MECHANICS OF

DEFORMABLE BODIES
BES 027
 Structural Design

Engineering
Mechanics

Deformable
Rigid Bodies
Bodies

Statics of Dynamics of
Statics of Rigid Dynamics of
Deformable Deformable
Bodies Rigid Bodies
Bodies Bodies
 Structural Design

Engineering
Mechanics

Deformable
Rigid Bodies
Bodies

Mechanics of
Statics of Rigid Dynamics of
Deformable
Bodies Rigid Bodies
Bodies
CHAPTER 1
STRESS
1.1
Difference of Rigid from Deformable Bodies
1.2
Analysis of Internal Forces; Stress
Force Couple Systems

1 2 3 4
DEFORMATIONS PRODUCED BY THE COMPONENTS OF
INTERNAL FORCES AND COUPLES

P: the component of the resultant force perpendicular to

the cross section, tending to elongate or shorten the bar,
is called the NORMAL FORCE
DEFORMATIONS PRODUCED BY THE COMPONENTS OF
INTERNAL FORCES AND COUPLES

V: the component of the resultant force lying in the

plane of the cross section, tending to shear (slide) one
segment of the bar, is called the SHEAR FORCE
DEFORMATIONS PRODUCED BY THE COMPONENTS OF
INTERNAL FORCES AND COUPLES

T: the component of the resultant couple that tends to

twist (rotate) the bar, is called the TWISTING MOMENT or
TORQUE
DEFORMATIONS PRODUCED BY THE COMPONENTS OF
INTERNAL FORCES AND COUPLES

M: the component of the resultant couple that tends to

bend the bar, is called the BENDING MOMENT
1.3
Axially Loaded Bars
A. Centroidal (Axial) Loading

-When the loading is uniform, its

resultant passes through the centroid
of the loaded area.
𝒑 = 𝑷𝑨
Axially Loaded Bars
B. Saint Venant’s Principle

-The difference between the effects of

two different but statically equivalent
loads becomes very small at sufficiently
large distances from the load

Normal Stress Formula:

𝑷
𝝈=
𝑨
Axially Loaded Bars
C. Procedure for Stress Analysis
Equilibrium Analysis:
1. Find all the external reactions by sketching the free-body diagram of the
structure.
2. Compute the axial force P using the method of sections. This method
introduces an imaginary cutting plane that isolates a segment of the
structure. The cutting plane must include the cross section of the member of
interest.
Axially Loaded Bars
C. Procedure for Stress Analysis
Computation of Stress:
1. After the axial force has been found by equilibrium analysis, the average
normal stress in the member can be obtained from the normal stress
formula, where A is the cross-sectional area of the member at the cutting
plane.
Axially Loaded Bars
C. Procedure for Stress Analysis
Design Considerations:
1. For purposes of design, the computed stress must be compared with the
allowable stress, also called the working stress, denoted by 𝜎𝑤 . To prevent
failure of the member, the computed stress must be less than the working
stress.
Axially Loaded Bars
C. Procedure for Stress Analysis

COMPUTED STRESS/ ACTUAL STRESS/ COMPUTED FORCES/ ACTUAL FORCES: are

derived from the effects of externally applied loads acting on the body being
analyzed.

ALLOWABLE STRESS/ WORKING STRESS/ ALLOWABLE FORCES/ WORKING

FORCES: are computed from the structural properties of the member in
question. These allowable quantities speak of the prescribed capacity of the
member.
Axially Loaded Bars
C. Procedure for Stress Analysis
Truss Analysis:
1. The usual assumptions made in the analysis of trusses are:
a. Weights of the members are negligible compared to the applied loads.
b. Joints behave as smooth pins.
c. All loads are applied at the joints.
Under these assumptions, each member of the truss is an axially loaded bar. The
internal forces can either be obtained by MOS or MOJ.
PROBLEMS
1.1 – 1.3

PROBLEM 1
The bar ABCD consists of three cylindrical steel segments with different lengths
and cross-sectional areas. Axial loads are applied as shown. Calculate the
normal stress in each segment.
PROBLEMS
1.1 – 1.3

PROBLEM 2
For the truss shown, calculate the normal stresses in (1) member AC; and (2)
member BD. The cross-sectional area of each member is 900 mm2.
PROBLEMS
1.1 – 1.3

PROBLEM 3
The figure shows a two-member truss supporting a block of weight W. The cross-
sectional areas of the members are 800 mm2 for AB and 400 mm2 for AC. Determine
the maximum safe value of W if the working stresses are 110 MPa for AB and 120 MPa
for AC.
1.4
Shear Stress
Shear stress arises whenever the applied loads cause one section of a body to
slide past its adjacent section.

Single Shear Double Shear Punching Shear

Shear Stress
The distribution of direct shear stress is usually complex and not easily
determined. It is common practice to assume that the shear force V is
uniformly distributed over the shear area A, so that the shear stress can be
computed from:

𝑽
𝝉=
𝑨
V = shearing force
A = area of shear, 2A (double shear)
1.5
Bearing Stress
Bearing stress occurs as contact pressure between separate bodies,
compressive in nature. Examples: soil pressure, pressure between a rivet and
a hole.
Bearing Stress
𝑷𝒃 𝑷
𝝈𝒃 = =
𝑨𝒃 𝒕𝒅

P = bearing load/ applied load (can be reduced depending on analysis)

T = thickness of plate
D = diameter of rivet
PROBLEMS
1.4– 1.5

PROBLEM 4
The rectangular wood panel is formed by gluing together two boards along the 30o
seam as shown in the figure. Determine the largest axial force P that can be carried
safely by the panel if the working stress for the wood is 1120 psi, and the normal and
shear stresses in the glue are limited to 700 psi and 450 psi, respectively.
PROBLEMS
1.4– 1.5

PROBLEM 5
The lap joint shown in Fig. (a) is fastened by four rivets of 3/4-in. diameter. Find the
maximum load P that can be applied if the working stresses are 14 ksi for shear in the
rivet and 18 ksi for bearing in the plate. Assume that the applied load is distributed
evenly among the four rivets, and neglect friction between the plates.
PROBLEMS
1.4– 1.5

PROBLEM 6
The lap joint is connected by three 20-mm-diameter rivets. Assuming that the axial load
P = 50 kN is distributed equally among the three rivets, find (a) the shear stress in a
rivet; (b) the bearing stress between a plate and a rivet; and (c) the maximum average
tensile stress in each plate. Diameter of hole = diameter of rivet + 3 mm
PROBLEMS
1.4– 1.5

PROBLEM 7
The bell crank, which is in equilibrium under the forces shown in the figure, is supported
by a 20-mm-diameter pin at D. Determine (a) the required diameter of the connecting
rod AB, given that its tensile working stress is 100 MPa; and (b) the shear stress in the
pin.
PROBLEMS
1.4– 1.5

PROBLEM 8
A circular hole is to be punched in a plate that has a shear strength of 40 ksi. The
working compressive stress for the punch is 50 ksi. (a) Compute the maximum thickness
of a plate in which a hole 2.5 in. in diameter can be punched. (b) If the plate is 0.25 in.
thick, determine the diameter of the smallest hole that can be punched.
PROBLEMS
1.4– 1.5

PROBLEM 9
The figure shows a roof truss and the detail of the connection at joint B. Members BC
and BE are angle sections with the thicknesses shown in the figure. The working
stresses are 70 MPa for shear in the rivets and 140 MPa for bearing stress due to the
rivets. How many 19-mm-diameter rivets are required to fasten the following members
to the gusset plate: (a) BC; and (b) BE?
PROBLEMS
1.4– 1.5

PROBLEM 10
The links of the chain are made of steel that has a working stress of 300 MPa in tension.
If the chain is to support the force P = 45 kN, determine the smallest safe diameter d of
the links.
PROBLEMS
1.4– 1.5

PROBLEM 11
The halves of the coupling are held together by four 5/8-in.-diameter bolts. The working
stresses are 12 ksi for shear in the bolts and 15 ksi for bearing in the coupling. Find the
largest torque T that can be safely transmitted by the coupling. Assume that the forces
in the bolts have equal magnitudes.
1.6
Thin Walled Pressure Vessels
A pressure vessel is a container designed to hold gases and liquids at a
pressure substantially different from the ambient pressure.
Cylindrical Vessel Spherical Vessel
Thin Walled Pressure Vessels
A vessel is said to be thin-walled when the ratio of the thickness to the radius
of the vessel is small such that the internal stress in the material is constant
throughout the thickness of the vessel.

𝒓/𝒕 ≥ 𝟏𝟎
Cylindrical Vessels
Tangential/ Circumferential/ Girth/ Hoop Stress

𝒑𝒓𝒊
𝝈𝒕 =
𝒕
where: p = internal pressure
ri = inside radius
t = vessel thickness
Cylindrical Vessels
Longitudinal Stress

𝒑𝒓𝒊
𝝈𝒍 =
𝟐𝒕
where: p = internal pressure
ri = inside radius
t = vessel thickness
Cylindrical Vessels
Spherical Vessels

𝒑𝒓𝒊
𝝈𝒍 =
𝟐𝒕
where: p = internal pressure
ri = inside radius
t = vessel thickness
PROBLEMS
1.6

PROBLEM 12
A cylindrical steel pressure vessel has hemispherical end-caps. The inner radius of the
vessel is 24 in. and the wall thickness is constant at 0.25 in. When the vessel is
pressurized to 125 psi, determine the stresses in the cylinder.
PROBLEMS
1.6

PROBLEM 13
The scuba tank has a cylindrical body and a spherical end-cap, each of 7.5 in. outer
diameter. The wall thickness of the tank is 0.5 in. The tank is made of an aluminum alloy
which has an ultimate tensile strength of 56 ksi. Determine the factor of safety against
bursting when the tank is pressurized to 3000 psi.
PROBLEMS
1.6

PROBLEM 14
A water tank is 8 m in diameter and 12 m high. If the tank is to be completely filled,
determine the minimum thickness of the tank planting if the stress is limited to 40 MPa.
PROBLEMS
1.6

PROBLEM 15
The tank is fabricated from 10 mm steel plates. Determine the maximum longitudinal
and circumferential stresses caused by an internal pressure of 1.2 MPa. Figure is drawn
in lecture.
PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 16
1.6 A large pipe, called a penstock in a hydraulic work, is 1.5 m in diameter. It is composed
of wooden staves bound together by steel hoops, each 300 mm2 in diameter. It is used
to conduct water from a reservoir to a powerhouse. If the maximum tensile stress in the
hoops is 130 MPa, what is the maximum spacing between hoops under a head of water
of 30 m?