ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences December 2021 Vol 26(4):271-281 e-ISSN 2406-7598

Coral Reef Health Index On Sangiang Island

Rahma Aprilian1*, Dietriech Geoffrey Bengen1 , Erlania2, Ofri Johan3, Idris4

1Marine Science and Technology, IPB University
Jl. Raya Dramaga, Bogor City, West Java. 16680 Indonesia
2School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Center for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University

Warnambool Campus, VIC 3280, Australia

3Balai Riset Budidaya Ikan Hias

Jl. Perikanan No. 13, Pancoran Mas, Depok City, West Java. 16436 Indonesia
4Yayasan Terumbu Karang Indonesia

Jl. Asyibaniah No. 105-106, Cipayung, Depok City, West Java. 16438 Indonesia
Email: rahmaaprilian100497@[Link]

Abstract

The coral reef is massive deposits of calcium carbonate produced from coral animals that are symbiotic with
zooxanthellae. One of the activities carried out as an effort to improve the sustainability of coral reefs is monitoring
the health condition of coral reefs. The coral reef health index value is based on benthic components and fish
components. The benthic component consists of variable life coral cover and the level of coral reef resilience
determined based on macroalgae, rubble, and life coral. Fish component is the total biomass of target reef fish.
The highest coral reef health index value is at value 10 and the lowest value is at value 1. This study aimed to
determine the value of the health index on Sangiang Island. This research was conducted on 16-18 February 2019
on Sangiang Island on three dive stations are Legon Bajo, Legon Waru, and Tembuyung. Data collection of benthic
components uses the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method and data collection of fish components uses the
Underwater Visual Census (UVC) method. The results showed that the coral reef health index on Sangiang Island
was at values 6 and 5, means the live coral cover on Sangiang Island was included in the high and medium category,
and the level of coral reef resilience or recovery potential was included in the high category, while the total biomass
of the target reef fish is still in the low category, only a few species of fish were found that belong to the target reef
fish.

Keywords: coral reefs, fish, health, resilience, Sangiang Island

Introduction Damage to coral reefs can be caused by natural

factors and human factors. Damage is caused by
Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in natural factors, for example, changes in seawater
the world consisting of 18,110 islands and an area of temperature, global climate change, typhoons,
coral reefs in Indonesia about 18% of the world's earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, predators, and
coral reefs and has around 3000 species of reef fish diseases. Meanwhile, examples of damage caused by
(Suharsono, 2014). Coral reefs are massive deposits humans are capture fisheries that use explosives,
of calcium carbonate produced from coral animals toxic chemicals, and fishing gear that are not
with algae and other organisms, then produce environmentally friendly (Maynard et al., 2008; Uar et
calcium carbonate. Coral reef ecosystems very al., 2016).
important for biotas as a shelter, a place to provide
food, and reproduction (Cahyo, 2017). The coral reef The Coral Reef Rehabilitation and
ecosystem is also widely used by coastal Management Program (COREMAP) carried out by the
communities for tourism purposes such as snorkeling Government of Indonesia to protect, rehabilitate and
or activities by fishermen (Prasetya et al., 2018). manage the use of coral reefs is expected to be able
to improve coral sustainability and the welfare of
The exploitation of marine resources, coastal communities. One of the activities carried out
especially on coral reefs which is carried out by this program is monitoring coral reefs to describe
excessively and is not environmentally friendly, will the health condition of coral reefs. So far the
have a negative impact in the form of damage. parameter used is the percentage of live coral cover,
According to Yusuf (2013), the damage to coral reefs where the higher the percentage of live coral cover
in Indonesia is mostly caused by human activities. the healthier the coral reefs. However, the reality is

*) Corresponding author [Link] Received : 12-05-2021

© Ilmu Kelautan, UNDIP DOI: 10.14710/[Link].26.4.271-281 Accepted : 13-07-2021
ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences December 2021 Vol 26(4):271-281

that when data collection is often found in locations Material and Methods
with low life coral cover but high coral reef fish
resources, and vice versa. So that the coral reef Data collection was carried out at Sangiang
health index value is developed which is based on Island. Data retrieval includes photos of coral reef
benthic components and fish components. The conditions, recording of target reef fish, and water
benthic component is stated based on live coral cover physics and chemistry parameters. Observations
and the level of resilience or recovery potential, while were made at three dive stations, namely Legon Bajo
the fish component is based on the total biomass of (5°56'48"-5°56'48" South Latitude and 105°51'40
target reef fish (Giyanto et al., 2017). "-105°51'41" East Longitude), Legon Waru (5°57'15
"-5°57'17" South Latitude and 105°51'43"-105°
Sangiang Island has been designated as a 51'45 "East Longitude), and Tembuyung (5°57'46"-
Nature Tourism Park Area through the Decree of the 5°57'46 "South Latitude and 105°51'54"-105°
Minister of Forestry No. 55 of 1993. Geographically 51'55"E) (Figure 1).
Sangiang Island is located at 5°56'00 "- 5°58'00"
South Latitude and 105°49'30"-105°52'00" East The data collection for the coral reef health
Longitude, while administratively it is located in index in the waters of Sangiang Island consists of two
Cikoneng Village, Anyer District. Serang Regency, components, namely the benthic component and the
Banten Province. The tourism potential of Sangiang fish component. The benthic component is further
Island includes enjoying natural panorama (sunset divided into two, namely live hard coral cover and
and sunrise), panoramic views of mountains and hills, recovery potential or level of resilience, while the fish
and has 23 strategic marine tourism spots that can component is seen based on the target reef fish
be developed for diving, snorkeling, jet-ski, sailing, category stated by the total fish biomass variable
swimming, fishing, and sunbathing around the sea (Giyanto et al., 2017).
waters of Sangiang Island Nature Park. Sangiang
Island Nature Park can be reached by sea/boat from Benthic component data was taken using an
Anyer in about 30 minutes. Research on coral reefs underwater camera, the Underwater Photo Transect
has been done a lot, but until now no one has been (UPT) method was carried out 3 times for each
able to describe the health condition of coral reef station with a transect length of 20 m, data collection
ecosystems on Sangiang Island. was taken at 1 m intervals and 5 m breaks for each

Figure 1. Map of Research Site on Sangiang Island

272 Coral Reef Health Index (R. Aprilian et al.)

ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences December 2021 Vol 26(4):271-281

replication so that each station got a total of 60 The benthic components by the live coral cover
photos of 3 replicates. Meanwhile, data collection for variable are divided into three categories. See Table
fish components used the Underwater Visual Sensus 2. The benthic component categories for the level of
(UVC) method. The 50 m long transect is made resilience or recovery potential, represented by
parallel to the edge, with an observation limit of 2.5 variables of macroalgae cover, coral rubble cover,
m to the right and left of the transect line so that it and live coral together (Table 3.).
covers an area of 250m".
Components of reef fish are expressed by the
Water quality measurements were carried out variable total biomass of target reef fish or economic
at the surface of each observation station. value. The target reef fish are included in 7 families,
Parameters of temperature, salinity, pH, current namely Scaridae, Siganidae, and Acanthuridae,
velocity, brightness, dissolved oxygen (DO) were Serranidae, Lutjanidae, Lethrinidae, and
carried out in situ. Meanwhile, the parameters of Haemulidae. Identify fish used the book of Reef fish
nitrate and phosphate were carried out specifically identification-Tropical Pacific (Allen et al., 2003). Fish
where the water samples were taken using HDPE biomass categories are divided into three categories
bottles then filtered and given H2SO4 then analyzed. which can be seen in Table 4.
Quality standards for good water characteristics for
biota growth are stipulated by the Decree of the State The relationship between length and weight is
Minister for Environment No 51 of 2004 which is the individual weight of the target fish (W in grams)
presented in Table 1. equal to the species-specific index (a) multiplied by
the estimated total length (L in cm) in the power of
Data in the form of photos were analyzed using the species-specific index (b). Fish biomass is
Coral Point Count software with excel Extensions obtained from the following formula:
(CPCe). The level of data analysis used is the
intermediate level (intermediate) to determine all the W = aLb
percentage cover of biota and substrate categories
based on English et al. (1997). Each photo is Note : W = fish weight (grams); a and b = species-
analyzed by selecting random point samples. The specific index following Froese and Paully (2014); L =
number of random points used is 30 for each photo estimated total length of fish (cm)
(Giyanto et al. 2010). Based on the photo analysis
process carried out on each photo frame carried out, The coral reef health index values are in the
it can be obtained that the percentage value of the range of values 1 to 10 can be seen in Table 5.
category cover for each frame is calculated based on Analysis of coral reef health and variations in the
the following formula: distribution of coral growth forms or coral lifeforms
were analyzed using Correspondent Analysis (CA)
(Bengen 2000) with the help of XLstat 2016 software,
Percentage cover of category = the research station was designated as matrix i (row)
#$%&'( %* +#(,-%./ 0%1'(2
x 100% and matrix j (column) as percent lifeform cover coral
'&$3,. %* .#'4%$ 4%(2 and coral reef health variables.

Table 1. Quality Standard of Water Chemical Physical Conditions

Physics Chemical
Temperature (˚C) 28 – 30 Salinity (ppt) 33-44
Brightness (m) >5 DO (mg.L-1) >5
pH 7 - 8.5
Nitrate (mg.L-1) 0.008
Phosphate (mg.L-1) 0.015
Source: KEPMEN-LH No. 51 of 2004

Table 2. Life coral Cover Category

Category Criteria
Low Life coral Cover < 19%
Medium 19% ≤ Life coral Cover ≤ 35%
High Life coral Cover > 35%
Source: Giyanto et al, 2017

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Table 3. Categories of Resilience Level Factors or Potential For Recovery

Category Criteria
Low 1. Macroalgae cover ≥ 3%
2. coral rubble cover > 60% or life coral cover ≤ 5%
High 1. Macroalgae cover < 3%
2. coral rubble cover < 60% or life coral cover ≥ 5%
Source: Giyanto et al. (2017)

The relationship of each matrix is obtained using the the coral. Suspended solids in the waters have a
following formula: positive correlation with turbidity (Effendi, 2003). The
brightness factor is very important for coral growth
𝑥 𝑥@ @ because it affects the rate of photosynthesis in
∑( 1> − 1 > )"
𝑥1 𝑥> @ zooxanthellae which is symbiotic with coral animals
𝑑" (i, i9 ) = (Riska et al., 2013).
𝑥>
Note : Xi = number of rows for all columns j; Xj =
number of columns for all rows i The value of the degree of acidity or pH at all
stations is 7.9. The pH value quality standard
Result and Discussion according to KEPMEN-LH No. 51 of 2004 is in the
range 7-8.5. Activities carried out by phytoplankton
Water chemical physical conditions and aquatic plants involving carbon dioxide can affect
the acidity of the waters (Yuliani et al., 2016).
Temperature is one of the most important
water physical parameters for aquatic organisms. The The salinity of the observed results is relatively
temperature measurement results at each station homogeneous with a value of 30 ppt at each station.
ranged from 30-31oC. See Table 6. Legon Waru and The low salinity measured during data collection can
Legon Bajo stations have the same temperature be caused by rainwater that fell at night before data
value, namely 30oC, while at Tembuyung Station the collection. However, according to Haruddin et al.
measured temperature is 31oC. According to (2011), a salinity range of 25-30 is the optimal range
KEPMEN-LH No. 51 of 2004 is vulnerable to a for coral life. Tropical marine salinity has an average
temperature value of 28-30oC which is the quality value of 35 and a salinity range of 34-36 living coral
standard value of water so that the temperature at animals are fertile (Supriharyono, 2007). Salinity can
each observation station is still classified as normal be affected by the evaporation and rainfall processes
for coral reef growth. Tropical countries have that occur in the sea. The ups and downs of salinity
relatively constant temperatures, the occurrence of levels can be caused by several natural factors
temperature changes of 1-3 can disrupt metabolic including rainfall, freshwater input from land, and sun
processes in corals (Muhlis 2011). Increasing exposure. If there is a drastic change in salinity levels
temperature in water can increase viral pathogens it can cause coral bleaching (Dedi et al., 2017).
and reduce the immunity of coral organisms (Furby et
al., 2014). The dissolved oxygen content or Dissolve
The flow of currents that move in water is very Oxygen (DO) measurement results have a range from
important because it brings along food, oxygen, and 6.9 - 7.1 mg.L-1. The highest dissolved oxygen content
microorganisms from other areas. Besides, the was at Legon Bajo station with a value of 7.1 mg.L-1
current velocity can clean and avoid excess and the lowest was at Tembuyung station with a value
suspended material deposition on coral bodies, of 6.9 mg.L-1. The dissolved oxygen content in the
sediment build-up can endanger coral growth and waters of Sangiang Island tends to be uniform and
development (Muhlis 2011). The current velocity at good enough for the growth of marine life. Following
Legon Bajo, Legon Waru, and Tembuyung stations is KEPMEN-LH No. 51 of 2004, the dissolved oxygen
0.16 m.s-1, 0.06 m.s-1, and 0.4 m.s-1, respectively. content in Sangiang Island is still in the normal
category for marine life. Photosynthesis carried out by
The brightness of the waters can be observed phytoplankton can produce oxygen, so this is one of
visually using a Secchi disk, the brightness values at the factors that trigger high oxygen levels in the
Legon Waru and Tembuyung stations are still waters. The more oxygen levels in the waters, the
included in the water transparency quality standards better for the biota for its respiratory needs (Johan et
according to KEPMEN-LH No. 51 of 2004 is above 5. al., 2017).
Whereas at Legon Waru station the water
transparency value is 4, the small brightness value at Phosphate and nitrate compounds are factors
Legon Waru station can be seen because quite a lot that determine how much nutrient levels are in the
of material has been found deposited on the body of water. Phosphate content at Legon Bajo, Legon Wa

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Table 4. Category Components of Fish Biomass

Category Criteria
Low Total biomass of target reef fish < 970 [Link]-1
Medium 970 [Link]-1 ≤ total biomass of target reef fish ≤ 1940 [Link]-1
High Total biomass of target reef fish > 1940 [Link]-1
Source: Giyanto et al. (2017).

Table 5. Coral Reef Health Index Values

benthic components fish component

life coral cover category resilience total biomass of fish category coral reef health index values
high high high 10
medium high high 9
high high medium 8
high low high 8
medium high medium 7
low high high 7
high high low 6
high low medium 6
medium low high 6
medium high low 5
low high medium 5
low low high 5
high low low 4
medium low medium 4
low high low 3
low low medium 3
medium low low 2
low low low 1
Source: Giyanto et al, 2017

Table 6. Physical Chemical Conditions of Sangiang Island Waters

Statiun Temp (˚C) Current velocity Brightnes pH Salinity DO Phoshate Nitrate

(m.s-1) (ppm) (mg.L-1) (mg.L-1) (mg.L-1)
Legon Bajo 30 0.16 8 7.9 30 7.1 0.013 0.097
Legon Waru 30 0.06 4 7.9 30 7 0.018 0.116
Tembuyung 31 0.4 6 7.9 30 6.9 0.017 0.099

and Tembuyung stations are 0.013 mg.L-1, 0.017 cover of the biota and substrate categories using the
mg.L-1, and 0.018 mg.L-1, respectively. The nitrate Coral Point Count with Excel Extensions (CPCe)
content at Legon Bajo, Legon Waru, and Tembuyung software is shown in Table 7 and the average
stations were 0.097 mg.L-1, 0.099 mg.L-1, and 0.116 percentage cover of benthic components is shown in
mg.L-1, respectively. Increased levels of nitrate and Table 8.
phosphate can be caused by waste around the island
and anthropogenic activities that cause an increase Overall the results showed that the benthic
in the number of nutrients in the waters resulting in component cover was not dominated by life corals.
changes in water quality in coral reef ecosystems However, when compared, the average percentage of
(Furby et al., 2014). live coral cover with the average percentage of
macroalgae or rubble at each station, the percentage
Percentage of benthic cover of live coral cover still dominates except in
Tembuyung station which is dominated by rubble.
The benthic component is stated based on live
coral cover and the potential for recovery or level of The percentage of live coral cover at Legon Bajo
resilience can be seen from the condition of live coral station is 78.76%. This illustrates that the condition
cover, macroalgae cover, and rubble or coral debris. of coral reefs is still in the high category (Giyanto et
The percentage of the results of the analysis of the al., 2017). The benthic component cover at

Coral Reef Health Index (R. Aprilian et al.) 275

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Tembuyung station is quite a lot of found algae in the habitat of these waters (Abrar et al., 2012). Based on
form of smooth, less than 2cm in size which is called the category of Giyanto et al. (2017), the current
turf algae. Dense turf algae will complicate the condition of coral reefs in Sangiang Island is in the
potential for recovery in corals because they interfere medium category and high category, so it shows that
with coral growth and attachment of coral larvae. Life at this location the distribution of coral reefs is not
coral cover at Legon Waru station shows an average evenly distributed. Seeing the condition of coral reefs
percentage cover value of 37.16% so that the in this category requires more attention considering
presence of coral reefs at this station is still in the the many roles of coral reefs in an ecosystem.
high category (Giyanto et al., 2017). Unlike the Legon
Bajo and Legon Waru Stations, at Tembuyung Station The ability of coral reefs to adapt or withstand
the percentage of rubble cover dominates compared any disturbance that can threaten their growth or
to the live coral cover. The percentage of live coral development is called the level of resilience.
cover is 24.06%, so this condition is in the moderate Practically the level of resilience can also be
category (Giyanto et al., 2017). According to Yusri et interpreted by the level of potential recovery that
al. (2017), live coral cover in the eastern part of coral reefs have to return to their original state when
Sangiang Island has an average percentage value of they received disturbances. Coral reef ecosystems
life coral cover of 18.33% with the percentage value that have a low level of resilience or recovery
of live coral cover in each location ranging from potential will occur if their macroalgae cover is more
2.50% to -37.50%. Life coral cover parameters are than 3% and rubble cover exceeds 60% and live coral
very important for the resilience of coral reefs cover is less than 5% (Giyanto et al., 2017). The
because they are an indication of the quality and recovery potential rate at the three stations can be

Table 7. Percentage of Cover for Biota and Substrate Categories on Sangiang Island Using CPCe Software with 3 replication (R)

Legon Bajo Station (%) Legon Waru Station (%) Tembuyung Station (%)
Category
R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3
ACB 10.83 12.53 5.17 1.50 0.00 0.00 0.18 1.00 8.68
ACD 1.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.33 0.00
ACE 1.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CB 9.50 10.69 12.00 29.83 9.83 2.33 0.00 0.83 19.83
CE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.00 3.50 0.67 0.00
CF 41.67 50.69 62.00 34.00 21.83 2.83 0.83 1.17 15.50
CM 5.83 5.69 6.17 0.33 0.50 2.67 0.33 1.33 1.50
CMR 0.00 0.00 0.33 1.33 1.83 0.83 0.33 0.00 0.00
CME 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.50 0.00 0.00
CS 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.67 0.00 1.00 2.83 5.83
SC 0.00 0.00 1.50 2.50 6.50 8.33 30.83 11.00 10.00
MA 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.18 0.33
TA 1.33 0.17 2.83 12.00 43.33 42.00 1.00 5.83 17.50
AA 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.50 0.00 3.50 0.00 0.00 0.00
OT 0.17 0.00 1.33 3.00 0.00 0.00 7.67 0.50 0.00
SP 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
DCA 17.16 18.4 8.17 7.17 5.67 1.17 19.50 20.83 0.00
R 10.17 1.83 0.33 4.17 3.17 14.50 29.17 50.00 2.83
S 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.17 21.67 0.83 1.50 18.00
NC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.33 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00
Information: ACB = Acropora Brancing; ACD = A. Digitate; ACE = [Link]; CB = Coral Branching; CE = Coral Encrusting; CF
= Foliose; CM = Coral Massive; CME = Coral Millepora; CMR = Coral Mushroom; CS = Coral Sub-massive; SC = Soft Coral; MA =
Macroalgae; TA = Turf Algae; AA = Algae Assemblage; OT = Other; SP = Sponge; DCA = Dead Coral Algae; R = Rubble; S = Sand;
NC = Non Coral

Table 8. Average Percentage of Benthic Component Cover on Sangiang Island

Station Life coral cover Macroalgae cover Ruble cover

Legon Bajo 78.76% 0.06 % 4.11 %
Legon Waru 37.16 % 0.06% 7.28 %
Tembuyung 24.06 % 0.17% 27.33%

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said to be high because the percentage value of Based on the results of the research shown in
macroalgae cover is low or does not exceed 3%. Table 11, the Acanthuridae family was found in all
According to Simarangkir (2015), although the three stations, but the total number of fish found in
percentage of macroalgae cover is small, every 0.5% each station was not more than two and the total
change in macroalgae cover can affect the resilience biomass of target reef fish was calculated to be less
of coral reefs. than 970 [Link]-1. This shows that the target reef fish
biomass at each station is in a low category (Giyanto
The rubble or rubble at Tembuyung station has et al., 2017). The low biomass of target reef fish
a fairly dominant percentage of cover compared to especially in herbivorous fish such as Serranidae,
the live coral cover. The average percentage cover of Lutjanidae, Lethrinidae, and Haemulidae which is
coral debris analyzed at Tembuyung Station was very little found can cause high algae growth and
27.33%. The substrate which is dominated by coral interfere with the attachment of coral larvae and coral
fragments will easily be exposed to currents and growth, making the potential for coral recovery to be
waves back and forth so that coral fragments are not difficult. About 50-70% of carnivorous fish are found
a good substrate for coral larvae to grow and develop in coral reef ecosystems, 15-20% of herbivorous fish
(Giyanto et al., 2017). Coral fragments generally groups, and the rest are omnivorous fish groups. The
come from dead Acropora corals, damage can also be existence of these fish groups depends on the health
caused by human activities around the waters, for of the coral to grow and develop (Rembet et al.,
example, the release of anchors by fishermen which 2011). The absence of marine plants such as
results in breaking coral branches (Manzanaris et al. seagrass around the observation station is also
2018). Also, changes in environmental conditions thought to have caused very few target reef fish.
that last for a long time such as global warming and According to Russ and Alcala (1989), the richness of
climate can damage coral reefs, leaving only rubble target fish species from small fish predators such as
(Ghiffar et al., 2017). Serranidae, Lutjanidae, and Lethrinidae is low due to
intensive fishing activities. Ctenochaetus striatus can
Reef fish component be found on coral reef flats or overgrown rocks at a
depth of 3 to 30 meters, usually swimming alone and
Coral fish is an important part of maintaining found in small groups (Randall and Clements 2001).
the balance in the coral reef ecosystem because According to Randall and Anderson (1993),
these animals are one of the biotas that inhabit coral Plectorhinchus vittatus is a fish that inhabitants of
reef ecosystems. Target reef fish are also known as coral reefs. Acanthurus lineatus, a territorial species
economically important or consumption fish. It is that is generally in a wavy zone leading to the high
hoped that a good coral reef ecosystem condition will seas, this fish is almost constantly on the move.
increase the number of coral fish that live in the coral Including herbivorous fish that also eat crustaceans.
reef ecosystem. The target fish were observed based Siganus vulpinus likes Acropora corals where these
on 7 families determined by Giyanto et al. (2014), fish feed on algae growing at the base of dead coral
namely Serranidae, Lutjanidae, Haemulidae, branches, usually found swimming alone or in pairs
Lethrinidae, Siganidae, Scaridae, and Acanthuridae. (Woodland 1990).

Table 9. Target Reef Fish Biomass on Sangiang Island

Station Family Species Length (cm) Number (tail) Total Biomass

([Link]-1)
Lagon Bajo Acanthuridae Ctenochaetus striatus 20 1 11.37
Haemulidae Plectorhinchus vittatus 15 1
Lagon Waru Acanthuridae Ctenochaetus striatus 25 2 35.36
Tembuyung Acanthuridae Acanthurus lineatus 25 1 19.29
Siganidae Siganus vulpinus 15 1

Table 10. Health Index Value for Sangiang Island Coral Reefs

Benthic component Fish component Coral reef health index

Station values
Life coral cover Resilience Fish biomass
Legon Bajo high high low 6
Legon Waru high high low 6
Tembuyung medium high low 5

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Coral reef health index the Legon Waru station. This can be seen from the
largest reef fish biomass found at Legon Waru
The coral reef health index in Sangiang Island Station. This can be due to the physical and chemical
was obtained from the calculation of the average conditions of the observed waters which are still
percentage of each benthic component and fish included in normal conditions for coral reef growth so
component. After obtaining the average results, they that the live coral cover found is quite high. The
are categorized based on the criteria mentioned in existence of coral transparency, which is one of the
table 4 to table 6 so that the coral reef health index techniques for rehabilitation and restoration of coral
value is known. The coral reef health index in reefs to multiply coral colonies by utilizing the asexual
Sangiang Island as shown in Table 12 is known to be reproduction of fragmented corals found at Legon
at values 6 and [Link] on COREMAP coral reef Bajo and Legon Waru Stations since 2017 is
monitoring activities carried out in 32 locations and suspected of causing the live coral cover to be
366 stations that spread from west to east included in the high category. Tembuyung Station has
Indonesian waters, it is generally found that the coral a close correlation or relationship with macroalgae
reef health index Indonesian corals are at most and rubble, where its presence is mostly found in this
values 5, 6 or 3. station.

Analysis of coral reef health and spatial distribution The existence of rubble or coral fragments can
of coral lifeform be followed by the presence of macroalgae,
macroalgae usually live attached to dead coral
The results of the correspondence analysis fragments. According to Dawson (1966), macroalgae
between research stations and health variables were contains calcite and aragonite which can form
centered on the F1 and F2 axes with a range of cement as an adhesive for dead coral fragments. The
73.33% and 26.67%, respectively. Figure 2 shows spatial distribution of coral lifeforms at the research
that the coral reef health variables are divided into 3 station points was based on the results of the
groups. Life coral cover has the greatest cosine correspondent analysis centered on the F1 and F2
square value of 0.935. The coral reef health variable axes with variations of 59.32% and 19.09%,
that has a big contribution to the F1 axis is a living respectively (Figure 3.). Figure 3 shows the spatial
coral cover which is closely related to the Legon Bajo distribution of coral lifeforms divided into three
station. Macroalgae and rubble covers have groups. The first group which was dominated by coral
quadratic cosine values of 0.775 and 0.838 which encrusting and coral millipore growth forms spread
are closely related to the Tembuyung station. The out at Tembuyung station in the first replication (TB1).
coral reef health variable that contributed greatly to The percentage of live coral cover at Tembuyung
the F2 axis was reef fish biomass with a cosine Station has the lowest value among other stations,
quadratic value of 0.717 which is closely related to making the form of encrusting coral growth

(axes F1 and F2: 100 %)

0.5
0.4 rubble
Macroalgae
0.3
0.2 Legon Bajo
Tembuyung
Life Coral
F2 (26.67 %)

0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
Legon Waru
-0.4 Reef Fish
-0.5
-0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1-1E-150.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
F1 (73.33 %)
stasiun variabel

Figure 2. Correspondent Analysis of Coral Reef Health Index Variables

278 Coral Reef Health Index (R. Aprilian et al.)

ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences December 2021 Vol 26(4):271-281

(axes F1 and F2: 78.41 %)

1
CMR
TB3 ACE LB1 CME
LW2 TB1
CM LB2
0 CE
F2 (19.09 %)
LB3 ACB LW1
-1 CB CF LW3

CS
-2

TB2
-3
ACD
-4
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
F1 (59.32 %)

Stasiun Lifeform karang

Figure 3. Correspondent Analysis of Coral Lifeform Distribution

dominating at that location, where the form of growth and high levels of coral resilience, however, low reef
and distribution is low, usually attached to hard rock fish biomass will make it difficult for coral reefs to use
surfaces. Millepora coral species, although not space with macroalgae so that coral health can be
included in the main reef formation, can produce interrupted. It is necessary to conduct ongoing
limestone skeleton continuously and have a high research to determine the potential for the recovery
growth rate and survival rate (Aziz, 2002). The second of coral reefs on Sangiang Island. It is necessary to
group consisting of submassive coral growth forms research seagrass to identify herbivorous fish.
and coral digitate Acropora spread out at Tembuyung
station in the second replication (TB2). According to Acknowledgements
Yusri et al. (2017) submassive coral growth forms a
form of growth that is quite common because it is by Thank you is conveyed to Terumbu Karang
the conditions of the waters which are rather wavy, Indonesia (TERANGI), Yayasan Keanekaragaman
where the eastern part of Sangiang Island during the Hayati (KEHATI), and PT. Asahimas Chemical who
eastern monsoon conditions the water can reach 2 support the funding in this research, thank also to all
meters. Sub-massive coral has relatively slow growth, team who help this research.
but its sturdy and stable shape does not make this
species easily damaged by strong waves. The third
group classifies the dominant coral mushroom
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