21-268: Homework 7
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conclusions should be completely justified.
1. Consider the function f : [0, 1] × [0, 1] → R defined by [4 pts]
(
1 if x = 12 , 31 , 14 , 15 , . . . ,
f (x, y) =
0 otherwise.
Show
R that f is integrable over the rectangle R = [0, 1] × [0, 1], and compute the value of
R f dV .
We will try to show that the set of discontinuities, which is also the set of points whose
partitioned rectangles have a supremum that’s not zero, has measure zero (i.e., it is not
dense). For any partition P, ( the infimum of a subrectangle Rij in the partition is mij = 0,
1 Rij contains x = 12 , 13 , 41 , 15 , . . .
and the supremum Mij = . The set of discontinuities is
0 otherwise
the set of lines x = 12 , 31 , 14 , . . ., which is a countable union of lines, each of which have measure
zero. This means that if we make the subrectangles arbitrarily small, is possible to have a
partition of R where U (f, P) is arbitrarily small. We have that L(f, R P) = 0 for all partitions.
Then the only I that satisfies L(f, P) ≤ I ≤ U (f, P), ∀P is I = R f dV = 0.
2. A set X ⊆ Rn is called connected if for any two points x, y ∈ X, there exists a continuous
path ϕ : [0, 1] → X such that ϕ(0) = x and ϕ(1) = y. Let Ω ⊆ Rn be a connected and [4 pts]
bounded region, and let f : Ω → R be a continuous function. Prove that there exists a point
c ∈ Ω such that Z
f dV = f (c) · vol(Ω),
Ω
where vol(Ω) denotes the volume of Ω.
Hint: Apply the Intermediate Value Theorem
Since Ω is compact and f is continuous, there are points x, y ∈ Ω such thatR f (x) = m, f (y) =
M , where m is the min of f and M is the max of f . Note that mvol(Ω) ≤ Ω f dV ≤ M vol(Ω)
by definition
R of the integral (we’re bounding it by the upper and lower bounds of f ). Then
Ω f dV
m ≤ vol(Ω) ≤ M. We can then define a continuous path ϕ : [0, 1] → Ω such that
R
Ω f dV
ϕ(0) = x, ϕ(1) = y. By IVT, there exists some z ∈ [0, 1] such that (f ◦ ϕ)(z) = vol(Ω) .
R
Ω f dV
R
Let ϕ(z) = c. Then f (c) = vol(Ω) =⇒ Ω f dV = f (c)vol(Ω).
3. Evaluate the following iterated integrals. [4 pts]
Z 1Z y p
R 1√
(a) x y 2 − x2 dx dy Using u substitution, u = y 2 − x2 , du = 2x. 2 udu =
0 0
2 2 3/2 y R1 3 4 1
− u 3 + c. Then 0 0 x y 2 − x2 dx dy = 0 − (y −x3 )
3/2 R1Ry p R1
dy = 0 y3 dy = y12 = 12
1
.
0 0
√
Z π Z x Z xz
(b) x2 sin y dy dz dx =
R 0√
πRx
0 0
2 cos y
xz R √π R x 2 2
R √π x
0 0 −x dz dx = 0 0 −x cos(xz)+x dz dx = 0 −x sin(xz)+x2 z dx =
0 √ 0
R √π 2) 4 π 2
0 −x sin(x2 ) + x3 dx = cos(x2 + x4 = π4 − 1.
0
R
4. Interpret each of the following integrals as a double integral Ω f dA for the appropriate region
Ω, sketch Ω, and then reverse the order of integration. (You may assume f is continuous.) [4 pts]
√
Z Z 1 1−y 2
(a) f (x, y) dx dy
−1 0 p √
Ω = {(x, y) : −1 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 − y 2 } = {(x, y) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, − 1 − x2 ≤ y ≤
√ R 1 R √1−x2
1 − x2 }. 0 −√1−x2 f (x, y)dydx.
Z 2 Z x+2
(b) f (x, y) dy dx
−1 x2
√
Ω = {(x, y) : −1 ≤ x ≤ 2, x2 ≤ y ≤ x + 2} √= {(x, y) : 0 ≤ y ≤ √1, − y ≤ x ≤
√ √ R1R y R4R y
y} ∪ {(x, y) : 1 ≤ y ≤ 4, y − 2 ≤ x ≤ y}. 0 −√y f (x, y)dxdy + 1 y−2 f (x, y)dxdy.
5. Use Fubini’s Theorem to give a simple proof that
∂2f ∂2f
=
∂x∂y ∂y∂x
for a C 2 function f : R2 → R. (In other words, prove Clairaut’s Theorem using Fubini’s The-
∂2f ∂2f
orem.) Hint: If ∂x∂y (x, y) − ∂y∂x (x, y) > 0 at some point (x, y), then there exists a rectangle [4 pts]
R containing (x, y) on which this difference is positive.
RdRb
Let R = [a, b]×[c, d] ⊆ R2 . We can evaluate the following integrals given f is C 2 : c a fyx dxdy =
RdRb Rd RbRd
c a (fy (x, y))x dxdy = c fy (b, y)−fy (a, y)dy = f (b, d)−f (b, c)−f (a, d)+f (a, c). a c fxy dydx =
RbRd Rb
a c (fx (x, y))y dydx = a fx (x, d) −RfxR(x, c)dx = f (b, d) − f (a, d) − f (b, c) + f (a, c). Note that
d b RbRd RR
these two integrals are equal ! Then c a fyx dxdy = a c fxy dydx, so R fxy −fyx dydx = 0.
Since we know that f is continuous, we can conclude that fxy = fyx , as desired.
