PROJECT ON TRANSFORMER
Subject: Physics
Class: XII
Student Name: [Your Name]
Roll No.: [Your Roll No.]
School Name: [Your School Name]
Session: 2024–2025
Certificate
This is to certify that [Your Name], a student of Class XII, has successfully completed the
Physics project titled “Transformer – Principle, Construction and Working” under my
guidance during the academic session 2024–2025.
Signature of Teacher: ____________________
Name of Teacher: ____________________
School Stamp
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my Physics teacher, [Teacher's Name], for
their constant support and valuable guidance throughout the completion of this project. I
also thank my parents and friends for their encouragement.
[Your Name]
Index
1. Introduction
Electricity plays an essential role in modern life, powering homes, industries, and
transportation systems. However, electrical energy generated at power stations must be
transmitted over long distances to reach consumers. This transmission involves challenges
such as energy loss due to resistance in wires. To minimize such losses, transformers are
used to increase (step up) the voltage before transmission and decrease (step down) the
voltage for safe usage at the consumer end. A transformer is an indispensable device in the
field of electrical engineering, making power distribution more efficient and reliable. By
altering voltage levels with minimal energy loss, transformers help ensure the smooth and
stable delivery of electricity across vast networks. The study of transformers is vital for
understanding how electrical systems function in everyday life and is a key part of the Class
12 Physics curriculum.
3. Principle of Transformer
4. Construction
5. Working of Transformer
6. Types of Transformers
7. Transformer Equations
8. Efficiency
9. Applications
10. Advantages and Disadvantages
11. Safety Measures
12. Conclusion
13. Bibliography
1. Introduction
Electricity is generated at power stations and transmitted over long distances to homes and
industries. During transmission, voltage levels are changed to reduce losses. This is where
transformers play a key role — stepping up or stepping down voltage levels efficiently.
2. What is a Transformer?
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more
circuits through electromagnetic induction. It works only on alternating current (AC) and is
used to either increase (step-up) or decrease (step-down) voltage levels.
3. Principle of Transformer
Transformers work on the principle of mutual induction — when alternating current flows
through the primary coil, it produces a varying magnetic field. This changing magnetic field
induces an EMF in the secondary coil according to Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction.
4. Construction
Main parts of a transformer:
- Core: Usually made of laminated soft iron to reduce eddy currents.
- Primary Coil: Connected to the input AC supply.
- Secondary Coil: Connected to the output circuit.
- Insulation: Prevents short circuits.
5. Working of Transformer
When AC voltage is applied to the primary coil, a varying magnetic field is produced in the
core. This varying magnetic flux induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil.
Depending on the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils, voltage is stepped up
or stepped down.
6. Types of Transformers
1. Step-Up Transformer – Increases voltage.
2. Step-Down Transformer – Decreases voltage.
3. Power Transformer – Used in transmission systems.
4. Distribution Transformer – Used in distribution networks.
5. Autotransformer – A single winding acts as both primary and secondary.
7. Transformer Equations
Vs/Vp = Ns/Np = Ip/Is
Where:
- Vs: Voltage in secondary coil
- Vp: Voltage in primary coil
- Ns: Number of turns in secondary
- Np: Number of turns in primary
- Ip: Current in primary
- Is: Current in secondary
8. Efficiency
η = (Output Power / Input Power) × 100%
Efficiency is typically between 95% and 99%. Losses include:
- Copper Loss
- Iron Loss
- Flux Leakage
9. Applications
Power transmission over long distances
Mobile chargers
Television sets
Industrial machines
Welding equipment
10. Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:
- High efficiency
- Reliable operation
- Low maintenance
Disadvantages:
- Works only with AC
- Bulky
- Costly at high ratings
11. Safety Measures
Proper insulation of windings
Overload protection using circuit breakers
Grounding of the transformer
Use of cooling systems to avoid overheating
12. Conclusion
Transformers are crucial in modern electrical systems, enabling safe and efficient voltage
transformation. Understanding their principles, construction, and working helps us
appreciate their role in daily life and industrial applications.
13. Bibliography
- NCERT Class XII Physics Textbook
- S.L. Arora – Physics for Class XII
- [Link]
- [Link]
