Active Voice Passive Voice

Sita loves Savitri. . Savitri is loved by Sita.

The mason is building the wall. . The wall is being built by the mason.
The peon opened the gate. . The gate was opened by the peon.
Some boys were helping the wounded man. . The wounded man was being helped by some boys.
He will finish the work in a fortnight. . The work will be finished by him in a fortnight.
Who did this ? . By whom was this done?
Why did your brother write such a letter ? .Why was such a letter written by your brother ?
The guard refused him admittance. Admittance was refused to him by the guard.
He was refused admittance by the guard.
Mr. Krishnaji teaches us grammar. Grammar is taught to us by Mr Krishnaji.
We are taught grammar by Mr Krishnaji.
The manager will give you a ticket. A ticket will be given to you by the manager.
You will be given a ticket by the manager.
Who taught you French ? By whom was French taught to you ?
/ Who were you taught French by?
By whom were you taught French ?
He handed her a cheque. A cheque was handed to her.
She was handed a cheque.

There are a few Transitive verbs which, even in an Active form, are sometimes used in a Passive sense ; as,
These mangoes taste sour (i.e., are sour when they are tasted).
The rose smells sweet (i.e., is sweet when it is smelt).
The cakes eat short and crisp (i.e., are short and crisp When they are eaten).
At least the play reads well (i.e., affects the reader well When it is read).

Adjective Phrases
14. We have seen that sometimes a group of words does the work of an adjective
( § 3). Now examine the following pairs of sentences:
1. (a) The vizier was a wealthy man.
(b) The vizier was a man of great wealth.
2. (a) The magistrate was a kind man.
(b) The magistrate was a man with a kindly nature.
3. (a) The chief lived in a stone house.
(b) The chief lived in a house built of stone.
4. (a) I like to see a smiling face.
(b) I like to see a face with a smile on it.
5. (a) The coolies belonged to a hill tribe.
(b) The coolies belonged to a tribe dwelling in the hills.
In each of the above pairs of sentences, we have first a single word describing the person or thing
denoted by the
noun, and then a group of words describing the person or thing denoted by the same noun.
For instance, the group of words of great wealth tells us what sort of man the vizier was. It qualifies the
noun
man just as an Adjective does. It therefore does the work of an Adjective and is called an Adjective
Phrase.
Def — An Adjective Phrase is a group of words that does the work of an Adjective.
15. Study the following Adjectives and the Adjective Phrases that are equivalent to them.
Adjectives Adjective Phrases
A golden crown. A crown made of gold.
A purple cloak. A cloak of purple colour.
A white elephant. An elephant with a white skin.
A jungle track. A track through the jungle.
A blue-eyed boy. A boy with blue eyes.
A deserted village. A village without any inhabitants.
A blank page. A page with no writing on it.
The longest day. The day of greatest length.
The Spanish flag. The flag of Spain.
A heavy load. A load of great weight.
A man in great difficulties came to me for help.
. He is a person of very considerable renown.
. Wild beasts in small cages are a sorry sight.
A man without an enemy is a man with few friends.
He tells a tale with the ring of truth in it.
A friend in need is a friend indeed. 13. He was a lad ofgreat promise.
. A stitch in time saves nine. . 14. He bore a banner with a strange device.
. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
Gardens with cool shady trees surround the village.
. Only a man with plenty of money buys a
. In a low voice he told the tale of his cruel wrongs.
car of such beauty and power.
Do you know the story of the noble Padmini?
The police arrested a man of one of the criminal tribes.
1He wore a turban made of silk. 10. The Rajput leader was a soldier full of hope and free from fear.
.2 He has done a deed of shame.
.3 He led a life devoid of blame. 11. Nelson was a boy without fear.
4He is a man withouta friend. 12. Nobody likes a person with a bad temper.
5They came to a path covered with mud. 13. I admit that he is a man of sense.
. 6He carried a sword stained with blood.
. 7I met a little girl from a cottage.
8Balu was a man with plenty of impudence.
. 9From this village in the mountains came a chieftain of great fame.
14The tops of the mountains were covered with snow.
.15 He is an author of great versatility.
16. It is of no use.

Adverb Phrases
16. Just as the work of an Adjective is often done by a group of words called an Adjective Phrase, so the
work of an
Adverb is often done by a group of words.
Study the following pairs of sentences carefully.
1. (a) Rama ran quickly. (How ?)
(b) Rama ran with great speed. (How ?)
2. (a) He answered rudely. (How ?)
(b) He answered in a very rude manner. (How ?)
3. (a) He does his work carelessly (How ?)
(b) He does his work without any care. (How ?)
4. (a) He is coming now (When ?)
(b) He is coming at this very moment. (When ?)
5. (a) No such diseases were known then. (When ?)
(b) No such diseases were known in those days. (When ?)
6. (a) The arrow fell here. (Where ?)
(b) The arrow fell on this spot. (Where ?)
7. (a) You can buy it everywhere. (Where ?)
(b) You can buy it in all places. (Where ?)
8. (a) He fell down. (Where ?)
(b) He fell to the ground. (Where ?)
In each of the above pairs of sentences we have first a single word (an Adverb) modifying a verb, and
then a
group of words modifying a verb in the same way.
For instance, the group of words with great speed tells us how Rama ran. It modifies the verb ran just as
the
Adverb quickly does. It therefore does the work of an Adverb and is called an Adverb Phrase.
Def — An Adverb Phrase is a group of words that does the work of an Adverb.
Note—An Adverb Phrase, like an Adverb, may modify also an Adjective or Adverb : as,
Quinine is good for malaria.
I have done well on the whole.
17. Study the following Adverbs and the Adverb Phrases that are equivalent to them.
Adverbs Adverb Phrases
Bravely In a brave manner, or with bravery.
Unwisely In an unwise manner, or without wisdom.
Swiftly In a swift manner, or with swiftness.
Beautifully In a beautiful style.
Formerly In former times, or once upon a time.
Recently Just now, or at a recent date.
Soon Before very long, or at an early date.
There At that place.
Away To another place.
Abroad To (in) a foreign country

She lived in the middle of a great wood. 3- Come into the garden, Maud-
2. Nothing can live on the moon. 4. Three fishers went sailing over the sea.

5. O'er her hangs the great dark bell. 19. He persevered in the face of all obstacles.
; 6. Down in a green and shady bed, a modest violet grew. 20. The shoe is pressing on my toe.
7. On your conscience this will lie. 21. Keep him at arm's length.
8. They sat for a while on the bank. 22. Make yourself at home.
9. Honesty is written on his face. 23. It must be done at any price.
}10. The gun went off with a loud report. 24. Pauperism increases at a fearful rate.
11. There dwelt a miller hale and bold, beside the river Dee. 25. He has painted him in his proper colours.
12. I stood on the bridge at midnight. 26. He has his finger on the pulse of the nation.
13. To the northward stretched the desert. 27. He lives by his pen.
14. Beside a green meadow a stream used to flow. 28. The shepherd shouted to them at the top of his voice.
15. l have read Bacon to my great profit. 29. He strove with all his might to escape.
16. In her ear he whispers gaily. 30. Without pausing to consider, he struck the blow.
17. Beside the ungathered rice he lay. 31. Much water has run under the bridge since then.
18. They fought to the last man.
1 . The bodies were mangled in a terrible manner. 9. I accept your statement without reserve.
2. Let us cease work from this very moment. Thank 10. I thank you with all my heart.
3. It was just on this spot that he died. lay/endear! ‘ 1 1. He succeeded in the long run.
4. The child replied with perfect truthfulness. 12. He is ignorant to a proverb.
5. He arrived at that moment. ‘( 13. The post-boy drove with fierce career.
6. I hope that he will come ata very early date. 14. He has been painted in his proper colours.
7. He seems to have acted with great promptitude. 15. The wind blew with great violence.
1 8 No one would dare to answer him in an impudent way. 16 He has proved his case to my satisfaction.

Noun Phrases
19. Examine the following sentences.
1. The boy wants something.
2. The boy wants to go home.
The word something is a Noun and it is the Object of the verb wants, in sentence 1. Similarly
the group of words, to go home, is the Object of the verb wants, in sentence 2. Hence this group
of words does the work of a Noun. The group of words, to go home, is therefore a Noun Phrase.
Def—A Noun Phrase is a group of words that does the work of a Noun.
Further examples of Noun Phrases:
He hopes to win the first prize.
He loves to issue harsh orders.
I tried to get the sum right.
Standing about in a cold wet wind did me no good.
Early to bed is a good maxim.
We enjoy playing cricket.
Did you enjoy reading this book ? i"
To win a prize is my ambition.

His father wished to speak to the Headmaster. 4. He dislikes having to punish his servants.
l 2. The wicked vizier loves getting people into trouble. 5. Horses prefer living in dark stables.
The poor debtor intended to pay back every penny of 6. I should hate to do such a thing.
the money.
7Have you ever tried climbing a coconut palm ? 11Promise to come again.
8. Thinking good thoughts precedes good actions. 12. Why do you like visiting such a man ?
13. Travelling in a hot dusty train gives me no pleasure. 14. He denies stealing the money.
15. Your doing such a thing surprises me. 10. To write such rubbish is disgraceful.
9. He refuses to answer the question.
Promise to come again.