History Who Make History?

§ Interpretative and imaginative study of surviving records of the • Historian – writes and studies the records of the past
past, either written or unwritten, in order to determine the
• Cryptographer – deciphers the meanings of ancient writings
meaning and scope of human existence
§ Account of the past of a person or a group of people through • Archaeologist -studies the remains of ancient civilizations
written documents and historical evidences • Anthropologist – gives a background on the cultural history
of ancient people
Herodotus • Paleontologist – provides data regarding fossils of plants
§ Father of history and animals that primitive people encountered
§ Father of lies because of his tendency to report fanciful
information • Geologist – analyzes fossils and give an estimate on the
condition of the earth during the specific historical era
Major Views or Philosophies In History
• Classical View Sources Of History
• Leftist View • Written or inscribed sources
• Relativist View • Artifacts
• Providential View
• Graphic/visual sources
• Progressive View
• Oral literature
No Document, No History
§ Unless a written document can prove a certain historical event, 2 Classifications of Historical Sources
then it cannot be considered as a historical fact 1. Primary Sources
2. Secondary sources
Some Valid Historical Documents
• Government Records
Primary Sources
• Chronicle's Accounts
§ Are those sources produced at the same time as the event,
• Personal Letters
• Family Tree period, or subject being studied.
• Biography § Example: Commonwealth 1935 – minutes – newspaper clippings
• Receipts, etc. – records – photographs – eyewitness

Discrimination in the Validity Of History Secondary Sources

§ Restricting historical evidence as exclusively written is a § Are those sources produced by an author who used primary
discrimination against other social classes who were not
sources to produce the material.
recorded in paper.
§ Example: Phil. Revolution 1935 – Teodoro Agoncillo’s Revolt of
the Masses 1956
What Are The Uses Of History?
• Bridging the gap between the present and the past Historical Sources
• Explaining causes of things and events When examining a source, the historian must conduct: (a). External
• Projecting the future Criticism (b). Internal Criticism
• Promoting nationalism and patriotism
External Criticism
Recall historical facts and details § the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining
Realize importance and values learned the physical characteristics; consistency with the historical
Repeat good parts of history characteristic of the time when it was produced, and the
materials used for the evidence
Historiography
§ Is the history of history Internal Criticism
§ It covers how historians have studied and developed history § Is the examination of the truthfulness and factuality of the
evidence. It looks at the content of the source and examines
including its sources, techniques, and theoretical
the circumstance of its production. It could be done by looking
approaches at the author, its context, agenda, the purpose behind its
§ It focuses on how a certain historical text was written, who creation
wrote it, what was the context of its publication, what
historical method was employed, what sources were used Deception Cases in Philippine History
• Hoax Code of Kalantiaw - Ferdinand Marcos as WWII
History Soldier
§ study of the past
Hoax Code of Kalantiaw
§ The code was a set of rules contained in an epic Maragtas which
Positivism was allegedly written by Datu Kalantiaw. The document was sold
§ the school of thought that emerged between the 18th and 19th to the National Library and was regarded as an important
century. This thought requires empirical and observable evidence precolonial document.
before one can claim that a particular knowledge § In 1968, an American historian William Henry Scott debunked
§ Historians were required to show written primary documents in the authenticity of the code due to lack of evidence to prove that
the code existed in precolonial Philippine society
order to write a particular historical narrative.

Post-Colonialism
§ Is the school of thought that emerged in the early 20th century
when formerly colonized nations grappled with the idea of
creating their identities and understanding their 1 societies
against the shadows of their colonial past.
§ 2 Things in Writing History
1. Tell the history of their nation that will highlight their
identity free from that colonial discourse and knowledge
2. To criticize the methods, eSects, and idea of colonialism
Meaning and relevance of History Historical Sources
1. Primary Sources
Traditional Understanding • Produced at the same time as the event being studied
§ Study of the past (Contemporary Accounts)
§ Chronological record of significant events often including an • Include documents or artifacts created by a witness or
participant of the event
explanation of their causes
• "Firsthand testimony," "Eyewitness accounts"
• It may include diaries, letters, interviews, photographs,
Modern Understanding
newspapers
§ Greek word Historia- knowledge acquired through inquiry or
investigation Primary Sources
§ Sources are oral traditions in forms of epics, songs, artifacts, • Written
architecture, memory, etc • Unwritten

Ang kasaysayan ay salaysay na may saysayan sa sinasalaysayang 6 Points of inquiries to evaluate Primary sources (Garraghan,
1950):
salinglahi – Zeus Salazar
1. Date- When was it produced?
2. Localization- Where did it originate?
Divisions of History 3. Authorship- Who wrote it?
1. Pre-History 4. Analysis- What pre-existing material served as the basis for
§ No written records exist or when writings of people were not its production?
preserved 5. Integrity- What was its original form?
6. Credibility- What is the evidential value of its content?
§ Analyzed through fossils and artifacts by Archaeologists and
Anthropologists 2. Secondary Sources
2. History • Produced by authors who used and interpreted primary
§ Man started to write and record events using a system of sources
writing • Analyzed a scholarly question and often use primary source
§ Analyzed though wood carves, engraved metals, written as evidence
papyrus, written papers • Include books, theses, dissertations, journals, magazines,
knowledge of historians
Role of Historians • Written few years after the exact time of the event
• To look at available sources and select the most relevant for
history and subject of study In terms of historical reliability,
Primary source:
• To organize the past that is being created
• The closer the date of creation, the more reliable one.
• To seek for the meaning of recovering the past to let the Secondary source:
people see the continuing relevance of memories • The more recent, the more reliable one.
(Historical Understanding)
Historical Criticism
1. External Criticism
• Verification of authenticity by examining physical characteristics;
consistency with the historical characteristics of the time when
it was produced, and materials used.
2. Internal Criticism
• Looks at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by
looking at the author of the source, its context, the agenda
behind its creation
• It looks at the content of the source and examines the
circumstance of its production

7 factors in evaluating through Internal Criticism

(Howell and Prevenier, 2001):
1. Genealogy of the document
2. Genesis of the document
3. Originality of the document
Historiography 4. Interpretation of the document
§ Writing of history 5. Authorial authority of the document
§ Based on critical examinations of sources, selection of particular 6. Competence of the observer
7. Trustworthiness of the observer
details from authentic materials in those sources and the
synthesis of those details into a narrative Roman Roque
§ Done through “Historical Research” with the aids of “Historical - Forger of Philippine History
Methodology”
Jose Marco
1. Choosing a topic - Greatest Con Man of Ph History
2. Looking for data through Historical sources
3. Determining the data as Primary or Secondary source William Henry Scott's findings:
4. Analyze the data through historical criticisms • The alleged writer Fr. Jose Ma. Pavon was not in the
5. Writing the entire narrative Philippines in 1838 or 1839.
• The alleged writer dedicated the book (that contains the
Importance of History code) to the King of Spain in 1838, but Spain did not have a
• To unite a nation king between 1833-1874.
• To legitimize regime and forge a sense of collective identity • The writer mentioned that there were microbes in the
month of November in the country (1838) but the term
through collective memory
"microbes" was first used in 1878.
• To make sense of the present
• To not repeat mistakes of the past
• To inspire people to keep their good practices to move
forward