verb. to develop new physical characteristics because of a permanent change in the genes.
These changes can happen naturally or can be produced by the use of chemicals or radiation.

mutant. noun. an organism that is different from others of its type because of a permanent change in its
genes.

infectious. adjective. (of a disease) able to be passed from one person, animal, or plant to another.

infection. noun. a disease in a part of your body that is caused by bacteria or a virus.

infect. verb. to pass a disease to a person, animal, or plant.

grim. adjective. worrying, without hope.

fuel. verb. Something that fuels a feeling or a type of behaviour increases it or makes it stronger.

facilitate. verb. to make something possible or easier.

eradicate. verb. to get rid of something completely or destroy something bad.

enable. verb. to make someone able to do something, or to make something possible.

emergence. noun. the fact of something becoming known or starting to exist.

drive. noun. a planned effort to achieve something.

domesticated. adjective. (of animals or plants) brought under human control in order to provide food,
power, or company.

detection. noun. the fact of noticing or discovering something.

counter. verb. to react to something with an opposing opinion or action, or to defend yourself against
something.

confine. verb. If something is confined to a particular group of people, it exists only among them.

bacterial. adjective. relating to or caused by bacteria .

bacteria. plural noun. very small organisms that are found everywhere and are the cause of many
diseases.

accessible. adjective. able to be reached or easily got.

access. verb. to open a computer file or to use a computer system such as the internet.

Unit 8

voice. verb. to say what you think about a particular subject, especially to express a doubt, complaint,
etc. that you have about it.

underlie. verb. to be a hidden cause of or strong influence on something.

typically. adverb. used when you are giving an average or usual example of a particular thing.

tend. verb. to be likely to behave in a particular way or have a particular characteristic.

stem from sth. . to start or develop as the result of something.

somewhat. adverb. to some degree.

sensitivity. noun. an ability to understand what other people need, and be helpful and kind to them.

relatively good, bad, etc.. . quite good, bad, etc. in comparison with other similar things or with what
you expect.

primarily. adverb. mainly.

peak. verb. to reach the highest, strongest, or best point, value, or level of skill.

more or less. . mostly.

isolate. verb. to separate something from other things with which it is connected or mixed.

gesture. noun. a movement of the hands, arms, or head, etc. to express an idea or feeling.

fundamental. adjective. being the most basic or most important thing on which other things depend.
for the most part. . mostly or usually.

fairly. adverb. more than average, but less than very.

exclusively. adverb. only.

enhance. verb. to improve the quality, amount, or strength of something.

distraction. noun. something that prevents someone from giving their attention to something else.

differentiate. verb. to show or find the difference between things that are compared.

detract from sth. . to make something seem less valuable or less deserving of admiration than it really
is .

coordinate. verb. to make many different things work effectively as a whole.

apparently. adverb. used to say you have read or been told something although you are not certain it is
true.

amass. verb. to get a large amount of something, especially money or information, by collecting it over a
long period.

accomplish. verb. to finish something successfully or to achieve something.

Unit 9

supplement. verb. to add something to something to make it larger or better.

superimpose. verb. to put especially a picture, words, etc. on top of something else, especially another
picture, words, etc., so that what is in the lower position can still be seen, heard, etc..

suggest. verb. to communicate or show an idea or feeling without stating it directly or giving proof.

state. verb. to say or write something, especially clearly and carefully.

simultaneous. adjective. happening or being done at exactly the same time.

projection. noun. the act of projecting a film or an image onto a screen or wall.

observe. verb. to notice or see.

numerous. adjective. many.

novelty. noun. the quality of being new and unusual.

manipulate. verb. to control something or someone to your advantage, often unfairly or dishonestly.

maintain. verb. to express firmly your belief that something is true.

inspect. verb. to look at something or someone carefully in order to discover information, especially
about their quality or condition.

immersive. adjective. seeming to surround the audience, player, etc. so that they feel completely
involved in something.
hazard. noun. something that is dangerous and likely to cause damage.

engaging. adjective. tending to please; attractive.

embrace. verb. to accept something enthusiastically.

domain. noun. an area of interest or an area over which a person has control.

conclude. verb. to judge or decide something after thinking carefully about it.

claim. verb. to say that something is true or is a fact, although you cannot prove it and other people
might not believe it.

assert. verb. to say that something is certainly true.

aid. noun. a piece of equipment that helps you to do something.

advocate. noun. someone who publicly supports something.

acknowledge. verb. to accept, admit, or recognize something, or the truth or existence of something.

Unit 10

terminology. noun. special words or expressions used in relation to a particular subject or activity.

stance. noun. an opinion about something, esp. one that is publicly expressed.

presume. verb. to believe something to be true because it is very likely, although you are not certain.

preliminary. adjective. coming before a more important action or event, esp. introducing or preparing
for it.

precede. verb. to be or go before something or someone in time or space.

postwar. adjective. happening or existing in the period after a war, especially the First or Second World
War.

postpone. verb. to delay an event and plan or decide that it should happen at a later date or time.

postgraduate. adjective. used to refer to university studies or students at a more advanced level than a
first degree.

postdate. verb. to happen or exist after something.

namely. adverb. used when you want to give more detail or be more exact about something you have
just said.

misguided. adjective. unreasonable or unsuitable because of being based on bad judgment or on wrong
information or beliefs.

interface. noun. a connection between two pieces of electronic equipment, or between a person and a
computer.

intercontinental. adjective. between continents.

interaction. noun. an occasion when two or more people or things communicate with or react to each
other.

interact. verb. to communicate with or react to.

incorporate. verb. to include something as part of something larger.

futile. adjective. (of actions) having no effect or achieving nothing.

equivalent. adjective. having the same amount, value, purpose, qualities, etc..

enforce. verb. to make people obey a law, or to make a particular situation happen or be accepted.

endorse. verb. to make a public statement of your approval or support for something or someone.

distort. verb. to change the shape of something so that it looks strange or unnatural.

distasteful. adjective. unpleasant and unacceptable.

disproportionate. adjective. too large or too small in comparison to something else, or not deserving its
importance or influence.

displace. verb. to force something or someone out of its usual or original place.

discourage. verb. to make someone feel less confident, enthusiastic, and positive about something, or
less willing to do something.

disambiguation. noun. the fact of showing the differences between two or more meanings clearly.

dilution. noun. the process or action of making something less strong or valuable.

dialect. noun. a form of a language that is spoken in a particular part of a country or by a particular
group of people and that contains some words, grammar, or pronunciations (= the ways in which words
are said) that are different from the forms used in other parts or by other groups.

cooperation. noun. the act of working together with someone or doing what they ask you.

conquer. verb. to take control or possession of foreign land, or a group of people, by force.

commonly. adverb. often or usually.

commodity. noun. a substance or product that can be traded, bought, or sold.

collaborate. verb. to work with someone else for a special purpose.

coincide. verb. to happen at or near the same time.

co-found. verb. to start an organization together with someone else.

coexist. verb. to live or exist together, esp. in peace, at the same time or in the same place.

derive from sth. . to come from something.