Name: ________________________

4.3 Infection and Response

Foundation
Class: ________________________

Date: ________________________

Time: 122 minutes

Marks: 119 marks

Comments:
Q1.
The figure below shows a scale drawing of one type of cell in blood.

(a) Use the scale to determine the width of the cell.

Give your answer to the nearest micrometre.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Width of cell = _________________ micrometres

(1)

(b) Complete the table below.

Part of the blood Function

Carries oxygen around the

body

Protects the body against

infection

Plasma
(3)

(c) Platelets are fragments of cells.

Platelets help the blood to clot.

Suggest what might happen if the blood did not clot.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
 (Total 5 marks)

Q2.
Pathogens cause infectious diseases in animals and plants.

(a) Draw one line from each disease to the type of pathogen that causes the disease.

Disease Type of pathogen

Bacterium

Gonorrhoea

Fungus

Malaria

Protist

Measles

Virus
(3)

(b) Some parts of the human body have adaptations to reduce the entry of live
pathogens.

Look at Figure 1.

Figure 1

Explain how the trachea is adapted to reduce the entry of live pathogens.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(c) Malaria is a serious disease that can be fatal.

Malaria is spread to humans by infected mosquitoes.

Scientists investigated the behaviour of mosquitoes to understand how the spread of

malaria could be controlled.

Figure 2 shows the equipment the scientists used.

Figure 2

This is the method used.

1. 30 mosquitoes infected with malaria were placed in Container A.

2. 30 uninfected mosquitoes were placed in Container B.

3. The total number of times the mosquitoes landed on the socks was recorded.

Name the dependent variable and suggest one control variable in this investigation.

Dependent variable ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Control variable ______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Infected mosquitoes landed on the socks three times more often than uninfected
mosquitoes.

Explain how this information can be used to reduce the spread of malaria.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
 (e) Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) affects many species of plant.

Figure 3 shows a leaf infected with TMV.

Figure 3

© Nigel Cattlin/Getty Images

TMV destroys chloroplasts in the leaf.

Explain how this could affect the growth of the plant.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 14 marks)

Q3.
Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious disease.

(a) Draw one line from each disease to the way the disease is spread.

Way the disease is

Disease
spread

Animals that draw blood

 Drinking contaminated
Cholera
water

Droplets in the air when

Cold
people cough or sneeze

Eating food that is

Malaria
contaminated

Breathing air polluted with

carbon dioxide
(3)

(b) One way the human body protects itself against the entry of pathogens is by
producing antimicrobial chemicals.

Antimicrobial chemicals kill pathogens.

Give two other ways the human body protects itself against the entry of pathogens.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Measles is a childhood disease caused by a microorganism.

Measles is not treated by antibiotics.

Give the reason why.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Vaccinations help people become immune to infections.

In 2013, 92% of children in the UK had two vaccination injections against measles.

The figure below shows how the concentration of antibodies in the blood changes
after each measles vaccination.
 Suggest what day the second vaccination was given.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) What is the highest concentration of antibodies produced by the first vaccination?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(f) How will the number of children getting measles change as more children are
vaccinated against measles?

Give a reason for your answer.

Change ___________________________________________________________

Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Q4.
Diphtheria is a disease of the human breathing system. The graph shows the number of
deaths from diphtheria in the United Kingdom between 1938 and 1951. Vaccination
against diphtheria was begun in 1941.
 (a) What evidence in the graph suggests that vaccination protects people from
diphtheria?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Complete the passage by choosing the correct words from the box.

antibodies bacteria platelets

red blood cells white blood cells

During vaccination, harmless ________________________ are injected into the

body.

This causes ______________________ to make ______________________

which help to protect the body against diphtheria.

(3)
(Total 4 marks)

Q5.
Drugs affect our body chemistry.

(a) List A gives the names of some drugs.

List B gives the uses of some drugs.

Draw one line from each drug in List A to the use of the drug in List B.
List A List B
Drug Use

To increase fertility in women

 Anabolic steroid

To treat leprosy

Statin

To stimulate muscle growth

Thalidomide

To reduce the risk of heart and

circulatory diseases
(3)

(b) A new drug was trialled on 80 healthy volunteers.

The volunteers were asked to report any side effects.

The results of the trial are shown in the table.

Reported effects Number of volunteers

No side effects 20

Severe sickness 42

Itchy skin 18

Based on the results of this trial, what should the drug company do next?

Tick ( ) one box.

Test on a small group of patients to find the optimum dose

Test on a large group of patients to see if the drug works on

ill people

Stop the trial

Give a reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q6.
A scientist investigated how effective 5 different antibiotics were at killing two types of
bacteria, [Link] and [Link].

• The scientist grew the bacteria on agar in two different Petri dishes.
• He placed paper discs soaked in the 5 different antibiotic solutions, A, B, C, D and
E, onto the agar.

• He used the same concentration of each antibiotic and the same sized paperdiscs.

• The Petri dishes were incubated at 25°C for 3 days.

A clear area around the paper disc means that the antibiotic has killed the bacteria there.

The results are shown in the diagram.

Petri dish containing Petri dish containing

[Link] [Link]

(a) Give one variable the scientist controlled.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Use the results shown in the diagram to help you to answer the following questions.

(i) Which antibiotic, A, B, C, D or E, was the most effective at killing [Link]?

Write the correct answer in the box.

(1)

(ii) Which antibiotic, A, B, C, D or E, did not kill either [Link] or [Link]?

Write the correct answer in the box.

(1)

(iii) Which antibiotic, A, B, C, D or E, would be the best to use to kill both [Link]
and [Link]?

Antibiotic: _______________

Give a reason for your answer.

 ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) MRSA is a strain of [Link]. MRSA cannot be killed by most antibiotics.

Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

immune.

Bacteria that cannot be killed by antibiotics are powerful.

resistant.
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q7.
The body defends itself against pathogens.

(a) Give three ways that white blood cells defend the body against pathogens.

Tick ( ) three boxes.

Ingest pathogens

Produce antibiotics

Produce antibodies

Produce antibodies

Produce antitoxins

Produce vaccines

Stop pathogens entering the body

(3)

(b) Bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics.

Sometimes bacteria are resistant to antibiotics.

What does resistant to antibiotics mean?

 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) The bar chart shows how the percentage of strains of pneumonia bacteria that are
resistant to four different antibiotics changed between 1995 and 1997.

(i) Which would have been the best antibiotic to use against pneumonia bacteria
in 1995?

Write the correct answer in the box. Antibiotic

(1)

(ii) Calculate the change in the percentage of strains of pneumonia bacteria

resistant to antibiotic W between 1995 and 1997.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Answer = ________________ %
(2)

(iii) Suggest two possible reasons for this change in the number of strains of
pneumonia bacteria resistant to antibiotic W.

1. ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________
 (2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q8.
Two common medicines are paracetamol and ibuprofen. These medicines help to reduce
high body temperature.

(a) Children who were ill with high body temperatures were identified at doctors’
surgeries.

These children were put into two groups.

The children in each group were matched for age, gender and body mass.

Group 1: 50 children were given paracetamol.

Group 2: 50 children were given ibuprofen.

(i) Give one control variable in this investigation.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) In some investigations when medicines are tested, a placebo is given to one
group.

What is a placebo?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The children’s body temperatures were measured before any medicine was given
and every hour after treatment started.

Paracetamol was given every 4 hours. Ibuprofen was given every 6 hours.

The results for the two groups are shown in the figure below.
 Time after medicine given in hours

(i) What was the mean body temperature 4 hours after paracetamol was given?

_____________________________________________ °C
(1)

(ii) Suggest which medicine a parent should give to their child to reduce a high
body temperature to normal.

Use information from the graph.

Medicine: ______________________

Give two reasons for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q9.
New drugs have to be tested before they can be sold.

The graph shows how much time the different stages of testing took for a new drug.
 Time in years

(a) (i) How much time did the laboratory testing of the drug take?

____________________ years
(1)

(ii) Suggest what the drug was tested on during laboratory testing.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Clinical trials are carried out on human volunteers and patients.

(i) How much time did the clinical trials take for this drug?

______________________________________________________________

____________________ years
(2)

(ii) During Phase 1 clinical trials, the drug is tested on healthy volunteers using
low doses.

Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

find the best dose.

The reason for Phase 1 testing is to see if the drug works.

see if the drug has side effects.

(1)

(iii) During Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials, half of the volunteers are given a
fake drug called a placebo in a double blind trial.

In a double blind trial, who knows which volunteers are given the drug and
which volunteers are given the placebo?
 Tick ( ) one box.

Tick ( )

The doctors but not the volunteers

The doctors and the volunteers

The volunteers but not the doctors

Neither the volunteers nor the

doctors
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q10.
Scientists investigated the effect of different factors on health.

(a) People who are not active may have health problems.

The graph shows the percentage of 16-year-olds in some countries who are not
active.

(i) What percentage of 16-year-olds in the UK are not active?

_____________ %
(1)

(ii) What percentage of 16-year-olds in the UK are active?

_____________ %
 (1)

(iii) A newspaper headline states:

Information in Figure 1 does not support the newspaper headline.

Suggest one reason why the newspaper headline may be wrong.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Doctors gave a percentage rating to the health of 16-year-olds.

100% is perfect health.

The table shows the amount of exercise 16-year-olds do and their health rating.

Amount of exercise
Health rating as
done in minutes every
%
week

Less than 30 72

90 76

180 82

300 92

What conclusion can be made about the effect of exercise on health?

Use information from the table.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Inherited factors can also affect health.

Give one health problem that may be affected by the genes someone inherits.

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

being having a high having a

malnourished cholesterol level deficiency disease
(1)

(d) White blood cells are part of the immune system.

Use the correct answer from the box to complete each sentence.
 antibiotics antibodies pathogens vaccines

(i) When we are ill, white blood cells produce _______________________ to kill
microorganisms.
(1)

(ii) Many strains of bacteria, including MRSA, have developed resistance to drugs
called

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Q11.
Bacteria and viruses can reproduce quickly inside the body and make people feel ill.

(a) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.

antibodies antitoxins toxins

Bacteria and viruses make us feel ill because they produce __________________ .
(1)

(b) (i) Antibiotics can be used to treat some infections.

Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.

bacteria bacteria and viruses viruses

Antibiotics are medicines that kill _____________________ .

(1)

(ii) New strains of pathogens have developed which are resistant to antibiotics.

Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.

are short of food invade body cells mutate

New strains are produced when pathogens _____________________ .

(1)

(iii) What will scientists have to develop to kill these new resistant strains?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

Q12.
Flu is an infectious disease caused by a virus.
Many people in England become infected with the flu virus in winter.

(a) Doctors do not prescribe antibiotics to patients with [Link] do not prescribe
antibiotics to patients with flu.

State why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) A flu vaccine is offered to people with a high risk of having a severe illness if they
are infected by the flu virus.

What does a flu vaccine contain?

Tick ( ) one box.

Inactive antibodies

Inactive viruses

White blood cells

(1)

(c) The table shows the percentage of people in high-risk groups who had been
vaccinated against flu by November in 2013. The data is for England.

Percentage (%) of
Group at risk of a
group vaccinated by
severe illness
November in 2013

2-year-old children 31.1

3-year-old children 27.9

People 65 years and

64.4
older

Give one conclusion from the data in the table above.

Suggest a reason for this.

Conclusion: _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Reason: ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
 (Total 4 marks)

Q13.
The photograph below shows human skin highly magnified. Groups of microbes can be
seen on the skin.

Give two ways in which the body protects itself from these microbes.

1. _____________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 2 marks)

Q14.
The mould Penicillium can be grown in a fermenter. Penicillium produces the antibiotic
penicillin.

The graph shows changes that occurred in a fermenter during the production of
penicillin.
 Time in hours

(a) During which time period was penicillin produced most quickly?

Draw a ring around one answer.

0 – 20 hours 40 – 60 hours 80 – 100 hours

(1)

(b) (i) Describe how the concentration of glucose in the fermenter changes between
0 and 30 hours.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) How does the change in the concentration of oxygen in the fermenter compare
with the change in concentration of glucose between 0 and 30 hours?

Tick ( ) two boxes.

The oxygen concentration changes after the glucose concentration.

The oxygen concentration changes before the glucose concentration.

 The oxygen concentration changes less than the glucose concentration.

The oxygen concentration changes more than the glucose concentration.

(2)

(iii) What is the name of the process that uses glucose?

Draw a ring around one answer.

distillation filtration respiration

(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q15.
In the eighteenth century, surgeons did not wear special clothing or wash their hands
before operations. Many of their patients died from infections.

(a) Suggest why patients often died from infections after operations.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) In the nineteenth century, Joseph Lister told surgeons to use sprays of carbolic acid
in operating theatres and to wash their hands.

The graph shows the effect that using Lister’s instructions had on the number of
patients who died from infections after surgery.

Describe how Lister’s instructions affected the number of patients dying from
infections after surgery.

___________________________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 3 marks)

Q16.
Scientists began to keep records of cases of H5N1 bird flu in humans in January 2004.

The graph shows the total number of cases of bird flu in humans and the total number of
deaths up to January 2006.

(a) (i) How many people had died from bird flu up to 01/07/05?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Describe, as fully as you can, how the number of cases of bird flu in humans
changed between 01/07/04 and 01/01/06.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
 (2)

(b) At present, humans can only catch bird flu from contact with infected birds. The bird
flu virus may mutate into a form that can be passed from one human to another.

Explain why millions of people may die if the bird flu virus mutates in this way.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q17.
Polio is a disease caused by a virus. In the UK, children are given polio vaccine to protect
them against the disease.

(a) In the sentences below, draw a ring around the correct words in each box.

(i) It is difficult to kill the polio virus inside the body

is not affected by drugs

because the virus lives inside cells

produces antitoxins

(1)

active
(ii) The vaccine contains form of the polio
infective
an virus.
inactive
(1)

(iii) The vaccine stimulates the white blood cells to

antibiotics
which destroy the
produce antibodies
virus.
drugs
(1)

(b) The graph shows the number of cases of polio in the UK between 1948 and 1968.
 (i) In which year was the number of cases of polio highest?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Polio vaccination was first used in the UK in 1955.

How many years did it take for the number of cases of polio to fall to zero?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) There have been no cases of polio in the UK for many years. But children are
still vaccinated against the disease.

Suggest one reason for this.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q18.
In the 19th century, Dr Semmelweiss investigated infection in a hospital.

He compared the number of deaths of mothers on two maternity wards.

• On Ward 1, babies were delivered mainly by doctors. These doctors worked

on many different wards in the hospital.

• On Ward 2, babies were delivered by midwives. The midwives did not work
on other wards.
The bar chart shows the results of his investigations.

(a) (i) 600 mothers gave birth on Ward 2 in 1845.

How many mothers died from infections on Ward 2 in 1845?

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Number of mothers who died _______________

(2)

(ii) Which was the safer ward on which to have a baby?

Draw a ring around your answer. Ward 1 / Ward 2.

Using data from the bar chart, give a reason for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) In January 1848, Dr Semmelweiss asked all doctors to wash their hands before
delivering babies.

The table shows the number of deaths on the two wards in 1848.

Number of deaths from

Ward
infections per 100 births

Ward 1 3

Ward 2 1
 (i) Plot this data on the bar chart above.
(1)

(ii) What was the effect on the death rate on Ward 1 of doctors washing their
hands before delivering babies?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Suggest an explanation for this effect.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q19.
Pathogens can enter the body and cause disease.

(a) (i) Name one type of medicine which kills bacteria in the body.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Name one type of medicine which helps to relieve the symptoms of infectious
disease.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Vaccination protects us from pathogens.

The graph shows the concentration of antibodies in the blood of a person after two
injections of vaccine given four weeks apart.
(i) How long after the first injection did it take for the concentration of antibodies
to reach the minimum level for protection against the pathogen?

__________________ weeks
(1)

(ii) Describe what happened to the concentration of antibodies in the blood from
week 0 to week 7.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(iii) Would you expect the concentration of antibodies to stay above the level
needed for protection against the pathogen over the next ten years?

Draw a ring around your answer. Yes / No

Give a reason for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q20.
Obesity is linked to several diseases.

(a) Name two diseases linked to obesity.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Scientists trialled a new slimming drug.

The table shows their results after one year.

Percentage change in mass Number of volunteers

of each volunteer

gained mass or lost 0 to 3.9 % 1900

lost 4.0 to 4.9 % 1100

lost 5.0 to 9.9 % 1500

lost 10 % or more 1500

(i) Calculate the proportion of the volunteers who lost 10 % or more of their mass.

You should first calculate the total number of volunteers, then work out the
proportion.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Proportion of volunteers = _________________________

(2)

(ii) The National Health Service (NHS) gave permission for the drug to be used.

Use information from the table to suggest a reason why the NHS gave
permission for the drug to be used.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Mark schemes

Q1.
(a) 8 (micrometres)
1

(b) red blood cell(s)

1

white blood cell(s)

accept named cell
eg phagocyte / lymphocyte
1

(plasma)
transports proteins / dissolved substances / food (molecules) / urea / hormones /
blood
cells
1

(c) any one from:

• you could lose a lot of blood

• bleed internally
allow bleeding would not stop
allow could bleed to death
1
[5]

Q2.
(a)

(b) (trachea) has mucus

1

to trap pathogens
1

(trachea) has cilia

1
 to move mucus out of trachea
1

(c) dependent variable:

number of times mosquitoes landed on socks
1

control variable:
any one from:

• number of mosquitoes in each container

• length of time socks worn
• dampness of socks
• same type of socks
• size of container
• time
• temperature
• species of mosquito
• age of mosquito
1

(d) use worn socks

or
use chemical from worn socks
1

to attract / trap infected mosquitoes

1
or accept:
wear clean socks / change socks regularly (1)
to reduce the chance of attracting mosquitoes (1)

(e) less chlorophyll present

1

(so) less light absorbed

1

(so) reduced photosynthesis

or
(so) less sugar / food made
1
[14]

Q3.
(a) Disease Way the disease is spread

extra lines from left cancel the mark

 3

(b) any two from:

• skin acts as a barrier

• blood clots (over cuts)
• nose (hairs) catch particles (breathed in)
• mucus (in trachea / bronchi) traps microorganisms
• acid in stomach kills microorganisms
2

(c) because measles is a virus

1

(d) 28 / twenty eight

± 0.5 small square tolerance
1

(e) 2.5
1

(f) number will decrease

1

less likely to come into contact with someone with measles / the disease
1
[10]

Q4.
(a) decrease in number of deaths (after vaccination started)
1

(b) in correct sequence:

bacteria
1

white blood cells

1

antibodies
1
[4]

Q5.
(a)

one mark for each correct line

 extra line from drug negates mark
3

(b) stop the trial

1
second mark scores only if first mark correct

side effects too severe

allow people might die / get ill / harmed
or
(too) many people had side effects
allow use of numbers from table
ignore itchy skin
1
[5]

Q6.
(a) any one from:

• amount / concentration of antibiotic

do not allow type of antibiotic ignore number of antibiotics
allow type of paper

• size of discs
ignore number / position of discs

• (incubation) temperature

• incubated for same time / 3 days

allow left / kept for same time

• type of agar
ignore references to bacteria or petri dishes
1

(b) (i) D
1

(ii) C
1

(iii) B
no marks if wrong antibiotic
1

both had a large clear area around the disc

allow a description of this, eg B had the 2nd largest clear area
with [Link] and the largest clear area on [Link]

or

killed a lot of both bacteria

1

(c) resistant
1
[6]
Q7.
(a) ingest pathogens
1

produce antibodies
1

produce antitoxins
1
deduct 1 mark for each extra box ticked

(b) are not killed / affected (by antibiotic)

allow antibiotic does not work / does not cure
allow bacteria immune (to antibiotic)
allow infection not killed
ignore bacteria mutated
1

(c) (i) (antibiotic) Y

1

(ii) 8
allow 54 − 46 for 1 mark
2

(iii) any two from:

• overuse / widespread use/ over prescription

OWTTE

• inappropriate use / use for eg sore throats / viral infections

• mutation / change to DNA (in bacteria)

• natural selection /description

ignore people not finishing course of antibiotics
ignore wrong antibiotic given
2
[9]

Q8.
(a) (i) any one from:

• age
• gender
• body mass
• number in group / 50
allow number of children
• high body temperature
allow starting temperature
allow dose / amount of drug given
1

(ii) any one from:

• tablet that does not contain a drug / anything

allow sugar pill
 do not allow a different drug
• fake drug
1

(b) (i) 38.2 (°C)

1

(ii) ibuprofen
no mark for drug
no marks if wrong drug selected

any two from:

• reduced body temperature fast(er)

allow acts fast(er)
• maintained temperature in normal range / around 37 °C (longer / for
several hours)
• paracetamol did not reduce temperature to normal / 37 °C
accept ibuprofen did reduce temperature to normal / 37 °C
• ibuprofen given less frequently
allow less drug needed
ignore cheaper unless qualified
2
[5]

Q9.
(a) (i) 4 / four (years)
1

(ii) any one from:

• animals
allow suitable examples eg rats
do not allow humans / plants

• (living) cells
allow human cells
do not allow plant cells

• (living) tissues
allow human tissues
do not allow plant tissues
1

(b) (i) 9 (years)

allow 1 mark for 13 – 4
or
2+3+4
2

(ii) see if the drug has side effects

1

(iii) neither the volunteers nor the doctors

1
[6]
Q10.
(a) (i) 64
1

(ii) 36
allow e.c.f from (i) i.e. 100 − answer given in (a)(i)
1

(iii) any one from:

• only considers 16-year-olds
ignore lack of evidence
allow does not refer to all ages
• only about some / 5 countries
allow does not refer to all countries.
1

(b) the more exercise done the healthier a person is

allow the more exercise done the higher the health rating
allow the less exercise done the lower the health rating
1

(c) having a high cholesterol level

1

(d) (i) antibodies

1

(ii) antibiotics
1
[7]

Q11.
(a) toxins
1

(b) (i) bacteria

1

(ii) mutate
1

(iii) new / different antibiotic

allow new / different drug
do not allow vaccine
1
[4]

Q12.
(a) antibiotics do not kill viruses
allow antibiotics only kill bacteria
allow flu is not caused by a bacterium

or
antibiotics are not effective against viruses
allow antibiotics cannot reach viruses inside cells
1
 (b) Inactive viruses
1

(c) Conclusion:
people 65 years and older had the highest percentage vaccinated.
ignore references to figures unless qualified
1

Reason:
more worried about becoming ill
or
had more time to go to the doctor.
OR
Conclusion:
children aged 3-years had the lowest percentage vaccinated.

Reason:
parents didn’t have time to take them to the doctor
or
they had been vaccinated when 2-years old.
1
[4]

Q13.
blood clots to seal cuts;
kills microbes which enter
each for 1 mark
(allow higher level answers)
[2]

Q14.
(a) 40 – 60 hours
1

(b) (i) decrease

1

1st slowly then faster / appropriate detail from the graph – e.g. from 7.8 to
0 / faster after 4 – 10h
1

(ii) oxygen after glucose

extra box ticked cancels 1 mark
1

oxygen less than glucose

1

(iii) respiration
1
[6]

Q15.
(a) dirty clothes/equipment/hands passed bacteria
allow bacteria from any sensible source e.g. surgeon, floor

OR
 ease of entry of bacteria (during operations)
do not accept germs
1

(b) fewer died

1

indication of reduced number or proportion

e.g. 3000→ 600
down by 2400
20% of previous deaths
1
[3]

Q16.
(a) (i) 56
accept 54 – 58
1

(ii) increased
1

reasonable qualification eg slowly then more quickly

or
to 174 / 176
or
by 138 / 140
1

(b) any two from:

• no immunity or antibodies ineffective

accept no resistance

• no vaccines or humans not immunised

• idea of large scale contact or large scale travel

do not accept passed on
ignore no cure
2
[5]

Q17.
(a) (i) lives inside cells
1

(ii) inactive
1

(iii) antibodies
1

(b) (i) 1950

1

(ii) 8 (years)
1
 (iii) any one from: eg

• disease could be reintroduced (from abroad)

disease might come back insufficient

• disease would spread if it came back

• protection on holiday abroad

• high proportion of immune people needed to prevent epidemic

1
[6]

Q18.
(a) (i) 12
correct answer with or without working
if answer incorrect evidence of (number of deaths) × 6 or 2
seen gains 1 mark
2

(ii) (ward 2)

more deaths / infections on ward 1

or

less deaths / infections on ward 2

1

(b) (i) both bars correctly plotted

ie plots in spaces between 2.8 and 3.2 and 0.8 and 1.2
ignore width and shading
1

(ii) less deaths / infections

1

(iii) bacteria / germs / microbes / infection killed / washed off

accept less infections passed on
1
[6]

Q19.
(a) (i) antibiotic or named antibiotic
ignore antibodies
accept antiseptic
do not accept disinfectant
1

(ii) painkillers
accept named painkillers eg aspirin
1

(b) (i) 5.5 / 5 ½ weeks

1

(ii) rose gains 1 mark

 rose, then fell then rose again gains 2 marks

a further 1 mark for one quantitative statement eg

• rose for 3 weeks / to 14–15 units

• dropped to 4 weeks / 9 units

• rose to 7 weeks / 64–65 units

3

(iii) (no)

level begins to fall / is falling (after 7 weeks)

1
[7]

Q20.
(a) any two from:
ignore eating disorder
ignore cancer

• arthritis
accept worn joints

• diabetes
accept high blood sugar

• high blood pressure

ignore cholesterol

• heart disease / heart condition / heart attack / blood vessel disease

allow blood clots / strokes
2

(b) (i) or 0.25 or 25%

correct answer gains 2 marks
if answer incorrect, evidence of 1500 ÷ 6000 gains 1 mark
25 without % gains 1 mark
2

(ii) majority / most / high proportion of people in trial lost mass / weight
ignore good results / it worked
1
[5]