vè;k; 7

[Link] osQ fudk; rFkk ?[Link] xfr

7.1 Hkwfedk

fiNys vè;k;ksa esa geus eq[; :i ls vkn'kZ fcUnq d.k (,d d.k ftls
7.1 Hkwfedk nzO;eku ;qDr fcUnq osQ :i esa O;Dr fd;k tk,A O;kogkfjd n`f"V ls bldk
7.2 nzO;eku osQUnz dksbZ vkdkj ugha gksrk) dh xfr dk vè;;u fd;k FkkA fiQj] ;g ekurs gq,
7.3 nzO;eku osQUnz dh xfr fd ifjfer vkdkj osQ [Link] dh xfr dks fcUnq d.k dh xfr osQ inksa esa O;Dr
7.4 [Link] osQ fudk; dk js[kh; laosx fd;k tk ldrk gS] geus ml vè;;u osQ [Link] dks ifjfer vkdkj osQ
7.5 nks lfn'kksa dk lfn'k [Link] [Link] ij Hkh ykxw dj fn;k FkkA
7.6 [Link]; osx vkSj bldk js[kh;
nSfud thou esa ftrus fi.M gekjs laioZQ esa vkrs gSa os lHkh ifjfer
osx ls laca/
vkdkj osQ gksrs gSaA ,d foLr`r fi.M (ifjfer vkdkj osQ fi.M) dh xfr dks
iwjs rkSj ij le>us osQ fy, vkerkSj ij mldk fcUnqor~ vkn'kZ vi;kZIr jgrk
7.7 cy vk?[Link] ,oa [Link]; laosx
gSA bl vè;k; esa ge bl izfrca/ osQ ijs tkus dh ps"Vk djssaxs vkSj foLr`r]
7.8 n`<+ ¯iMksa dk larqyu
ij ifjfer [Link] dh xfr dks le>us dk iz;kl djsaxsA ,d foLr`r fi.M
7.9 tM+Ro vk?[Link]
izFker;k [Link] dk ,d fudk; gSA vr% ge viuk foospu ,d fudk; dh
7.10 yEcor~ ,oa lekukUrj v{kksa osQ ize;s
xfr ls gh 'kq: djuk pkgsxa As ;gk¡ [Link] osQ fudk; dk nzO;eku osQUnz ,d eq[;
7.11 vpy v{k osQ ifjr% 'kq¼ ?[Link]
xfrdh vo/[Link] gksxhA ge [Link] osQ fudk; osQ nzO;eku osQUnz dh xfr dk [Link] djsxa s
7.12 vpy v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link] xfrdh vkSj fiQj] ifjfer vkdkj osQ [Link] dh xfr dks le>us esa bl vo/[Link] dh
7.13 vpy v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link] xfr dk mi;ksfxrk crk;sxa As
[Link]; laosx cM+s [Link] ls tqM+h cgqr lh leL;k,a mudks n`<+ fi.M ekudj gy dh
7.14 yksVfud xfr tk ldrh gSaA vkn'kZ n`<+ fi.M ,d ,slk fi.M gS ftldh ,d lqfuf'pr vkSj
vifjorZuh; vko`Qfr gksrh gSA bl izdkj osQ Bksl osQ lHkh d.k ;qXeksa osQ chp
lkjka'k dh nwfj;k¡ ifjo£rr ugha gksrhA n`<+ fi.M dh bl ifjHkk"kk ls ;g Li"V gS fd
[Link]; fo"k; dksbZ Hkh okLrfod fi.M iwjh rjg n`<+ ugha gksrk] D;ksafd lHkh O;kogkfjd
vH;kl fi.M cyksa osQ izHkko ls foo`Qr gks tkrs gSaA ijUrq ,slh cgqr lh fLFkfr;k¡ gksrh
gSa ftuesa foo`Qfr;k¡ ux.; gksrh gSaA vr% dbZ izdkj dh fLFkfr;ksa esa ;Fkk ifg;s]
yV~Vw] LVhy osQ 'kgrhj vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd [Link]] xzg tSls [Link] dh xfr dk
vè;;u djrs le;] ge è;ku u nsaxs fd muesa foo`Qfr vkrh gS] os eqM+rs gSa
;k dEiu djrs gSaA ge mUgsa n`<+ fi.M eku dj mudh xfr dk vè;;u djasxsA
[Link] osQ fudk; rFkk ?[Link] xfr 145

;g ^oqQN vkSj vyx* Hkh D;k gS\ ;g le>us osQ fy,]

vkb;s] ge ,d ,slk n`<+ ¯iM ysa ftldks bl izdkj O;o#¼
dj fn;k x;k gS fd ;g LFkkukarj.k xfr u dj losQA fdlh
n`<+ fi.M dh LFkkukarj.k xfr dks fu#¼ djus dh loZ lkekU;
fof/ ;g gS fd mls ,d ljy js[kk osQ vuqfn'k fLFkj dj
fn;k tk,A rc bl n`<+ fi.M dh ,dek=k laHkkfor xfr ?[Link]
xfr gksxhA og ljy js[kk ftlosQ vuqfn'k bl n`<+ fi.M dks
Fig 7.1 ur&ry ij ,d CykWd dh v/kseq[kh LFkkukarj.k fLFkj cuk;k x;k gS bldh ?[Link]&v{k dgykrh gSA ;fn vki
(fiQlyu) xfr (CykWd dk izR;sd ¯cnq ;Fkk P1, P2.... vius pkjksa vksj ns[ksa rks vkidks Nr dk ia[kk] oqQEgkj dk pkd
fdlh Hkh {k.k leku xfr esa gSa) (fp=k 7.3(a) ,oa (b))] fo'kky pØh&>wyk (tkW;UV Oghy)]
7.1.1 ,d n`<+ fi.M esa fdl izdkj dh xfr;k¡ gks esjh&xks&jkm.M tSls vusd ,sls mnkgj.k fey tk;saxs tgk¡
ldrh gSa\ fdlh v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link] gks jgk gksA

vkb;s] n`<+ [Link] dh xfr osQ oqQN [Link] ls bl iz'u dk mÙkj

<w<a u+ s dh dksf'k'k djsAa izFke ,d vk;rkdkj CykWd ij fopkj djsa
tks ,d ur ry ij lh/k (fcuk b/j&m/j gVs) uhps dh vksj
fiQly jgk gSA CykWd ,d n`<+ fi.M gSA ur ry ij uhps dh vksj
bldh xfr ,slh gS fd blosQ lHkh d.k lkFk&lkFk py jgs gS]a
vFkkZr~ fdlh {k.k lHkh d.k leku osx ls pyrs gSa (fp=k 7.1)A
;gk¡ ;g n`<+ fiaM 'kq¼ LFkkukarj.k xfr esa gSA
'kq¼ LFkkukarj.k xfr esa fdlh {k.k fo'ks"k ij fi.M dk
izR;sd d.k leku osx ls pyrk gSA

(a)

fp=k 7.2 ur ry ij uhps dh vksj yq<d + rk fl¯yMj (csyu)A ;g

'kq¼ LFkkukarj.k xfr ugha gSA fdlh {k.k ij fcUnq P1, P2,
P3 ,oa P4 osQ vyx&vyx osx gSa (tSlk fd rhj n'kkZrs
gS)a A okLro esa lEioZQ fcUnq P3 dk osx fdlh Hkh {k.k 'kwU;
gS ;fn csyu fcuk fiQlys gq, yq<+drk gSA

vkb;s] vc mlh ur ry ij uhps dh vksj yq<+drs gq,

,d /krq ;k ydM+h osQ csyu dh xfr ij fopkj djrs gSa
(fp=k 7.2)A ;g n`<+ fi.M (csyu) ur ry osQ 'kh"kZ ls
mldh ryh rd LFkkukarfjr gksrk gS] vr% blesa LFkkukarj.k
(b)
xfr gSA ysfdu fp=k 7.2 ;g Hkh n'kkZrk gS fd blosQ lHkh d.k
{k.k fo'ks"k ij ,d gh osx ls ugha py jgs gSAa vr% fi.M 'kq¼ fp=k 7.3 ,d fLFkj v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link]
LFkkukarj.k xfr esa ugha gSA vr% bldh xfr LFkkukarjh; gksus osQ (a) Nr dk ia[kk
lkFk&lkFk ^oqQN vkSj vyx* Hkh gSA (b) oqQEgkj dk pkd
146 HkkSfrdh

vkb;s] vc ge ;g le>us dh ps"Vk djsa fd ?[Link] D;k laca/ esa geus ;g eku fy;k gS fd ;g ,d LFkku ls nwljs
gS] vkSj blosQ D;k vfHky{k.k gSa\ vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd ,d LFkku ij LFkkukarfjr ugha gksrk vkSj blfy, blesa LFkkukarj.k
n`<+ fi.M osQ ,d fLFkj v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link] esa] fi.M dk xfr ugha gSA) vius vuqHko osQ vk/kj ij ge ;g tkurs gSa fd
gj d.k ,d o`Ùk esa ?kwerk gSA ;g o`Ùk v{k osQ yEcor~ ry bl izdkj ?kwers yV~Vw dh v{k] Hkwfe ij blosQ lEioZQ&fcUnq
esa gS vkSj budk osQUnz v{k ij vofLFkr gSA fp=k 7.4 esa ,d ls xqtjrs vfHkyEc osQ ifjr% ,d 'kaoqQ cukrh gS tSlk fd
fp=k 7.5(a) esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA (ÅèokZ/j osQ ifjr% yV~Vw dh
v{k dk bl izdkj ?kweuk iqjLlj.k dgykrk gS )A è;ku nsa fd
yV~Vw dk og fcUnq tgk¡ ;g /jkry dks Nwrk gS] fLFkj gSA
fdlh Hkh {k.k] yV~Vw dh ?[Link]&v{k] blosQ lEioZQ fcUnq ls
xqtjrh gSA bl izdkj dh ?[Link] xfr dk nwljk ljy mnkgj.k
?kweus okyk est dk ia[kk ;k ihfBdk&ia[kk gSA vkius ns[kk gksxk
fd bl izdkj osQ ia[ks dh v{k] {kSfrt ry esa] nksyu xfr
(bèkj ls m/j ?kweus dh) djrh gS vkSj ;g xfr ÅèokZ/j js[kk
osQ ifjr% gksrh gS tks ml fcUnq ls xqtjrh gS ftl ij v{k dh
/qjh fVdh gksrh gS (fp=k 7.5(b) esa fcUnq O)A

fp=k 7.4 z-v{k osQ ifjr% ,d n`<+ fi.M dk ?[Link] fi.M dk

izR;sd fcUnq P1 ;k P2 ,d o`Ùk ij ?kwerk gS ftldk fp=k 7.5 (a) ?kwerk gqvk yV~Vw
osQUnz (C1 ;k C2) v{k ij fLFkr gSA o`Ùk dh f=kT;k (r1 (bldh fVi O dk /jkry ij lEioZQ fcUnq fLFkj gS)
;k r2 ) v{k ls fcUnq (P1 ;k P2 ) dh yEcor~ nwjh gSA
v{k ij fLFkr P3 tSlk fcUnq fLFkj jgrk gSA

fLFkj v{k (funsZ'k izsQe dh z-v{k) osQ ifjr% fdlh n`<+

fi.M dh ?[Link] xfr n'kkZ;h gSA ge v{k ls r1 nwjh ij fLFkr
n`<+ fi.M dk dksbZ LosPN d.k P1 ysAa ;g d.k v{k osQ ifjr%
r1 f=kT;k osQ o`Ùk ij ?kwerk gS ftldk osQUnz C1 v{k ij fLFkr
gSA ;g o`Ùk v{k osQ yEcor~ ry esa vofLFkr gSA fp=k esa ,d
nwljk d.k P2 Hkh n'kkZ;k x;k gS tks fLFkj v{k ls r2 nwjh ij
gSA d.k P2 ] r2 f=kT;k osQ o`Ùkkdkj iFk ij pyrk gS ftldk
osQUnz v{k ij C2 gSA ;g o`Ùk Hkh v{k osQ yEcor~ ry esa gSA
è;ku nsa fd P1 ,oa P2 }kjk cuk;s x, o`Ùk vyx&vyx ryksa esa
gSa ij ;s nksuksa ry fLFkj v{k osQ yEcor~ gSAa v{k ij fLFkr fdlh
fcUnq] tSls P3 osQ fy,] r = 0 A ;s d.k] fi.M osQ ?kwers le;
Hkh fLFkr jgrs gSAa ;g visf{kr Hkh gS D;ksfa d v{k fLFkj gSA
rFkkfi] ?[Link] osQ oqQN [Link] esa] v{k fLFkj ugha Hkh
jgrhA bl izdkj osQ ?[Link] osQ eq[; [Link] esa ,d gS] ,d fp=k 7.5 (b) ?kwerk gqvk est dk ia[kk (ia[ks dh /qjh] fcUnq
gh LFkku ij ?kwerk yV~Vw (fp=k 7.5(a))A (yV~Vw dh xfr osQ O, fLFkj gS )
[Link] osQ fudk; rFkk ?[Link] xfr 147

tc ia[kk ?kwerk gS vkSj bldh v{k b/j ls m/j nksyu dh xfr;ksa dk la;kstu gS& LFkkukarj.k xfr vkSj ,d fLFkj v{k
djrh gS rc Hkh ;g fcUnq fLFkj jgrk gSA ?[Link] xfr osQ osQ ifjr% ?[Link] xfrA vr%] yq<+du xfr osQ lanHkZ esa ftl
vf/d lk£od ekeyksa esa] tSls fd yV~Vw ;k ihfBdk&ia[ks osQ ^oqQN vkSj vyx* dk ftØ igys geus fd;k Fkk og ?[Link]
?kweus esa] n`<+ fi.M dk ,d fcUnq fLFkj jgrk gS] u fd ,d xfr gSA bl n`f"Vdks.k ls fp=k 7.6(a) ,oa (b) dks vki i;kZIr
js[kkA bl ekeys esa v{k rks fLFkj ugha gS ij ;g ges'kk ,d
fLFkj fcUnq ls xqtjrh gSA rFkkfi] vius vè;;u esa] f'k{kkizn ik;saxsA bu nksuksa fp=kksa esa ,d gh fi.M dh xfr]
vf/dka'kr%] ge ,slh ljy ,oa fof'k"V ?[Link] xfr;ksa rd leku LFkkukarjh; xeu&iFk osQ vuqfn'k n'kkZbZ xbZ gSA fp=k
lhfer jgsxa s ftuesa ,d js[kk (;kfu v{k) fLFkj jgrh gSA vr% 7.6(a) esa n'kkZbZ xbZ xfr 'kq¼ LFkkukarjh; gS] tcfd fp=k
tc rd vU;Fkk u dgk tk;] gekjs fy, ?[Link] xfr ,d fLFkj 7.6(b) esa n'kkZbZ xbZ xfr LFkkukarj.k ,oa ?[Link] nksuksa izdkj dh
v{k osQ ifjr% gh gksxhA xfr;ksa dk la;kstu gSA (vki Lo;a Hkkjh iqLrd tSlk ,d n`<+
,d ur ry ij uhps dh vksj csyu dk yq<+duk nks rjg fi.M isaQd dj n'kkZbZ xbZ nksuksa izdkj dh xfr;k¡ mRiUu djus
dh dksf'k'k dj ldrs gSaA)
vkb;s vc ge izLrqr [k.M esa o£.kr [Link] rF;ksa dk
lkj fiQj ls vkidks crk;saA ,d ,slk n`<+ fi.M tks u rks
fdlh pwy ij fVdk gks vkSj u gh fdlh :i esa fLFkj gks]
nks izdkj dh xfr dj ldrk gS & ;k rks 'kq¼ LFkkukarj.k
;k LFkkukarj.k ,oa ?[Link] xfr dk la;kstuA ,d ,sls n`<+
fp=k 7.6(a) ,d n`<+ fi.M dh xfr tks 'kq¼ LFkkukarjh; gS fi.M dh xfr tks ;k rks pwy ij fVdk gks ;k fdlh u fdlh
:i esa fLFkj gks] ?[Link] xfr gksrh gSA ?[Link] fdlh ,slh v{k osQ
ifjr% gks ldrk gS tks fLFkj gks (tSls Nr osQ ia[ks es)a ;k fiQj
,d ,slh v{k osQ ifjr% tks Lo;a ?kwerh gks (tSls b/j ls mèkj
?kwers est osQ ia[ks esa)A bl vè;k; esa ge ,d fLFkj v{k osQ
ifjr% gksus okyh ?[Link] xfr dk gh vè;;u djsaxsA

7.2 nzO;eku osQUnz

igys ge ;g ns[ksaxs fd nzO;eku osQUnz D;k gS vkSj fiQj blosQ
egRo ij izdk'k MkysaxsA ljyrk dh n`f"V ls ge nks [Link] osQ
fp=k 7.6(b) n`<+ fi.M dh ,slh xfr tks LFkkukarjh; vkSj ?[Link]
fudk; ls 'kq#vkr djsaxsA nksuksa [Link] dh fLFkfr;ksa dks feykus
xfr;ksa dk la;kstu gS
fp=k 7.6 (a) ,oa 7.6 (b) ,d gh fi.M dh fofHkUu xfr;k¡ n'kkZrs okyh js[kk dks ge x- v{k ekusaxsA (fp=k 7-7)
gSaA è;ku nsa] fd P fi.M dk dksbZ LosPN fcUnq gS_ O fi.M dk
nzO;eku osQUnz gS] ftlosQ fo"k; esa vxys [k.M esa crk;k x;k gSA
;gk¡ ;g dguk i;kZIr gksxk fd fcUnq O osQ xeu iFk gh fi.M
osQ LFkkukarjh; xeu iFk Tr1 ,oa Tr2 gSaA rhu vyx&vyx {[Link]
ij] fcUnqvksa O ,oa P dh fLFkfr;k¡ fp=k 7.6(a) ,oa 7.6 (b) nksuksa
gh Øe'k% O1, O2, O3, ,oa P1, P2 , P3 }kjk izn£'kr dh xbZ gSaA
fp=k 7.6(a) ls ;g Li"V gS fd 'kq¼ LFkkukarj.k dh fLFkfr esa]
fi.M osQ fdUgha Hkh nks fcUnqvksa O ,oa P osQ osx] cjkcj gksrs gSaA
;g Hkh KkrO; gS] fd bl fLFkfr esa OP, dk fnfXoU;kl] ;kfu fd
og dks.k tks OP ,d fu;r fn'kk (ekuk fd {kSfrt) ls cukrk
gS] leku jgrk gS vFkkZr~ α 1= α 2 = α 3 A fp=k 7.6 (b) LFkkukarj.k
,oa ?[Link] osQ la;kstu ls fu£er xfr n'kkZrk gSA bl xfr esa fcUnqvksa
O ,oa P osQ {[Link] osxksa osQ eku vyx&vyx gks ldrs gSa vkSj
[Link] α 1, α 2, α 3 osQ eku Hkh fHkUu gks ldrs gSaA fp=k 7.7 nks [Link] vkSj muosQ nzO;eku osQUnz dh fLFkfr
148 HkkSfrdh

ekuk fd nks [Link] dh] fdlh ewy fcUnq O ls nwfj;k¡ leku nzO;eku okys [Link] osQ fy, m = m1 = m2 = m3,
Øe'k% x1 ,oa x2 gSaA bu [Link] osQ nzO;eku Øe'k% m1 ,oa m (x1 + x 2 + x 3 ) x1 + x 2 + x 3
X = =
m2 gSaA bu nks [Link] osQ fudk; dk nzO;eku osQUnz C ,d ,slk 3m 3
fcUnq gksxk ftldh O ls nwjh] X dk eku gks m (y1 + y 2 + y 3 ) y1 + y 2 + y 3
Y = =
m x + m2x2 3m 3
X = 1 1 (7.1)
m1 + m 2 vFkkZr~ leku nzO;eku okys [Link] osQ fy, rhu [Link] dk
lehdj.k (7.1) esa X dks ge x1 ,oa x2 dk nzO;eku nzO;eku osQUnz mudh fLFkfr fcUnqvksa dks feykus ls cus f=kHkqt
Hkkfjr ekè; eku ldrs gSaA ;fn nksuksa [Link] dk nzO;eku cjkcj osQ osQUnzd ij gksxkA
gks rks m1 = m2 = m, rc lehdj.k (7.3a,b) osQ [Link] dks] ljyrkiwoZd] ,sls
mx 1 + mx 2 x 1 + x 2 n [Link] osQ ,d fudk; osQ fy, lk£od fd;k tk ldrk gS
X = =
2m 2 tks ,d lery esa u gksdj] varfj{k esa iSQys gksaA bl rjg osQ
fudk; dk nzO;eku osQUnz (X, Y, Z) gS] tgk¡
bl izdkj leku nzO;eku osQ nks [Link] dk nzO;eku osQUnz
Bhd muosQ chpksachp gSA X =
∑mi xi (7.4a)
M
vxj gekjs ikl n d.k gksa] ftuosQ nzO;eku Øe'k% m1,
m2, ...mn gksa vkSj lcdks x- v{k osQ vuqfn'k j[kk x;k gks] Y =
∑ i yi
m
(7.4b)
M
rks ifjHkk"kk osQ vuqlkj bu lc [Link] dk nzO;eku osQUnz gksxk
vkSj Z =
∑ m i zi (7.4c)
X =
m1x 1 + m 2 x 2 + .. + m n x n
=
∑ m i xi M
m1 + m 2 + ... + m n ∑ mi ;gk¡ M = ∑ m i fudk; dk oqQy nzO;eku gSA lwpd i
(7.2) dk eku 1 ls n rd cnyrk gS] mi i osa d.k dk nzO;eku
tgk¡ x1, x2,...xn [Link] dh Øe'k% ewyfcUnq ls nwfj;k¡ gSa_ X gS] vkSj i osa d.k dh fLFkfr (xi, yi, zi) ls O;Dr dh xbZ gSA
Hkh mlh ewyfcUnq ls ekik x;k gSA laosQr ∑ (;wukuh Hkk"kk ;fn ge fLFkfr&lfn'k dh vo/[Link] dk mi;ksx djsa rks
dk v{kj flXek) ladyu dks O;Dr djrk gS tks bl ekeys lehdj.k (7.4a, b, c) dks la;ksftr djosQ ,dy lehdj.k
esa n [Link] osQ fy, fd;k x;k gSA ladyu iQy osQ :i esa fy[kk tk ldrk gSA ;fn ri , i osa d.k dk
∑ mi =M fLFkfr&osDVj gS vkSj R nzO;eku osQUnz dk fLFkfr&lfn'k gS%
fudk; dk oqQy nzO;eku gSA ri = x i ɵi + yi ɵj + zi k
ekuk gekjs ikl rhu d.k gSa tks ,d ljy js[kk esa rks ugha] ,oa R = X ɵi + Y ɵj + Z k
ij ,d lery esa j[ks x, gSaA rc ge ml ry esa ftlesa ;s
rhu d.k j[ks x, gSa x ,oa y-v{k fu/kZfjr dj ldrs gS]a vkSj rc R=
∑ m i ri (7.4d)
bu rhu [Link] dh fLFkfr;ksa dks Øe'k% funsZ'kkadksa (x1,y1), M

(x2,y2) ,oa (x3,y3) }kjk O;Dr dj ldrs gSaA eku yhft, fd lehdj.k osQ nkfguh vksj fy[kk x;k ;ksx lfn'k&;ksx gSA
bu rhu [Link] osQ nzO;eku Øe'k% m1, m2 ,oa m3 gSaA bu rhu lfn'kksa osQ bLrseky ls [Link] dh laf{kIrrk ij è;ku
[Link] osQ fudk; dk nzO;eku osQUnz C funsZ'kkadksa (X, Y) }kjk nhft,A ;fn lanHkZ&izsQe (funsZ'kkad fudk;) osQ ewy fcUnq
O;Dr fd;k tk;sxk ftuosQ eku gSa dks] fn, x, d.k&fudk; osQ nzO;eku osQUnz esa fy;k tk, rks
∑ m i ri = 0 A
m 1x 1 + m 2 x 2 + m 3 x 3 ,d n`<+ fi.M] tSls fd ehVj&NM+ ;k Ýykb Oghy] cgqr
X = (7.3a)
m1 + m 2 + m 3
ikl&ikl j[ks x, [Link] dk fudk; gS_ vr% lehdj.k
m 1y1 + m 2y2 + m 3y3 (7.4a, b, c, d) n`<+ fi.M osQ fy, Hkh ykxw gksrs gSAa bl izdkj
Y = (7.3b)
m1 + m 2 + m 3 osQ [Link] esa [Link] ([Link] ;k [Link]) dh la[;k bruh
[Link] osQ fudk; rFkk ?[Link] xfr 149

vf/d gksrh gS] fd bu [Link] esa] lHkh i`Fkd&i`Fkd vkb;s] ,d iryh NM+ ij fopkj djsa] ftldh pkSM+kbZ
[Link] dks ysdj la;qDr izHkko Kkr djuk vlaHko dk;Z gSA ij] vkSj eksVkbZ (;fn bldh vuqizLFk dkV vk;rkdkj gS) vFkok
D;ksafd [Link] osQ chp dh nwjh cgqr de gS] ge fi.M esa f=kT;k (;fn NM+ csyukdkj gS)] bldh yEckbZ dh rqyuk esa
nzO;eku dk lrr forj.k eku ldrs gSAa ;fn fi.M dks n NksVs cgqr NksVh gSA NM+ dh yEckbZ x-v{k osQ vuqfn'k j[ksa vkSj
nzO;eku [[Link] esa foHkkftr djsa ftuosQ nzO;eku ∆m1, ∆m2... ewy fcUnq blosQ T;kferh; osQUnz ij ys ysa rks ijkorZu lefefr
∆mn gSa rFkk i-ok¡ [k.M ∆mi fcUnq (xi, yi, zi) ij vofLFkr gS dh n`f"V ls ge dg ldrs gSa fd izR;sd x ij fLFkr izR;sd dm
,slk lkspsa rks nzO;eku osQUnz osQ funsZ'kkadksa osQ yxHkx eku bl ?kVd osQ leku dm dk ?kVd –x ij Hkh fLFkr gksxk (fp=k 7.8)A
izdkj O;Dr djsaxs &

X =
∑ (∆m i )x i , Y = ∑ (∆m i )yi , Z = ∑ (∆m i )zi
∑ ∆m i ∑ ∆m i ∑ ∆m i
fp=k 7.8 ,d iryh NM+ dk nzO;eku osQUnz Kkr djuk
;fn ge n dks o`gÙkj djsa vFkkZr~ ∆mi dks vkSj NksVk djsa
rks ;s lehdj.k dkiQh ;FkkFkZ eku crkus yxsaxsA ml fLFkfr esa lekdy esa gj tksMs+ dk ;ksxnku 'kwU; gS vkSj bl dkj.k Lo;a
[Link] osQ ;ksx dks ge lekdy ls O;Dr djsaxsA
∫ x dm dk eku 'kwU; gks tkrk gSA lehdj.k (7.6) crkrh gS fd
∑ ∆m i → ∫ dm = M , ftl fcUnq osQ fy, lekdy 'kwU; gks og fi.M dk nzO;eku
osQUnz gSA vr% lekax NM+ dk T;kferh; osQUnz bldk nzO;eku
∑ ( ∆mi )x i → ∫ x dm, osQUnz gSA bls ijkorZu lefefr osQ iz;ksx ls le> ldrs gSAa
∑ ( ∆m i )yi → ∫ y dm , lefefr dk ;gh roZQ] lekax oy;ksa] pdfr;ksa] xksyksa
vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd o`Ùkkdkj ;k vk;rkdkj vuqizLFk dkV okyh
vkSj ∑ (∆m i )zi → ∫ z dm eksVh NM+ksa osQ fy, Hkh ykxw gksxkA ,sls lHkh [Link] osQ fy,
;gk¡ M fi.M dk oqQy nzO;eku gSA nzO;eku osQUnz osQ vki ik;saxs fd fcUnq (x,y,z) ij fLFkr gj nzO;eku ?kVd osQ
funsZ'kkadksa dks vc ge bl izdkj fy[k ldrs gSa fy, fcUnq (-x,-y,-z) ij Hkh mlh nzO;eku dk ?kVd fy;k tk
ldrk gSA (nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks bu lHkh [Link] osQ fy, ewy
1 1 1
∫ x dm , vkSj fcUnq ijkorZu&lefefr dk fcUnq gS)A [Link]%] lehdj.k
M∫ M∫
X = Y = y dm Z = z dm
M (7.5 a) esa fn, x, lHkh lekdy 'kwU; gks tkrs gSAa bldk vFkZ
(7.5a)
;g gqvk fd mijksDr lHkh [Link] dk nzO;eku osQUnz muosQ
bu rhu vfn'k O;atdksa osQ rqY; lfn'k O;atd bl izdkj T;kferh; osQUnz ij gh iM+rk gSA
fy[k ldrs gSa&
u
1 mnkgj.k 7.1 ,d leckgq f=kHkqt osQ 'kh"kks± ij j[ks x,
M∫
R= r dm (7.5b)
rhu [Link] dk nzO;eku osQUnz Kkr dhft,A [Link] osQ
;fn ge nzO;eku osQUnz dks vius funsZ'kkad fudk; dk nzO;eku Øe'k% 100g, 150g, ,oa 200g gSaA f=kHkqt
ewy&fcUnq pqusa rks dh izR;sd Hkqtk dh yEckbZ 0.5 m gSA
R ( x , y, z ) = 0
gy
vFkkZr~, ∫ r dm = 0
;k ∫ x dm = ∫ y dm = ∫ z dm = 0 (7.6)

izk;% gesa fu;fer vkdkj osQ lekax fi.Mksa_ tSls µ oy;ksa]

xksy&pdfr;ksa] xksyksa] NM+ksa bR;kfn osQ nzO;eku osQUnzksa dh
[Link] djuh iM+rh gSA (lekax fi.M ls gekjk rkRi;Z ,d ,slh
oLrq ls gS ftlesa nzO;eku dk leku :i ls forj.k gks)A
lefefr dk fopkj djosQ ge ljyrk ls ;g n'kkZ ldrs gSa
fd bu [Link] osQ nzO;eku osQUnz muosQ T;kferh; osQUnz gh
gksrs gSaA fp=k 7.9
150 HkkSfrdh

x ,oa y- v{k fp=k 7.9 esa n'kkZ;s vuqlkj pqusa rks leckgq ekfè;dk MQ vkSj NR ij Hkh vofLFkr gksxkA vr% ;g
f=kHkqt osQ 'kh"kZ fcUnqvksa O, A ,oa B osQ funsZ'kkad Øe'k% nzO;eku osQUnz rhuksa ekfè;dkvksa dk laxkeh fcUnq xfr f=kHkqt
(0,0), (0.5,0) ,oa (0.25,0.25 3 ) gksx a As ekuk fd 100g, dk osQUnzd G gSA ⊳
150g ,oa 200g osQ nzO;eku Øe'k% O, A ,oa B ij vofLFkr u mnkgj.k 7.3: ,d fn, x, L-vko`Qfr osQ iQyd
gSaA rc (,d iryh piVh IysV) dk nzO;eku osQUnz Kkr
m1 x 1 + m 2 x 2 + m 3 x 3 dhft,] ftldk fofHkUu Hkqtkvksa dks fp=k 7-11 esa
X =
m1 + m 2 + m 3 n'kkZ;k gSA iQyd dk nzO;eku 3 kg gSA

100 ( 0 ) + 150(0.5) + 200(0.25) g m gy fp=k 7.11 osQ vuqlkj X ,oa Y v{kkas dks pqusa rks L-
=  vko`Qfr iQyd osQ fofHkUu 'kh"kks± osQ funsZ'kkad ogh izkIr gksrs
(100 + 150 + 200) g
gSa tks fp=k esa vafdr fd, x, gSAa ge L-vko`Qfr dks rhu oxks±
=
75 + 50
m=
125
m=
5
m ls feydj cuk gqvk eku ldrs gSa ftuesa ls izR;sd oxZ dh
450 450 18 Hkqtk 1m gSA izR;sd oxZ dk nzO;eku 1kg gS] D;ksafd iQyd
100(0) + 150(0) + 200(0.25 3) g m
lekax gSaA bu rhu oxks± osQ nzO;eku osQUnz C1, C2 vkSj C3 gSa]
Y =   tks lefefr osQ fopkj ls muosQ T;kferh; osQUnz gSa vkSj buosQ
450 g
funsZ'kkad Øe'k% (1/2,1/2), (3/2,1/2), (1/2,3/2) gSaA
50 3 3 1
ge dg ldrs gSa fd L-vko`Qfr dk nzO;eku osQUnz (X, Y) bu
=
450
m=
9
m=
3 3
m nzO;eku fcUnqvksa dk nzO;eku osQUnz gSaA
nzO;eku osQUnz C fp=k esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA è;ku nsa fd ;g
f=kHkqt OAB dk T;kferh; osQUnz ugha gSA D;k vki crk
ldrs gSa fd ,slk D;ksa ugh gS\ ⊳

u mnkgj.k 7.2: ,d f=kHkqtkdkj iQyd dk nzO;eku

osQUnz Kkr dhft,A

gy iQyd (∆LMN) dks vk/kj (MN) osQ lekUrj iryh

if^;ksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS tSlk fp=k 7.10 esa n'kkZ;k
x;k gSA

fp=k 7.11
vr%

X =
[1(1/ 2) + 1(3 / 2) + 1(1/ 2)] kg m 5
= m
(1 + 1 + 1) kg 6

[1(1/2) + 1(1/ 2) + 1(3 /2)]  kg m

Y = 
fp=k 7.10 5
= m
(1 + 1 + 1) kg 6
lefefr osQ vk/kj ij ge dg ldrs gSa fd gj i^h dk
nzO;eku osQUnz mldk eè; fcUnq gSA vxj ge lHkh if^;ksa osQ L-vko`Qfrdk nzO;eku osQUnz js[kk OD ij iM+rk gSA bl
eè; fcUnqvksa dks feykrs gSa rks gesa ekfè;dk LP izkIr gksrh gSA ckr dk vanktk ge fcuk fdlh [Link] osQ yxk ldrs FksA D;k
blfy,] iwjs f=kHkqt dk nzO;eku osQUnz bl ekfè;dk LP ij vki crk ldrs gSa] oSQls\ ;fn ;g ekusa fd fp=k 7-11 esa
dgha vofLFkr gksxkA blh izdkj ge roZQ dj ldrs gSa fd ;g n'kkZ;s x, L vko`Qfr iQyd osQ rhu oxks± osQ nzO;eku
[Link] osQ fudk; rFkk ?[Link] xfr 151

vyx&vyx gksrs rc vki bl iQyd dk nzO;eku osQUnz oSQls è;ku nsa fd tc ge igys d.k ij yxus okys cy
Kkr djsaxs\ ⊳ F1 dh ckr djrs gSa] rks ;g dksbZ ,dy cy ugha gS] cfYd]
bl d.k ij yxus okys lHkh cyksa dk lfn'k ;ksx gSA ;gh ckr
7.3 nzO;eku osQUnz dh xfr ge vU; [Link] osQ fo"k; eas Hkh dg ldrs gSaA izR;sd d.k ij
nzO;eku osQUnz dh ifjHkk"kk tkuus osQ ckn] vc ge bl fLFkfr yxus okys mu cyksa esa oqQN ckg~; cy gksaxs tks fudk; ls
esa gSa fd [Link] osQ ,d fudk; osQ fy, blosQ HkkSfrd egRo ckgj osQ [Link] }kjk vkjksfir gksxa s vkSj oqQN vkarfjd cy gksxa s
dh foospuk dj losaQA lehdj.k (7.4d) dks ge fiQj ls bl tks fudk; osQ vanj osQ d.k ,d nwljs ij vkjksfir djrs gSaA
izdkj fy[k ldrs gSa& U;wVu osQ r`rh; fu;e ls ge tkurs gSa fd ;s vkarfjd cy
lnSo cjkcj ifjek.k osQ vkSj foijhr fn'kk esa dke djus okys
MR = ∑ m i ri = m1r1 + m 2 r2 + ... + m n rn (7.7) tksM+ksa osQ :i esa ik, tkrs gSa vkSj blfy, lehdj.k (7.10)
lehdj.k osQ nksuksa i{kksa dks le; osQ lkis{k vodfyr esa cyksa dks tksM+us esa budk ;ksx 'kwU; gks tkrk gSA lehdj.k
djus ij& esa osQoy ckg~; cyksa dk ;ksxnku jg tkrk gSA lehdj.k
dR dr dr dr (7.10) dks fiQj bl izdkj fy[k ldrs gSa
M = m1 1 + m 2 2 + ... + m n n
dt dt dt dt MA = Fext (7.11)
tgk¡ Fext fudk; osQ [Link] ij izHkkoh lHkh ckg~; cyksa dk
;k
lfn'k ;ksx gSA
M V = m1 v1 + m 2 v 2 + ... + m n vn (7.8)
lehdj.k (7.11) crkrh gS fd [Link] osQ fdlh fudk;
tgk¡] v1 ( = dr1 /dt ) izFke d.k dk osx gS] v2 ( = dr 2 dt ) dk nzO;eku osQUnz bl izdkj xfr djrk gS ekuks fudk; dk
nwljs d.k dk osx gS] bR;kfn vkSj V = dR / dt [Link] osQ [Link] nzO;eku mlesa laosQfUnzr gks vkSj lHkh ckg~; cy mlh
ij vkjksfir gksaA
fudk; osQ nzO;eku osQUnz dk osx gSA è;ku nsa] fd geus ;g
è;ku nsa fd nzO;eku osQUnz dh xfr osQ fo"k; esa tkuus
eku fy;k gS fd m1, m2, ... vkfn osQ eku le; osQ lkFk
osQ fy,] [Link] osQ fudk; osQ vkarfjd cyksa osQ fo"k; esa dksbZ
cnyrs ugha gSaA blfy,] le; osQ lkis{k [Link] dks
tkudkjh ugha pkfg,] bl mís'; osQ fy, gesa osQoy ckg~;
vodfyr djrs le; geus muosQ lkFk vpjkadksa tSlk O;ogkj
cyksa dks gh tkuus dh vko';drk gSA
fd;k gSA
lehdj.k (7.11) O;qRiUu djus osQ fy, gesa [Link] osQ
lehdj.k (7.8) dks le; osQ lkis{k vodfyr djus
fudk; dh izo`Qfr lqfuf'pr ugha djuh iM+hA fudk; [Link]
ij&
dk ,slk laxzg Hkh gks ldrk gS ftlesa rjg&rjg dh vkarfjd
M
dV
= m1
d v1
+ m2
dv 2
+ ... + m n
dv n xfr;k¡ gksa] vkSj 'kq¼ LFkkukarj.k xfr djrk gqvk] vFkok]
dt dt dt dt LFkkukarj.k ,oa ?[Link] xfr osQ la;kstu ;qDr ,d n`<+ fi.M Hkh
;k gks ldrk gSA fudk; oSQlk Hkh gks vkSj blosQ vo;oh [Link]
MA = m1a1 + m 2 a 2 + ... + m n an (7.9) esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh xfr;k¡ gksa] bldk nzO;eku osQUnz
tgk¡ a1 ( = dv1 /dt ) izFke d.k dk Roj.k gS] a2 ( = dv2 /dt ) lehdj.k (7.11) osQ vuqlkj gh xfr djsxkA
ifjfer vkdkj osQ [Link] dks ,dy [Link] dh rjg
nwljs d.k dk Roj.k gS] bR;kfn vkSj A ( = d V / dt ) [Link] osQ O;ogkj esa ykus osQ ctk; vc ge mudks [Link] osQ fudk; dh
fudk; osQ nzO;eku osQUnz dk Roj.k gSA rjg O;ogkj esa yk ldrs gSaA ge mudh xfr dk 'kq¼
vc] U;wVu osQ f}rh; fu;ekuqlkj] igys d.k ij yxus LFkkukarjh; vo;o ;kfu fudk; osQ nzO;eku osQUnz dh xfr
okyk cy gS F1 = m 1a1 , nwljs d.k ij yxus okyk cy gS Kkr dj ldrs gSaA blosQ fy,] cl] iwjs fudk; dk oqQy
F2 = m 2 a 2 ] vkfnA rc lehdj.k (7.9) dks ge bl izdkj nzO;eku vkSj fudk; ij yxs lHkh ckg~; cyksa dks fudk; osQ
Hkh fy[k ldrs gSa& nzO;eku osQUnz ij izHkkoh ekuuk gksxkA
MA = F1 + F2 + ... + Fn (7.10) ;gh dk;Zfof/ geus [Link] ij yxs cyksa osQ fo'ys"k.k
vr% [Link] osQ fudk; osQ oqQy nzO;eku dks nzO;eku osQUnz vkSj muls tqM+h leL;k osQ gy osQ fy, viukbZ FkhA gkykafd]
osQ Roj.k ls [Link] djus ij gesa ml d.k&fudk; ij yxus okys blosQ fy, dksbZ Li"V dkj.k ugha crk;k x;k FkkA vc ge ;g
lHkh cyksa dk lfn'k ;ksx izkIr gksrk gSA le> ldrs gSa] fd iwoZ osQ vè;;uksa esa] geus fcu dgs gh
152 HkkSfrdh

;g eku fy;k Fkk fd fudk; esa ?[Link] xfr] ,oa [Link] esa ,d fudk; ij fopkj djsa ftuosQ nzO;eku Øe'k% m1,
vkarfjd xfr ;k rks Fkh gh ugha vkSj ;fn Fkh rks ux.; FkhA m2,...mn gS vkSj osx Øe'k% v1 , v2 ,. .....vn gSAa d.k] ijLij
vkxs ls gesa ;g ekuus dh vko';drk ugha jgsxhA u osQoy
vU;ksU; fØ;kjr gks ldrs gSa vkSj mu ij ckg~; cy Hkh yxs
gesa viuh igys viukbZ xbZ i¼fr dk vkSfpR; le> esa vk
x;k gS] oju~] geus og fof/ Hkh Kkr dj yh gS ftlosQ }kjk gks ldrs gSaA igys d.k dk js[kh; laosx m1v1 , nwljs d.k
(i) ,sls n`<+ fi.M dh ftlesa ?[Link] xfr Hkh gks] (ii) ,d ,sls dk js[kh; laosx m 2 v2 vkSj blh izdkj vU; [Link] osQ js[kh;
fudk; dh ftlosQ [Link] esa rjg&rjg dh vkarfjd xfr;k¡ gksa] laosx Hkh gSaA
LFkkukarj.k xfr dks vyx djosQ le>k le>k;k tk ldrk gSA n [Link] osQ bl fudk; dk oqQy js[kh; laox s ] ,dy [Link]
osQ js[kh; laosxksa osQ lfn'k ;ksx osQ cjkcj gSA
P = P1 + P2 + ... + Pn
= m1 v1 + m 2 v 2 + ... + m n vn (7.14)
bl lehdj.k dh lehdj.k (7.8) ls rqyuk djus ij]
P = MV (7.15)
vr% [Link] osQ ,d fudk; dk oqQy js[kh; laosx] fudk;
osQ oqQy nzO;eku rFkk blosQ nzO;eku osQUnz osQ osx osQ
[Link] osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA lehdj.k (7.15) dk le; osQ
fp=k 7.12 fdlh iz{ksI; osQ [[Link] dk nzO;eku osQUnz foLiQksV
lkis{k vodyu djus ij]
osQ ckn Hkh mlh ijoy;kdkj iFk ij pyrk gqvk dP dV
=M = MA (7.16)
ik;k tk;sxk ftl ij ;g foLiQksV u gksus ij dt dt
pyrkA lehdj.k (7.16) ,oa lehdj.k (7.11) dh rqyuk djus
ij
fp=k 7.12 lehdj.k (7.11) dks Li"V djus okyk ,d
vPNk mnkgj.k gSA vius fu/kZfjr ijoy;kdkj iFk ij pyrk dP
= Fext (7.17)
dt
gqvk ,d iz{ksI; gok esa iQV dj VqdM+ksa esa fc[kj tkrk gSA
foLiQksV dkjd cy vkarfjd cy gS blfy, mudk nzO;eku ;g U;wVu osQ f}rh; fu;e dk dFku gS tks [Link] osQ
osQUnz dh xfr ij dksbZ izHkko ugha gksrkA iz{ksI; vkSj mlosQ fudk; osQ fy, ykxw fd;k x;k gSA
[[Link] ij yxus okyk oqQy ckg~; cy foLiQksV osQ ckn Hkh ;fn [Link] osQ fdlh fudk; ij yxs ckg~; cyksa dk ;ksx
ogh gS tks foLiQksV ls igys Fkk] ;kfu i`Foh dk xq#Rokd"kZ.k 'kwU; gks] rks lehdj.k (7.17) osQ vk/kj ij]
cyA vr%] ckg~; cy osQ varxZr iz{ksI; osQ nzO;eku osQUnz dk dP
=0 ;k P = vpjkad (7.18a)
dt
ijoy;kdkj iFk foLiQksV osQ ckn Hkh ogh cuk jgrk tks
foLiQksV u gksus dh fLFkfr esa gksrkA vr% tc [Link] osQ fdlh fudk; ij yxs ckg~; cyksa dk
;ksx 'kwU; gksrk gS rks ml fudk; dk oqQy js[kh; laosx vpj
7.4 [Link] osQ fudk; dk js[kh; laosx jgrk gSA ;g [Link] osQ ,d fudk; osQ fy, ykxw gksus okyk
vkidks ;kn gksxk fd js[kh; laosx dh ifjHkk"kk djus okyk js[kh; laosx osQ laj{k.k dk fu;e gSA lehdj.k (7.15) osQ
O;atd gS dkj.k] bldk vFkZ ;g Hkh gksrk gS fd tc fudk; ij yxus
p = mv (7.12) okyk oqQy ckg~; cy 'kwU; gksrk gS rks blosQ nzO;eku osQUnz dk
vkSj] ,dy d.k osQ fy, U;wVu osQ f}rh; fu;e dks ge osx ifjo£rr ugha gksrkA (bl vè;k; esa [Link] osQ fudk; dk
lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk esa fy[k ldrs gSa vè;;u djrs le; ge ges'kk ;g eku dj pysxa s fd fudk;
dp dk oqQy nzO;eku vpj jgrk gSA)
F= (7.13)
dt è;ku nsa] fd vkarfjd cyksa osQ dkj.k] ;kfu mu cyksa osQ
tgk¡ F d.k ij vkjksfir cy gSA vkb;s] vc ge n [Link] osQ dkj.k tks d.k ,d nwljs ij vkjksfir djrs gSa] fdlh fof'k"V
[Link] osQ fudk; rFkk ?[Link] xfr 153

d.k dk xeu&iFk dkiQh tfVy gks ldrk gSA fiQj Hkh] ;fn
fudk; ij yxus okyk oqQy ckg~; cy 'kwU; gks rks nzO;eku
osQUnz vpj&osx ls gh pyrk gS] vFkkZr~] eqDr d.k dh rjg
lexfr ls ljy js[kh; iFk ij pyrk gSA
lfn'k lehdj.k (7.18a) ftu vfn'k [Link] osQ
rqY; gS] os gSa&
(a) (b)
Px = C1, Py = C2 rFkk Pz = C3 (7.18 b)
fp=k 7.14 (a) ck;ujh fudk; cukrs nks u{k=kksa S1 ,oa S2 osQ xeu
;gk¡ Px, Py, Pz oqQy js[kh; laosx lfn'k P osQ] Øe'k% iFk] tks Øe'k% fcUnq js[kk ,oa lrr js[kk }kjk
x, y ,oa z fn'kk esa vo;o gSa vkSj C1, C2, C3 vpjkad gSaA n'kkZ;s x, gSaA budk nzO;eku osQUnz C lexfr
esa gSA
(b) mlh ck;ujh fudk; dh xfr tc nzO;eku osQUnz C
fLFkj gSA

[Link] oQh fudk; lac/ a h cgqr lh leL;kvksa esa tSlk Åij

crkbZ xbZ jsfM;ks,fDVo {k; laca/h leL;k esa n'kkZ;k gS]
iz;ksx'kkyk osQ lanHkZ&izsQe dh vis{kk] nzO;eku&osQUnz osQ izsQe
esa dk;Z djuk vklku gksrk gSA
(a) (b)
fp=k 7.13 (a) ,d Hkkjh ukfHkd (Ra) ,d vis{kko`Qr gyosQ ukfHkd [kxksfydh esa ;qfXer (ck;ujh) u{k=kksa dk ik;k tkuk ,d
(Rn) ,oa ,d vYiQk&d.k (He) esa fo[kafMr gksrk vke ckr gSA ;fn dksbZ ckg~; cy u yxk gks rks fdlh ;qfXer
gSA fudk; dk nzO;eku osQUnz lexfr esa gSA u{k=k dk nzO;eku osQUnz ,d eqDr&d.k dh rjg pyrk gS
(b) nzO;eku osQUnz dh fLFkj voLFkk esa mlh Hkkjh d.k tSlk fp=k 7.14 (a) esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA fp=k esa leku nzO;eku
(Ra) dk fo[kaMuA nksuksa mRiUu gq, d.k ,d nwljs okys nksuksa u{k=kksa osQ xeu iFk Hkh n'kkZ;s x, gSa_ os dkiQh
dh foijhr fn'kk esa xfreku gksrs gSaA tfVy fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA ;fn ge nzO;eku osQUnz osQ izsQe ls ns[ksa
,d mnkgj.k osQ :i esa] vkb;s] jsfM;e osQ ukfHkd tSls rks ge ikrs gSa fd ;s nksuksa u{k=k nzO;eku osQUnz osQ ifjr% ,d
fdlh xfreku vLFkk;h ukfHkd osQ jsfM;ks,fDVo {k; ij o`Ùkkdkj iFk ij xfreku gSa tcfd nzO;eku osQUnz fLFkj gSA
fopkj djsaA jsfM;e dk ukfHkd ,d jsMu osQ ukfHkd vkSj ,d è;ku nsa] fd nksuksa u{k=kksa dks o`Ùkkdkj iFk osQ O;kl osQ foijhr
vYiQk d.k esa fo[kafMr gksrk gSA {k;&dkjd cy fudk; osQ fljksa ij cus jguk gS (fp=k 7.14(b))A bl izdkj bu u{k=kksa dk
vkarfjd cy gSa vkSj ml ij izHkkoh ckg~; cy ux.; gSAa vr% xeu iFk nks xfr;ksa osQ la;kstu ls fu£er gksrk gS (i) nzO;eku
fudk; dk oqQy js[kh; laosx] {k; ls igys vkSj {k; osQ ckn osQUnz dh ljy js[kk esa lekax xfr (ii) nzO;eku osQUnz osQ
leku jgrk gSA fo[kaMu esa mRiUu gq, nksuksa d.k] jsMu dk ifjr% u{k=kksa dh o`Ùkkdkj d{kk,¡A
ukfHkd ,oa vYiQk&d.k] fofHkUu fn'kkvksa esa bl izdkj pyrs mijksDr nks [Link] ls n`"VO; gS] fd fudk; osQ ,dy
gSa fd muosQ nzO;eku osQUnz dk xeu&iFk ogh cuk jgrk gS [Link] dh xfr dks nzO;eku osQUnz dh xfr vkSj nzO;eku osQUnz
ftl ij {kf;r gksus ls igys ewy jsfM;e ukfHkd xfreku Fkk osQ ifjr% xfr esa vyx djosQ ns[kuk ,d vR;ar mi;ksxh
(fp=k 7.13(a))A rduhd gS ftlls fudk; dh xfr dks le>us esa lgk;rk
;fn ge ,d ,sls lanHkZ izQs e ls bl {k; izfØ;k dks ns[ksa feyrh gSA
ftlesa nzO;eku osQUnz fLFkj gks] rks blesa 'kkfey [Link] dh xfr
fo'ks"kdj ljy fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS_ mRiUu gq, nksuksa d.k ,d nwljs 7.5 nks lfn'kksa dk lfn'k [Link]
dh foijhr fn'kk esa bl izdkj xfreku gksrs gSa fd mudk nzO;eku ge lfn'kksa ,oa HkkSfrdh esa muosQ mi;ksx osQ fo"k; esa igys
osQUnz fLFkj jgs] tSlk fp=k 7.13 (b) esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ls gh tkurs gSaA vè;k; 6 (dk;Z] ÅtkZ] 'kfDr) esa geus nks
154 HkkSfrdh

lfn'kksa osQ vfn'k [Link] dh ifjHkk"kk dh FkhA ,d [Link] nkfgus gkFk osQ fu;e dks ljy :i esa bl izdkj O;Dr
HkkSfrd jkf'k] dk;Z] nks lfn'k jkf'k;ksa] cy ,oa foLFkkiu osQ dj ldrs gSa % vius nkfgus gkFk dh gFksyh dks a ls b dh
vfn'k [Link] }kjk ifjHkkf"kr dh tkrh gSA vksj laosQr djrs gq, [kksyksA vkiosQ iSQys gq, vaxwBs dk fljk
c dh fn'kk crk;sxkA
vc ge nks lfn'kksa dk ,d vU; izdkj dk [Link]
ifjHkkf"kr djsaxsA ;g lfn'k [Link] gSA ?[Link] xfr ls lacaf/r nks ;g ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd a vkSj b osQ chp nks dks.k curs
[Link] jkf'k;k¡] cy vk?[Link] ,oa [Link]; laosx] lfn'k [Link] gSaA fp=k 7.15 (a) ,oa (b) esa buesa ls dks.k θ n'kkZ;k x;k gS]
osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr dh tkrh gSaA Li"Vr% nwljk (3600– θ) gSA mijksDr fu;eksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh
fu;e yxkrs le; a ,oa b osQ chp dk NksVk dks.k (<1800)
lfn'k [Link] dh ifjHkk"kk ysdj fu;e yxkuk pkfg,A ;gk¡ ;g θ gSA
nks lfn'kksa a ,oa b dk lfn'k [Link] ,d ,slk lfn'k c gS D;ksafd lfn'k [Link] esa] [Link] O;Dr djus osQ fy, ØkWl
i) ftldk ifjek.k c = ab sin θ gS] tgk¡ a ,oa b Øe'k% (×) fpÉ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS blfy, bl [Link] dks ØkWl
a ,oa b osQ ifjek.k gSa vkSj θ nks lfn'kksa osQ chp dk [Link] Hkh dgrs gSaA
dks.k gSA • è;ku nsa fd nks lfn'kksa dk vfn'k [Link] Øefofu;e
ii) c ml ry osQ vfHkyEcor~ gS ftlesa a ,oa b vofLFkr gSAa fu;e dk ikyu djrk gS tSlk igys crk;k x;k gS a.b
iii) ;fn ge ,d nf{[Link]ÙkZ isp a ysa vkSj bldks bl izdkj j[ksa = b.a

fd bldk 'kh"kZ a ,oa b osQ ry esa gks vkSj yEckbZ bl ijUrq] lfn'k [Link] Øefofue; fu;e dk ikyu ugha
ry osQ vfHkyEcor~ gks vkSj fiQj 'kh"kZ dks a ls b dh djrk] vFkkZr~ a × b ≠ b × a
a × b ,oa b × a osQ ifjek.k leku ( ab sin θ ) gSa ; vkSj
vksj ?kqek;sa] rks isap dh ukasd c dh fn'kk esa vkxs c<+sxkA
nf{[Link] isap dk fu;e fp=k 7.15a esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ;s nksuksa gh ml ry osQ vfHkyEcor~ gSa ftlesa a ,oa b
fo|eku gSA ysfdu] a × b osQ fy, nf{[Link] isap dks a ls
;fn vki lfn'kksa a ,oa b osQ ry osQ vfHkyEcor~ js[kk b dh vksj ?kqekuk gksrk gS tcfd b × a osQ fy, b ls a dh
osQ ifjr% vius nkfgus gkFk dh maxfy;ksa dks bl izdkj eksM+sa vksjA [Link]% ;s nks lfn'k foijhr fn'kk esa gksrs gSa
fd muosQ fljs a ls b dh vksj bafxr djsa] rc bl gkFk dk
a × b = −b × a
iSQyk gqvk vaxwBk c dh fn'kk crk;sxk tSlk fp=k 7.15b esa • lfn'k [Link] dk nwljk jkspd xq.k gS bldk ijkorZu&xr
n'kkZ;k x;k gSA O;ogkjA ijkorZu osQ varxZr (;kfu niZ.k esa izfrfcEc
ysus ij) gesa x → − x , y → −y vkSj z → –z feyrs
gSaA [Link]:i lHkh lfn'kksa osQ vo;oksa osQ fpÉ cny
tkrs gSa vkSj bl izdkj a → – a , b → –b A ns[ksa fd
ijkorZu esa a × b dk D;k gksrk gS\
a × b → ( −a ) × ( − b) = a × b
vr% ijkorZu ls a × b dk fpÉ ugha cnyrkA
• vfn'k ,oa lfn'k nksuksa gh [Link] lfn'k&;ksx ij forj.k'khy
gksrs gSaA vr%
a.( b + c) = a.b + a.c
a × ( b + c) = a × b + a × c
• ge c = a × b dks vo;oksa osQ :i esa Hkh fy[k ldrs
(a) (b)
fp=k 7.15(a) nks lfn'kksa osQ lfn'k [Link] dh fn'kk fu/kZfjr gSaA blosQ fy, gesa oqQN lfn'k [Link] dh tkudkjh
djus osQ fy, nf{[Link] isap dk fu;e vko';d gksxh %
(b) lfn'k [Link] dh fn'kk crkus osQ fy, nkfgus (i) a × a = 0 (0 ,d 'kwU; lfn'k gS] ;kfu 'kwU; ifjek.k
gkFk dk fu;e okyk lfn'k )
[Link] osQ fudk; rFkk ?[Link] xfr 155

Li"Vr% ,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd a × a dk ifjek.k gy

a 2
sin 0° = 0 A a.b = (3ˆi − 4ˆj + 5k
ˆ ) i ( −2ˆi + ˆj − 3k
ˆ)
blls ge bl [Link] ij igq¡prs gSa fd = −6 − 4 − 15
ˆi × ˆi = 0, ˆj × ˆj = 0, k
ˆ ×k
ˆ =0 = −25

(ii) ˆi × ˆj = k
ˆ
ˆi ˆj ˆ
k
è;ku nsa] fd ˆi × ˆj dk ifjek.k sin 90 0
;k 1 gS] pwafd a×b= 3 −4 5 = 7ˆi − ˆj − 5 k
ˆ

vkSj ĵ nksuksa dk ifjek.k 1 gS vkSj muosQ chp 900 dk dks.k −2 1 −3

î
gSA vr% ˆi × ˆj ,d ,dkad lfn'k gSA î vkSj ĵ osQ ry osQ è;ku nsa fd] b × a = −7ˆi + ˆj + 5k
ˆ ⊳
vfHkyEcor~ nf{[Link] isap osQ fu;ekuqlkj Kkr djsa rks buls
lacaf/r ;g ,dkad lfn'k k̂ gSA blh izdkj vki ;g Hkh iq"V 7.6 [Link]; osx vkSj bldk js[kh; osx ls laca/
dj ldrs gSa fd bl vuqHkkx esa ge vè;;u djsxa s fd [Link]; osx D;k gS] vkSj
?[Link] xfr esa bldh D;k Hkwfedk gS\ ge ;g le> pqoQs gSa fd
ˆj × k
ˆ = ˆi vkjS ˆ × ˆi = ˆj
k
?[Link] xfr esa fi.M dk izR;sd d.k ,d o`Ùkkdkj iFk ij pyrk
lfn'k [Link] osQ Øe fofues;rk xq.k osQ vk/kj ij ge gSA fdlh d.k dk js[kh; osx mlosQ [Link]; osx ls lacaf/r
dg ldrs gSa&
ˆj × ˆi = − k
ˆ, k
ˆ × ˆj = −ˆi, ˆi × k
ˆ = − ˆj

è;ku nsa fd mijksDr lfn'k [Link] O;atdksa esa ;fn

ˆ pØh; Øe esa vkrs gSa rks lfn'k [Link] /ukRed gS vkSj
ˆi, ˆj, k
;fn pØh; Øe esa ugha vkrs gSa rks lfn'k [Link] ½.kkRed gSA
vc]
a × b = (a x ˆi + a y ˆj + a z k
ˆ ) × (b ˆi + b ˆj + b k
x y
ˆ
z )

ˆ − a b ˆj − a b k
= a x by k ˆ + a b ˆi + a b ˆj − a b ˆi
x z y x y z z x z y

= (a yb z − a z b x )ˆi + (a z b x − a x b z )ˆj + (a x by − a yb x )k
ˆ

mijksDr O;atd izkIr djus esa geus ljy lfn'k [Link]

dk mi;ksx fd;k gSA a × b dks O;Dr djus okys O;atd dks
ge ,d fMVjfeusaV ([Link]) osQ :i esa fy[k ldrs gSa tks
;kn j[kus esa vklku gSA
ˆi ˆj ˆ
k
fp=k 7.16 ,d fLFkj v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link] fLFkj (z-) v{k
osQ ifjr% ?kwers n`<+ fi.M osQ fdlh d.k P dk
a × b = ax ay az
o`Ùkkdkj iFk ij pyukA o`Ùk dk osQUnz (C), v{k
bx by bz
ij vofLFkr gSA
u mnkgj.k 7.4: nks lfn'kksa a = (3ˆi – 4ĵ + 5k̂ ) ,oa gksrk gSA bu nks jkf'k;ksa osQ chp dk laca/ ,d lfn'k [Link] ls
b = (– 2ˆi + ĵ – 3k̂ ) osQ vfn'k ,oa lfn'k [Link] O;Dr gksrk gSA lfn'k [Link] osQ fo"k; esa vkius fiNys vuqHkkx
Kkr dhft,A esa i<+k gSA
156 HkkSfrdh

vkb;s fp=k 7.4 iqu% nsa[ksA tSlk Åij crk;k x;k gS] ifjr% ?kwers n`<+ fi.M dh ?[Link] xfr dk ;g vfHky{k.k] nwljs
fdlh n`<+ fi.M dh ,d fLFkj v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link] xfr esa] 'kCnksa esa (tSlk vuqHkkx 7-1 esa crk;k x;k gS) fi.M dk gj
fi.M dk izR;sd d.k ,d o`Ùk esa xfr djrk gSA ;s o`Ùk v{k d.k ,d o`Ùk esa xfr djrk gS vkSj ;g o`Ùk v{k osQ
osQ yEcor~ lery esa gksrs gSa ftuosQ osQUnz v{k osQ Åij vfHkyEcor~ ry esa fLFkr gksrk gS ftldk osQUnz v{k ij gksrk gSA
vofLFkr gksrs gSaA fp=k 7.16 esa geus fp=k 7.4 dks fiQj ls gekjs vHkh rd osQ foospu ls ,slk yxrk gS fd [Link];
cuk;k gS vkSj blesa fLFkj (z-) v{k osQ ifjr% ?kwers] n`<+ fi.M osx ,d vfn'k jkf'k gSA ¯drq rF; ;g gS] fd ;g ,d lfn'k
osQ] ,d fof'k"V d.k dks fcUnq P ij n'kkZ;k gSA ;g d.k jkf'k gSA ge bl rF; osQ leFkZu ;k iqf"V osQ fy, dksbZ roZQ
,d o`Ùk cukrk gS ftldk osQUnz C, v{k ij fLFkr gSA o`Ùk dh ugha nsaxs] cl ;g eku dj pysaxsA ,d fLFkj v{k osQ ifjr%
f=kT;k r gS] tks fcUnq P dh v{k ls yEcor~ nwjh gSA fp=k esa ?[Link] esa] [Link]; osx lfn'k] ?[Link] v{k osQ vuqfn'k gksrk gS]
geus P fcUnq ij d.k dk js[kh; osx lfn'k v Hkh n'kkZ;k gSA vkSj ml fn'kk esa laosQr djrk gS ftlesa ,d nf{[Link] isap
bldh fn'kk o`Ùk osQ P fcUnq ij [khaph xbZ Li'kZ js[kk osQ vkxs c<+sxk tc mlosQ 'kh"kZ dks fi.M osQ ?[Link] dh fn'kk esa
vuqfn'k gSA ?kqek;k tk,xkA nsf[k, fp=k 7.17(a)A bl lfn'k dk ifjek.k]
, tSlk Åij crk;k x;k gSA
ekuk fd ∆t le; varjky osQ ckn d.k dh fLFkfr P' gS
(fp=k 7-16)A dks.k PC Ρ′ , ∆t le; esa d.k osQ [Link];
foLFkkiu ∆θ dk eki gSA ∆t le; esa d.k dk vkSlr [Link];
osx ∆θ/∆t gSA tSls&tSls ∆t dk eku ?kVkrs gq, 'kwU;ksUeq[k
djrs gSa] vuqikr ∆θ/∆t dk eku ,d lhekar eku izkIr djrk
gS tks P fcUnq ij d.k dk rkR{[Link] [Link]; osx dθ/dt gSA
rkR{[Link] [Link]; osx dks ge ω ls O;Dr djrs gSAa o`Ùkh; xfr
osQ vè;;u ls ge tkurs gSa fd js[kh; osx lfn'k dk ifjek.k
v ,oa [Link]; osx ω osQ chp laca/ ,d ljy lehdj.k fp=k 7.17(a) ;fn nf{[Link]ÙkZ isap osQ 'kh"kZ dks fi.M osQ ?[Link]
υ = ω r }kjk izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS] tgk¡ r o`Ùk dh dh fn'kk esa ?kqek;k tk, rks isap [Link]; osx ω dh
f=kT;k gSA fn'kk esa vkxs c<+xs kA ;fn fi.M osQ ?[Link] dh fn'kk
(okekorZ ;k nf{[Link]) cnysxh rks ω dh fn'kk
geus ns[kk fd fdlh fn, x, {k.k ij lehdj.k Hkh cny tk,xhA
υ = ω r n`<+ fi.M osQ lHkh [Link] ij ykxw gksrh gSA vr% fLFkj
v{k ls ri nwjh ij fLFkr fdlh d.k dk] fdlh {k.k ij]
js[kh; osx vi gksxk
υi = ω ri (7.19)
;gk¡ Hkh lwpdkad i dk eku 1 ls n rd cnyrk gS] tgk¡
n fi.M osQ oqQy [Link] dh la[;k gSA
v{k ij fLFkr [Link] osQ fy, r = 0 , vkSj blfy,
υ = ω r = 0A vr% v{k ij fLFkr d.k js[kh; xfr ugha
djrsA blls ;g iq"V gksrk gS fd v{k fLFkj gSA
è;ku nsa fd geus lHkh [Link] dk leku [Link]; osx
fy;k gSA blfy, ge ω dks iwjs fi.M dk [Link]; osx dg
ldrs gSaA
fdlh fi.M dh 'kq¼ LFkkukarj.k xfr dk vfHky{k.k
fp=k 7.17 (b) [Link]; osx lfn'k ω dh fn'kk fLFkj ?[Link]
geus ;g crk;k fd blosQ lHkh d.k] fdlh fn, x, {k.k ij v{k osQ vuqfn'k gSA P fcUnq ij fLFkr d.k dk
leku osx ls pyrs gSAa blh izdkj] 'kq¼ ?[Link] xfr osQ fy, ge js[kh; osx v = ω × r gSA ;g ω ,oa r nksuksa
dg ldrs gSa fd fdlh fn, x, {k.k ij fi.M osQ lHkh d.k osQ yEcor~ gS vkSj d.k ftl o`Ùk ij pyrk
gS mlosQ Åij [khaph xbZ Li'kZ js[kk osQ
leku [Link]; osx ls ?kwers gSaA è;ku nsa fd fLFkj v{k osQ vuqfn'k gSA
[Link] osQ fudk; rFkk ?[Link] xfr 157

vkb;s] vc ge lfn'k [Link] ω × r dks Bhd ls pj jkf'k;ksa ;Fkk js[kh; foLFkkiu (∆r) vkSj js[kh; osx (v) osQ
le>sa vkSj tkusa fd ;g D;k O;Dr djrk gSA fp=k 7.17(b) ln`'k gh ?[Link] xfr esa [Link]; foLFkkiu (θθ) ,oa [Link]; osx
dks ns[kas] tks oSls rks fp=k 7.16 dk gh Hkkx gS ij] ;gk¡ bls (ω) dh vo/[Link],a gSaA rc ;g LokHkkfod gh gS fd tSls
d.k P dk iFk n'kkZus osQ fy, nksckjk cuk;k x;k gSA fp=k esa] geus LFkkukarjh; xfr esa js[kh; Roj.k dks osx ifjorZu dh nj
fLFkj (z-) v{k osQ vuqfn'k lfn'k ω vkSj ewy fcUnq O osQ osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k Fkk oSls gh ?[Link] xfr esa [Link];
lkis{k n`<+ fi.M osQ fcUnq P dk fLFkfr&lfn'k r = OP n'kkZ;k Roj.k dks Hkh ifjHkkf"kr djsaA vr% [Link]; Roj.k α dh
x;k gSA è;ku nsa fd ewy fcUnq dks ?[Link] v{k osQ Åij gh j[kk ifjHkk"kk] le; osQ lkis{k [Link]; osx ifjorZu dh nj osQ :i
x;k gSA esa dj ldrs gSaA ;kfu]
vc ω × r = ω × OP = ω × (OC+OP) a=
dw
(7.21)
ysfdu ω × OC = 0 D;ksafd ω OC osQ vuqfn'k gSA dt

vr% ω × r = ω × CP ;fn ?[Link] v{k fLFkj gS rks ω dh fn'kk vkSj blfy, α dh

fn'kk Hkh fLFkj gksxhA bl fLFkfr esa rc lfn'k lehdj.k
lfn'k ω × CP, ω osQ yEcor~ gS] ;kfu z-v{k ij Hkh
vfn'k lehdj.k esa cny tkrh gS vkSj ge fy[k ldrs gSa&
rFkk d.k P }kjk cuk;s x, o`Ùk dh f=kT;k CP ij HkhA vr%
dω
;g o`Ùk osQ P fcUnq ij [khaph xbZ Li'kZ js[kk osQ vuqfn'k gSA α= (7.22)
dt
ω × CP dk ifjek.k ω (CP) gS] D;ksafd ω ,oa CP ,d nwljs
osQ yEcor~ gSaA gesa CP dks r⊥ ls izn£'kr djuk pkfg, rkfd 7.7 cy vk?[Link] ,oa [Link]; laosx
blosQ vkSj OP = r osQ ifjek.k esa laHkze dh fLFkfr ls cpk bl vuqHkkx esa] ge vkidks ,slh nks jkf'k;ksa ls voxr djk;saxs
tk losQA ftudks nks lfn'kksa osQ lfn'k [Link] osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
vr% ω × r ,d ,slk lfn'k gS ftldk ifjek.k ω r⊥ gS tkrk gSA ;s jkf'k;k¡] tSlk ge ns[ksaxs] [Link] osQ fudk;ksa]
vkSj ftldh fn'kk d.k P }kjk cuk;s x, o`Ùk ij [khaph xbZ fo'ks"kdj n`<+ [Link] dh xfr dk foospu djus esa cgqr
Li'kZ js[kk osQ vuqfn'k gSA ;gh fcUnq P ij js[kh; osx lfn'k [Link] Hkwfedk vnk djrh gaSA
dk ifjek.k vkSj fn'kk gSA vr% 7.7.1 ,d d.k ij vkjksfir cy dk vk?[Link]
v=ω×r (7.20)
geus lhs[kk gS] fd fdlh n`<+ fi.M dh xfr] O;kid :i esa]
okLro esa] lehdj.k (7.20) mu n`<+ [Link] dh ?[Link]
?[Link] ,oa LFkkukarj.k dk la;kstu gksrh gSA ;fn fi.M fdlh
xfr ij Hkh ykxw gksrh gS tks ,d fcUnq osQ ifjr% ?kwers gSa] tSls
fcUnq ;k fdlh js[kk osQ vuqfn'k fLFkj gS rks blesa osQoy ?[Link]
yV~Vw dk ?kweuk (fp=k 7.6(a))A bl rjg osQ ekeyksa esa]
xfr gksrh gSA ge tkurs gSa fd fdlh oLrq dh LFkkukarjh;
r d.k dk fLFkfr lfn'k izn£'kr djrk gS tks fLFkj fcUnq dks
xR;koLFkk esa ifjorZu ykus osQ fy, (;kfu blesa js[kh; Roj.k
ewy fcUnq ysdj ekik x;k gksA iSnk djus osQ fy,) cy dh vko';drk gksrh gSA rc
è;ku nsa] fd tc dksbZ oLrq ,d fLFkj v{k osQ ifjr% LokHkkfod iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd ?[Link] xfr esa cy osQ rqY;
?[Link] djrh gS rks le; osQ lkFk lfn'k ω dh fn'kk ugha :i dkSu lh jkf'k gS\ ,d lexz fLFkfr }kjk bl iz'u dk mÙkj
cnyrhA gk¡] bldk ifjek.k {k.k&{k.k ij cnyrk jgrk gSA ryk'kus osQ fy, vkb;s fdlh }kj dks [kksyus ;k can djus dk
vf/d O;kid ?[Link] osQ ekeyksa esa ω osQ ifjek.k vkSj fn'kk mnkgj.k ysaA }kj ,d n`<+ fi.M gS tks dCt+ksa ls gksdj xqtjus
nksuksa le; osQ lkFk cnyrs jg ldrs gSaA okyh ÅèokZ/j v{k osQ ifjr% ?kwe ldrk gSA }kj dks dkSu
?kqekrk gS\ ;g rks Li"V gh gS fd tc rd njokts ij cy ugha
7.6.1 [Link]; Roj.k
yxk;k tk;sxk ;g ugha ?kwe ldrkA fdUrq] fdlh Hkh cy }kjk
vkius è;ku fn;k gksxk fd ge ?[Link] xfr laca/h vè;;u dks ;g dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gks] ,slk ugha gSA dCtksa ls xqtjus
Hkh mlh rjg vkxs c<+k jgs gSa ftl rjg geus vius LFkkukarj.k okyh ÅèokZ/j js[kk ij yxus okyk cy] }kj esa dksbZ Hkh ?[Link]
xfr laca/h vè;;u dks vkxs c<+k;k Fkk vkSj ftlosQ ckjs esa xfr mRiUu ugha dj ldrk ¯drq fdlh fn, x, ifjek.k dk
vc ge Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ifjfpr gSaA LFkkukarj.k xfr dh xfrt cy tc }kj osQ ckgjh fdukjs ij yEcor~ yxk;k tk, rks ;g
158 HkkSfrdh

}kj dks ?kqekus esa lcls vf/d izHkkoh gksrk gSA ?[Link] xfr esa τ = rF sin θ (7.24a)
cy dk ifjek.k gh ugha] cfYd] ;g dgk¡ vkSj oSQls yxk;k tgk¡ r fLFkfr lfn'k r dk ifjek.k ;kfu OP dh yackbZ gS]
tkrk gS ;g Hkh [Link] gksrk gSA F, cy F dk ifjek.k gS rFkk θ, r ,oa F osQ chp dk y?kq
?[Link] xfr essa cy osQ lerqY; jkf'k cy vk?[Link] gSA bldks dks.k gS] tSlk fp=k esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
,saBu (VkWoZQ) vFkok cy ;qXe Hkh dgk tkrk gSA (ge cy cy vk?[Link] dk foeh; lw=k M L2 T -2 gS A bldh foek;sa
vk?[Link] vkSj VkWoZQ 'kCnksa dk bLrseky ,dkFkhZ ekudj djsaxsA ogh gSa tks dk;Z vkSj ÅtkZ dhA rFkkfi] ;g dk;Z ls fcyoqQy
igys ge ,dy d.k osQ fof'k"V ekeys esa cy vk?[Link] dh vyx HkkSfrd jkf'k gSA cy vk?[Link] ,d lfn'k jkf'k gS] tcfd]
ifjHkk"kk nsaxsA ckn esa bl vo/[Link] dks vkxs c<+kdj [Link] osQ dk;Z ,d vfn'k jkf'k gSA cy vk?[Link] dk S.I ek=kd U;wVu
fudk; vkSj n`<+ [Link] osQ fy, ykxw djsaxsA ge] ?[Link] xfr esa ehVj (Nm) gSA fp=k ls Li"V gS fd cy vk?[Link] osQ ifjek.k
blosQ dkj.k gksus okys ifjorZu ;kfu n`<+ fi.M osQ [Link]; dks ge fy[k ldrs gSa&
Roj.k ls bldk laca/ Hkh tkusaxsA τ = (r sin θ )F = r⊥ F (7.24b)
;k τ = rF sin θ = rF⊥ (7.24c)
tgk¡ r⊥ = r sinθ cy dh fØ;k&js[kk dh ewy fcUnq ls
yEcor~ nwjh gS vkSj F⊥ (= F sin θ ) , r osQ yEcor~ fn'kk esa
F dk vo;o gSA è;ku nsa fd tc r = 0 ;k F = 0 ;k θ = 00
vFkok 1800 rc τ = 0 A vr% ;fn cy dk ifjek.k 'kwU; gks
;k cy ewy fcUnq ij izHkkoh gks ;k cy dh fØ;k js[kk ewy
fcUnq ls xqtjrh gks rks cy vk?[Link] 'kwU; gks tkrk gSA
vkidk è;ku bl ckr dh vksj tkuk pkfg, fd r × F
lfn'k [Link] gksus osQ dkj.k nks lfn'kksa osQ lfn'k [Link] osQ
lHkh xq.k bl ij Hkh ykxw gksrs gSaA vr% ;fn cy dh fn'kk
myV nh tk;sxh rks cy vk?[Link] dh fn'kk Hkh myVh gks tk;sxhA
ijUrq ;fn r vkSj F nksuksa dh fn'kk myV nh tk, rks cy
vk?[Link] dh fn'kk esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksxkA
7.7.2 fdlh d.k dk [Link]; laosx
tSls cy vk?[Link]] cy dk ?[Link] lerqY; gS] Bhd oSls gh
[Link]; laosx] js[kh; laosx dk ?[Link] lerqY; gSA igys ge
,dy d.k osQ fof'k"V ekeys esa [Link]; laosx dks ifjHkkf"kr
fp=k 7.18 τ = r × F , τ ml ry osQ yEcor~ gS ftlesa r ,oa djaasxs vkSj ,dy d.k dh xfr osQ lanHkZ esa bldh mi;ksfxrk
F gSa] vkSj bldh fn'kk nf{[Link] isap osQ fu;e
ns[ksaxsA rc] [Link]; laosx dh ifjHkk"kk dks n`<+ [Link] lfgr
}kjk tkuh tk ldrh gSA
[Link] osQ fudk;ksa osQ fy, ykxw djsaxsA
;fn] P fcUnq ij fLFkr fdlh d.k ij cy F yxk gks vkSj cy vk?[Link] dh rjg gh [Link]; laosx Hkh ,d lfn'k
ewy fcUnq O osQ lkis{k fcUnq P dk fLFkfr lfn'k r gks (fp=k [Link] gSA bldks ge (js[kh;) laosx dk vk?[Link] dg ldrs gSaA
7-18)] rks ewy fcUnq osQ lkis{k d.k ij yxus okys cy dk bl uke ls [Link]; laosx dh ifjHkk"kk dk vuqeku yxk;k tk
vk?[Link] fuEufyf[kr lfn'k [Link] osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr ldrk gSA
fd;k tk;sxk& m nzO;eku vkSj p js[kh; laox
s dk ,d d.k yhft,] ewy
τ=r×F (7.23) fcUnq O osQ lkis{k] ftldk fLFkfr lfn'k r gksA rc ewy fcUnq
cy vk?[Link] ,d lfn'k jkf'k gSA bldk laosQr fpÉ xzhd O osQ lkis{k bl d.k dk [Link]; laosx l fuEufyf[kr
[Link] dk ,d v{kj τ VkWo gSA τ dk ifjek.k gS lehdj.k }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gksxk&
[Link] osQ fudk; rFkk ?[Link] xfr 159

l=r×p (7.25a)
[Link]; laosx lfn'k dh ifjek.k gS lkbfdy osQ ifg;s dks ysdj ,d iz;ksx
l = r p sin θ ([Link]; laosx ,oa cy vk?[Link])
(7.26a)
tgk¡ p lfn'k p dk ifjek.k gS rFkk θ r ,oa p osQ chp ,d lkbfdy
dk y?kq dks.k gSA bl lehdj.k dks ge fy[k ldrs gSa& dk ifg;k
;k (7.26b) yhft,] ftldh
tgk¡ (= r sinθ) lfn'k p dh fn'kk js[kk dh ewy fcUnq /qjh nksuksa vksj
ckgj fudyh
ls yEcor~ nwjh gS vkSj , r dh yEcor~ fn'kk
gksA tSlk lkFk
esa p dk vo;o gSA tc ;k rks js[kh; laosx 'kwU; gks (p = os Q fp=k es a
0) ;k d.k ewy fcUnq ij gks (r = 0) ;k fiQj p dh fn'kk n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
js[kk ewy fcUnq ls xqtjrh gks θ = 00 ;k 1800) rc ge /qjh osQ nksuksa
vis{kk dj ldrs gSa fd [Link]; laosx 'kwU; gksxk (l = 0)A izkjEHk esa ckn esa fljksa A ,oa B ls
HkkSfrd jkf'k;ksa] cy vk?[Link] ,oa [Link]; laosx esa ,d ,d&,d jLlh
[Link] ikjLifjd laca/ gSA ;g laca/ Hkh cy ,oa js[kh; ckaf/,A nksuksa jfLl;ksa dks ,d gkFk esa bl izdkj idfM+;s fd
laosx osQ chp osQ laca/ dk ?[Link] lerqY; gSA ,dy d.k ifg;k ÅèokZ/j jgsA vxj vki ,d jLlh dks NksM+ nsa] rks
osQ lanHkZ esa ;g laca/ O;qRiUu djus osQ fy, ge l = r × /qjh >qd tk,xhA vc ,d gkFk ls nksuksa jfLl;ksa dks idM+
dj ifg;s dks ÅèokZ/j j[krs gq, nwljs gkFk ls bldh /qjh
p dks le; osQ vk/kj ij vodfyr djrs gSa]
ij rsth ls ?kqekb;sA vc fiQj ,d jLlh dks] ekuk B dks]
vius gkFk ls NksM+ nhft,A nsf[k;s D;k gksrk gS\
ifg;k yxHkx ÅèoZ ry esa ?kwerk jgrk gS vkSj bldk
nkb± vksj osQ O;atd ij [Link] osQ vodyu dk fu;e ?[Link] ry ml jLlh A osQ ifjr% ?kwerk gS tks vkius gkFk
ykxw djsa] rks esa idM+ j[kh gSA ge dgrs gSa fd ifg;s dh ?[Link] v{k ;k
fiQj [Link]; laosx jLlh A osQ ifjr% iqjLlj.k (Precess)
djrk gSA
ifg;s osQ ?[Link] ls [Link]; laosx layXu gksrk gSA bl
vc] d.k dk osx v = dr/dt ,oa p = mv fy[ksa] rks [Link]; laosx dh fn'kk Kkr dhft,A tc vki ?kwers ifg;s
dks jLlh A dh lgk;rk ls Fkkers gSa rks ,d cy vk?[Link]
dk;Z djrk gSA (;g ge vkiosQ Åij NksM+rs gSa fd vki
D;ksafd nks lekUrj lfn'kksa dk lfn'k [Link] 'kwU; lkspsa fd cy vk?[Link] oSQls mRiUu gksrk gS vkSj bldh fn'kk
gksrk gSA rFkk] pwafd dp / dt = F, D;k gS\) [Link]; laosx ij cy vk?[Link] osQ izHkko ls] ifg;k]
bu nksuksa jkf'k;ksa osQ ry esa yEcor~ v{k osQ ifjr% iqjLlj.k
djus yxrk gSA bu lHkh dFkuksa dks tkafp,A
∴
[Link] osQ fudk; dk cy vk?[Link] ,oa [Link]; laosx
vr% [Link] osQ fdlh fudk; dk] fdlh fn, x, fcUnq osQ ifjr%
oqQy [Link]; laosx Kkr djus osQ fy, gesa ,dy [Link] osQ
;k] (7.27) [Link]; laosxksa osQ lfn'k ;ksx dh [Link] djuh gksxhA vr%
vr,o] fdlh d.k osQ [Link]; laosx esa le; osQ lkFk n [Link] osQ fudk; osQ fy,]
gksus okys ifjorZu dh nj bl ij izHkkoh cy vk?[Link] osQ
cjkcj gksrh gSA ;g lehdj.k F = dp/dt , tks ,dy
d.k dh LFkkukarjh; xfr osQ fy, U;wVu osQ f}rh; fu;e i osa d.k dk [Link]; laosx gksxk]
dks O;Dr djrk gS] dk ?[Link] lerqY; gSA li = ri × pi
160 HkkSfrdh

tgk¡] ri fn, x, ewy fcUnq osQ lkis{k i osa d.k dk fLFkfr le; osQ vuqlkj gksus okys ifjorZu dh nj ml ij vkjksfir
lfn'k gS vkSj p = (mivi) ml d.k dk js[kh; laosx gSA (d.k cká cy vk?[Link]± (;kfu cká cyks osQ vk?[Link]±) osQ lfn'k
dk nzO;eku mi ,oa osx vi gS)A [Link] osQ fudk; osQ oqQy ;ksx osQ cjkcj gksrh gSA è;ku jgs fd ftl fcUnq (;gk¡ gekjs
[Link]; laosx dks ge fuEuor~ fy[k ldrs gSa& lanHkZ&izsQe dk ewy fcUnq) osQ ifjr% oqQy [Link]; laosx fy;k
tkrk gS mlh osQ ifjr% cká cy vk?[Link]± dh [Link] dh tkrh
(7.25b)
gSA lehdj.k (7.28 b)] [Link] osQ fudk; osQ O;kidho`Qr
;g lehdj.k (7.25a) esa nh xbZ ,dkdh d.k osQ d.k dh lehdj.k (7.27) gh gSA ;g Hkh è;ku nsus
laosx dh ifjHkk"kk dk [Link] osQ fudk; osQ fy, fd;k x;k
dh ckr gS fd ,d d.k osQ ekeys esa vkarfjd cyksa ;k
O;kidhdj.k gSA
vkarfjd cy vk?[Link]± dk dksbZ vfLrRo ugha gksrkA lehdj.k
[Link] (7.23) vkSj (7.25b)dk mi;ksx djsa rks
(7.28 b) fuEufyf[kr lehdj.k (7.17) dk ?[Link]
lerqY; gSA
(7.28a)
tgk¡ τi , i osa d.k ij izHkkoh cy vk?[Link] gS_ (7.17)
è;ku nsa fd lehdj.k (7.17) dh rjg gh] lehdj.k
i osa
d.k ij yxus okyk cy Fi , bl ij yxus okys (7.28b) Hkh [Link] osQ lHkh fudk;ksa osQ fy, ykxw gksrh
lHkh ckg~; cyksa ,oa fudk; osQ nwljs [Link] }kjk bl gS pkgs og fi.M n`<+ gks ;k fofHkUu izdkj dh xfr;ksa ls
d.k ij yxus okys vkarfjd cyksa dk lfn'k ;ksx gSA ;qDr i`Fkd i`Fkd [Link] dk fudk;A
blfy,] ge oqQy cy vk?[Link] esa ckg~; ,oa vkarfjd cyksa
[Link]; laosx dk laj{k.k
osQ ;ksxnku dks vyx&vyx dj ldrs gSaA
;fn τext = 0, rks lehdj.k (7.28b) jg tkrh gS
vFkkZr~
    ,
∴ L = vpjkad (7.29a)
tgk¡ vr%] [Link] osQ fdlh fudk; ij vkjksfir oqqQy cká
vkSj cy vk?[Link] ;fn 'kwU; gks rks ml fudk; dk oqQy dks.
kh; laosx lajf{kr gksrk gS vFkkZr~ vpj jgrk gSA lehdj.k
ge] u fliZQ U;wVu dk r`rh; fu;e ;kfu ;g rF; (7.29a) rhu vfn'k [Link] osQ lerqY; gSA
fd fudk; osQ fdUgha nks [Link] osQ chp yxus okys cy Lx = K1, Ly = K2 ,oa Lz = K3 (7.29 b )
cjkcj gksrs gSa vkSj foijhr fn'kk esa yxrs gSa] cfYd ;g ;gk¡ K1, K2 ,oa K3 vpjkad gSa rFkk Lx, Ly vkSj Lz
Hkh ekudj pysaxs fd ;s cy nksuksa [Link] dks feykus okyh
js[kk osQ vuqfn'k yxrs gSaA bl fLFkfr esa vkarfjd cyksa dk] oqQy [Link]; laosx lfn'k L osQ Øe'k% x, y ,oa z fn'kkvksa
fudk; osQ oqQy cy vk?[Link] esa ;ksxnku 'kwU; gksxkA D;ksafd] esa fo;ksftr vo;o gSaA ;g dFku fd oqqQy [Link]; laosx
izR;sd fØ;k&izfrfØ;k ;qXe dk [Link] cy vk?[Link] 'kwU; lajf{kr gS] bldk ;g Hkh vFkZ gS fd ;s rhuksa vo;o Hkh
gSA vr% τint = 0 vkSj blfy, τ = τext lajf{kr gSaA
pwafd , lehdj.k ( 7.28a) ls fu"d"kZ lehdj.k (7.29a)] lehdj.k (7.18a) ;kfu [Link]
fudyrk gS] fd osQ fudk; osQ oqQy js[kh; laosx osQ laj{k.k osQ fu;e] dk
?[Link] lerqY; gSA lehdj.k (7.18a) dh rjg gh vusd
(7.28 b) O;kogkfjd fLFkfr;ksa esa blosQ vuqiz;ksx gSaA bl vè;k; esa
vr%] [Link] osQ fdlh fudk; osQ oqQy [Link]; laosx esa oqQN jkspd vuqiz;ksxksa dh ge ppkZ djsaxsA
[Link] osQ fudk; rFkk ?[Link] xfr 161

 mnkgj.k 7.5: ewy fcUnq osQ ifjr%] cy 7ˆi + 3ĵ – blfy, ;g lajf{kr gSA D;k d.k ij dksbZ cká cy
5k̂ dk cy vk?[Link] Kkr dhft,A cy ftl d.k ij vkjksfir gS\ 

yxrk gS mldk fLFkfr lfn'k ˆi – ĵ + k̂ gSA

7.8 n`<+ [Link] dk larqyu
vc ge O;kid d.k&fudk;ksa osQ ctk; n`<+ [Link] dh xfr
gy : ;gk¡
ij viuk è;ku osaQfnzr djsaxsA
,oa . vkb;s] Lej.k djsa fd n`<+ [Link] ij cká cyksa osQ
cyk?[Link] Kkr djus osQ fy, ge fMVjfeusaV gy D;k izHkko gksrs gSa\ (vkxs ls ge fo'ks"k.k ^cká* dk iz;ksx
djsaxs ugha djsaxsA tc rd vU;Fkk u dgk tk;] ge osQoy cká
cyksa vkSj cy vk?[Link]± ls gh O;ogkj djsaxs)A cy] fdlh
n`<+ fi.M dh LFkkukarjh; xR;koLFkk esa ifjorZu ykrs gSa]
vFkkZr~ os lehdj.k (7-17) osQ vuqlkj] blosQ oqQy js[kh;
laosx dks ifjo£rr djrs gSaA ysfdu] cyksa dk ;g ,dek=k
izHkko ugha gSA ;fn fi.M ij yxus okyk oqQy cy vk?kw.
;k  kZ 'kwU; u gks rks blosQ dkj.k] n`<+ fi.M dh ?[Link] xfr esa
ifjorZu gksxk vFkkZr~ fi.M dk oqQy [Link]; laosx lehdj.k
 mnkgj.k 7.6: n'kkZb;s]fd vpj&osx ls pyrs ,dy (7-28b) osQ vuqlkj cnysxkA
d.k dk fdlh fcUnq osQ ifjr% [Link]; laosx mldh fdlh n`<+ fi.M dks ;kaf=kd larqyu dh voLFkk esa rc
leLr xfr osQ nkSjku vpj jgrk gSA dgk tk,xk tc blosQ js[kh; laosx vkSj [Link]; laosx nksuksa
gy : ekuk fd dksbZ d.k P fdlh d.k t ij] v osx ls dk gh eku le; osQ lkFk u cnyrk gks ;kfu ml fi.M esa
py jgk gSA ge] bl d.k dk [Link]; laosx] LosPN fcUnq u js[kh; Roj.k gks u [Link]; [Link] bldk vFkZ gksxk fd
O osQ ifjr% Kkr djuk pkgrs gSaA (1) fi.M ij yxus okyk oqQy cy ;kfu cyksa dk lfn'k
;ksx 'kwU; gks %

(7.30a)
;fn fi.M ij yxus okyk oqQy cy 'kwU; gksxk rks ml
fi.M osQ js[kh; laosx esa le; osQ lkFk dksbZ ifjorZu
ugha gksxkA lehdj.k (7-30a) fi.M osQ LFkkukarjh;
larqyu dh 'krZ gSA
(2) oqQy cy vk?[Link]] ;kfu n`<+&fi.M ij yxus okys
fp=k 7.19 cy&vk?[Link]± dk lfn'k ;ksx 'kwU; gksxk %

[Link]; laosx l = r × mv gSA bldk ifjek.k mvr sinθ

gS] tgk¡ θ , r vkSj v osQ chp dk dks.k gS (nsf[k, fp=k 7.19) (7.30b)

A ;|fi d.k le; osQ lkFk viuh fLFkfr cny jgk gS] ;fn n`<+ fi.M ij vkjksfir oqQy cy vk?[Link] 'kwU; gks
fiQj Hkh] v dh fn'kk js[kk ogh cuh jgrh gS vkSj blfy, rks bldk oqQy [Link]; laosx le; osQ lkFk ugha cnysxkA
OM = r sin θ vpj gSA lehdj.k (7-30b) fi.M osQ ?[Link] larqyu dh 'krZ gSA
l dh fn'kk] r ,oa v osQ ry osQ vfHkyEcor~] i`"B vc ;g iz'u mB ldrk gS] fd ;fn og ewy fcUnq
osQ vanj dh vksj tkrh gqbZ gSA ;g fn'kk Hkh ugha cnyrhA ftlosQ ifjr% vk?[Link]± dh [Link] dh xbZ gS cny tk,] rks D;k
vr%] l dk ifjek.k ,oa fn'kk ogh jgrh gS vkSj ?[Link] larqyu dh 'krZ cnysxh\ ;g fn[kk;k tk ldrk gS fd
162 HkkSfrdh

;fn fdlh n`<+ fi.M osQ fy, LFkkukarjh; larqyu dh 'krZ vr% fdlh d.k osQ larqyu osQ fy, bl ij vkjksfir lHkh
lehdj.k (7.30b) ykxw gksrh gS rks bl ij ewy fcUnq osQ cyksa dk lfn'k ;ksx 'kwU; gksuk pkfg,A D;ksfa d ;s lc cy ,d
LFkkukarj.k dk dksbZ izHkko ugha gksxk vFkkZr~ ?[Link] larqyu dh gh d.k ij dk;Z djrs gSa blfy, laxkeh Hkh gksrs gSaA laxkeh
'krZ ml ewy fcUnq dh fLFkfr osQ Åij fuHkZj ugha djrh cyksa osQ rgr larqyu dk foospu igys osQ vè;k;ksa esa fd;k
ftlosQ ifjr% vk?[Link] fy, x, gSaA mnkgj.k 7-7] esa cy;qXe tk pqdk gSA
(;kfu LFkkukarjh; larqyu esa] fdlh fi.M osQ Åij yxus okys KkrO; gS fd ,d fi.M vkaf'kd larqyu esa gks ldrk gS
cyksa dk ,d tksM+k) osQ fof'k"V ekeys esa bl rF; dh iqf"V ;kfu ;g gks ldrk gS fd ;g LFkkukarjh; larqyu esa gks ijUrq
dh tk,xhA n cyksa osQ fy, bl [Link] dk O;kid O;atd ?[Link] larqyu esa u gks ;k fiQj ?[Link] larqyu esa rks gks ij
izkIr djuk vkiosQ vH;kl osQ fy, NksM+ fn;k x;k gSA LFkkukarjh; larqyu esa uk gksA
lehdj.k (7.30a) ,oa lehdj.k (7.30b) nksuksa gh ,d gydh (;kfu ux.; nzO;eku okyh) Lora=k NM+
lfn'k [Link] gSaA buesa ls izR;sd rhu vfn'k [Link] osQ (AB) ij fopkj dhft,] ftlosQ nks fljksa (A ,oa B) ij] cjkcj
lerqY; gSaA lehdj.k (7.30a) osQ laxr ;s [Link] gSa ifjek.k okys nks lekarj cy] F, fp=k 7.20(a) esa n'kkZ;s
n n n
vuqlkj] NM+ osQ yEcor~ yxs gksaA
∑ Fix = 0 , ∑ Fiy = 0 ,oa ∑ Fiz = 0 (7.31a)
i =1 i =1 i =1

tgk¡ Fix, Fiy ,oa Fiz cy Fi osQ Øe'k% x, y ,oa z fn'kk

esa fo;ksftr vo;o gSaA blh izdkj] lehdj.k (7.30b) ftu
rhu vfn'k [Link] osQ lerqY; gSa] os gSa
n n n fp=k 7.20(a)
∑ τ ix = 0, ∑ τ iy =0 ,oa ∑ τ iz =0 (7.31b)
i =1 i =1 i =1
ekuk fd NM+ AB dk eè; fcUnq C gS vkSj CA = CB =
tgk¡ τ ix, τ iy ,oa τ iz Øe'k% x, y ,oa z fn'kk esa cy
a gSA A ,oa B ij yxs cyksa osQ C osQ ifjr% vk?[Link]] ifjek.k
vk?[Link] τ i osQ vo;o gSaA esa leku (aF) gSa] ij tSlk fp=k esa fn[kk;k x;k gS] foijhr
lehdj.k (7.31a) ,oa (7.31b), gesa fdlh n`<+ fi.M fn'kkvksa esa izHkkodkjh gSaA NM+ ij oqQy cy vk?[Link] 'kwU; gksxkA
osQ ;kaf=kd larqyu osQ fy, vko';d N% ,slh 'krs± crkrs gSa fudk; ?[Link] larqyu esa gS] ij ;g LFkkukarjh; larqyu esa ugha
tks ,d nwljs osQ Åij fuHkZj ugha djrhaA cgqr lh leL;kvksa gS] D;ksafd ∑ F ≠ 0 A
esa fdlh fi.M ij yxus okys lHkh cy ,d gh ry esa gksrs
gSaA bl fLFkfr esa ;kaf=kd larqyu osQ fy, osQoy rhu 'krks± dks
iwjh fd, tkus dh vko';drk gksxhA buesa ls nks 'krs±
LFkkukarjh; larqyu osQ laxr gksaxh] ftuosQ vuqlkj] lHkh cyksa
osQ] bl ry esa LosPN pquh xbZ nks ijLij yEcor~ v{kksa osQ
vuqfn'k] vo;oksa dk lfn'k ;ksx vyx&vyx 'kwU; gksxkA
rhljh 'krZ ?[Link]&larqyu osQ laxr gSA cyksa osQ ry osQ
vfHkyEcor~ v{k osQ vuqfn'k cy vk?[Link] osQ vo;oksa dk ;ksx fp=k 7.20(b)
'kwU; gksuk pkfg,A fp=k 7.20(b) es]a fp=k (7.20a) esa B fljs ij yxk, x,
,d n`<+ fi.M osQ lary q u dh 'krks± dh rqyuk] ,dy d.k cy dh fn'kk myV nh xbZ gSA vc mlh NM+ ij fdlh {k.k
osQ larqyu dh 'krks± ls dh tk ldrh gSA bl fo"k; esa geus ij cjkcj ifjek.k osQ nks cy] foijhr fn'kkvksa esa] NM+ osQ
igys osQ vè;k;ksa esa ckr dh gSA d.k ij ?[Link] xfr dk dksbZ yEcor~ yxs gSa ,d A fljs ij vkSj nwljk B fljs ijA ;gk¡
fopkj vko';d ugha gksrkA blosQ larqyu osQ fy, osQoy nksuksa cyksa osQ vk?[Link] cjkcj rks gSa ij os foijhr fn'kk esa ugha
LFkkukarjh; larqyu dh 'krs± (lehdj.k 7.30 a) gh i;kZIr gSaA gSa_ os ,d gh fn'kk esa gSa vkSj NM+ esa okekorZ ?[Link] dh izo`fÙk
[Link] osQ fudk; rFkk ?[Link] xfr 163

ykrs gSaA NM+ ij yxus okyk oqQy cy 'kwU; gSA vr% NM+ u mnkgj.k 7.7: n'kkZb;s fd fdlh cy;qXe dk vk?[Link]
LFkkukarjh; larqyu esa gS] ysfdu ;g ?[Link] larqyu esa ugha gSA ml fcUnq osQ Åij fuHkZj ugha djrk ftlosQ ifjr% vki
;|fi ;g NM+ fdlh Hkh rjg ls fLFkj ugha dh xbZ gS] blesa
'kq¼ ?[Link] laHko gksrh gS (;kfu LFkkukarj.k jfgr ?[Link] xfr)A vk?[Link] Kkr djrs gSaA
nks cjkcj ifjek.k osQ] foijhr fn'kkvksa esa yxs cyksa dk gy
tksM+k ftudh fØ;k js[kk,¡ ,d u gksa cy;qXe vFkok ,saBu
(VkWoZQ) dgykrk gSA cy;qXe fcuk LFkkukarj.k osQ ?[Link] iSnk
djrk gSA
tc ge ?kqekdj fdlh cksry dk <Ddu [kksyrs gSa rks
gekjh maxfy;k¡ <Ddu ij ,d cy;qXe vkjksfir djrh gSaA
[fp=k 7.21(a)]A bldk nwljk mnkgj.k i`Foh osQ pqEcdh; fp=k 7.22
{ks=k esa j[kh pqEcdh; lqbZ gS [fp=k 7.21(b)]A i`Foh dk
pqEcdh; {ks=k] pqEcdh; lqbZ osQ mÙkjh vkSj nf{[Link] /zqoksa ij ,d n`<+ fi.M yhft, ftl ij fp=k 7.22 esa fn[kk;s
cjkcj cy yxkrk gSA mÙkjh /qzo ij yxk cy mÙkj fn'kk dh vuqlkj cy;qXe yxk gSA cy F ,oa -F Øe'k% fcUnq B vkSj
vksj ,oa nf{[Link] /zqo ij yxk cy nf{[Link] fn'kk dh vksj gksrk A ij yxs gSaA ewy fcUnq O osQ lkis{k bu fcUnqvksa osQ fLFkfr
gSA ml voLFkk osQ vfrfjDr tc lqbZ mÙkj&nf{k.k fn'kk esa lfn'k Øe'k% r2 ,oa r1 gSaA vkb;s] ewy fcUnq osQ ifjr% cyksa
laosQr djrh gks] nksuksa cyksa dh fØ;k js[kk ,d ugha gksrhA osQ vk?[Link] Kkr djsaA
vr% ml ij] i`Foh osQ pqEcdh; {ks=k osQ dkj.k] ,d cy;qXe cy;qXe dk vk?[Link] = ;qXe cukus okys cyksa osQ vk?[Link]± dk
izHkkoh gksrk gSA
;ksx
= r1 × (–F) + r2 × F
= r2 × F – r1 × F
= (r2–r1) × F
ysfdu r1 + AB = r2, ∴ AB = r2 –r1.
cy;qXe dk vk?[Link] = AB × F
Li"Vr%] ;g eku ewy fcUnq ;kfu og fcUnq ftlosQ ifjr%
geus cyksa osQ vk?[Link] fy, gSa mldh fLFkfr ij fuHkZj ugha
djrkA ⊳

7.8.1 vk?[Link]± dk fl¼kar

fp=k 7.21(a) <Ddu dks ?kqekus osQ fy, gekjh maxfy;k¡ ml ij ,d vkn'kZ mÙkksyd] vfuok;Z :i ls] ,d ,slh gydh
,d cy;qXe yxkrh gSa (;kfu ux.; nzO;eku okyh) NM+ gS tks viuh yEckbZ osQ
vuqfn'k fy, x, fdlh fcUnq osQ ifjr% ?kwe ldrh gksA ;g
fcUnq vkyEc dgykrk gSA cPpksa osQ [ksy osQ eSnku esa yxk
lh&lk] mÙkksyd dk ,d izfrfuf/d mnkgj.k gSA nks cy F1
,oa F2, tks ,d nwljs osQ lekarj gSa mÙkksyd osQ fljksa ij] blosQ
yEcor~ rFkk vkyEc ls Øe'k% d1 ,oa d2 nwfj;ksa ij yxk;s x,
gSa tSlk fp=k 7.23 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

fp=k 7.21(b) i`Foh dk pqEcdh; {ks=k] lqbZ osQ /qzoksa ij] cjkcj
ifjek.k okys nks cy foijhr fn'kkvksa esa yxkrk
gSA ;s nks cy ,d cy;qXe cukrs gSaA fp=k 7.23

2017-18
164 HkkSfrdh

;g mÙkksyd ;kaf=kd :i ls ,d larfq yr fudk; gSA ekuk fØ;kdyki gS tks vki vklkuh ls dj ldrs gSaA ,d
fd vkyEc ij cyksa dk izfrfØ;k cy R gSA ;g cyksa F1 vfu;fer vkdkj dk xÙks dk VqdM+k vkSj isafly tSlh dksbZ
,oa F2 dh foijhr fn'kk esa izHkkoh gSA LFkkukarjh; larqyu osQ ckjhd uksd okyh oLrq yksA oqQN ckj iz;kl djosQ vki xÙks
fy,] osQ VqdM+s esa ,d ,slk fcUnq G <w¡<+ ldrs gSa ftlosQ uhps
isafly dh uksd j[kus ij xÙks dk VqdM+k ml uksd ij larqfyr
R – F 1 – F2 = 0 (i)
gks tk,xkA (bl fLFkfr esa xÙks dk VqdM+k [Link]% {kSfrt voLFkk
vkSj ?[Link] larqyu esa] vkyEc osQ ifjr% vk?[Link] ysus ij] esa jguk pkfg,)A ;g larqyu fcUnq xÙks osQ VqdM+s dk xq#Ro
bu vk?[Link]± dk ;ksx 'kwU; gksxkA vr% osQUnz (CG) gSA isafly dh uksd ÅèokZ/jr% Åij dh vksj
d1F1–d2F2 = 0 (ii) yxus okyk ,d cy iznku djrh gS ftlosQ dkj.k xÙks dk
lkekU;r% okekorZ vk?[Link]± dks /ukRed ,oa nf{[Link] VqdM+k ;kaf=kd larqyu esa vk tkrk gSA tSlk fp=k 7.24 esa
vk?[Link]± dks ½.kkRed fy;k tkrk gSA è;ku nsa fd R vkyEc] n'kkZ;k x;k gS] isafly dh uksd dk izfrfØ;k cy R xÙks osQ
ij gh dk;Zjr gS vkSj bldk vk?[Link] 'kwU; gSA VqdM+s osQ oqQy Hkkj M g (;kfu bl ij i`Foh osQ xq#Rokd"kZ.k
mÙkksyd osQ ekeys esa] F1 izk;% dksbZ yksM gksrk gS ftls cy) osQ cjkcj vkSj foijhr gS vkSj blfy, ;g LFkkukarjh;
mBkuk gksrk gS bls Hkkj dgrs gSaA vkyEc ls bldh nwjh d1 Hkkj lary q ukoLFkk esa gSA lkFk gh ;g ?[Link] lary
q u esa Hkh gSA D;ksfa d]
dh Hkqtk dgykrh gSA cy F2, yksM dks mBkus osQ fy, yxk;k vxj ,slk u gksrk rks vlarfq yr cy vk?[Link] osQ dkj.k ;g ,d
x;k cy] iz;kl gSA vkyEc ls bldh nwjh iz;kl Hkqtk vksj >qd tkrk vkSj fxj tkrkA xq#Ro cy osQ dkj.k xÙks osQ VqdM+s
dgykrh gSA ij cgqr ls cy vk?[Link] izHkkoh gSa D;ksfa d ,dkdh [Link] osQ Hkkj
lehdj.k (ii) dks ge bl izdkj Hkh fy[k ldrs gSa m1g, m2g …. vkfn G ls fofHkUu nwfj;ksa ij dk;Z dj jgs gSAa
d 1F 1 = d 2 F 2 (7.32a)
;k] Hkkj × Hkkj
dh Hkqtk = iz;kl × iz;kl dh Hkqtk
mijksDr lehdj.k] fdlh mÙkksyd osQ fy, vk?[Link]± dk
fu;e O;Dr djrh gSA vuqikr F1/F2 ;kaf=kd ykHk (M.A)
dgykrk gSA
F1 d 2
vr% M.A. = F = d (7.32b)
2 1

;fn iz;kl Hkqtk d2 dh yEckbZ] Hkkj&Hkqtk d1 ls vf/d

gks] rks ;kaf=kd ykHk ,d ls vf/d gksrk gSA ;kaf=kd ykHk ,d
ls vf/d gksus dk vFkZ gksrk gS fd de iz;kl ls vf/d Hkkj
mBk;k tk ldrk gSA lh&lk osQ vfrfjDr Hkh vkiosQ bnZ&fxnZ
mÙkksydksa osQ cgqr ls mnkgj.k vkidks fey tk;saxsA rqykn.M fp=k 7.24 xÙks osQ VqdM+s dks isafly dh uksd ij larqfyr
Hkh ,d mÙkksyd gh gSA oqQN vU; mÙkksydksa osQ mnkgj.k vius djukA isfa ly dh uksd xÙks osQ VqdM+s dk xq#Ro osQUnz
ifjos'k ls <w¡f<+,A izR;sd osQ fy, muosQ vkyEc] Hkkj] fu/kZfjr djrh gSA
Hkkj&Hkqtk] iz;kl vkSj iz;kl&Hkqtk dh igpku dhft,A xÙks osQ VqdM+s dk xq#Ro osQUnz bl izdkj fu/kZfjr fd;k
vki ;g ljyrk ls n'kkZ ldrs gSa fd ;fn lekarj cy x;k gS fd m1g, m2g …. vkfn cyksa dk blosQ ifjr% fy;k
F1 vkSj F2 mÙkksyd osQ yEcor~ u gksa cfYd dksbZ dks.k cukrs x;k vk?[Link] 'kwU; gSA
gq, yxs gksa rc Hkh vk?[Link]± dk fu;e ykxw gksrk gSA ;fn ri xq#Ro osQUnz osQ lkis{k fdlh fi.M osQ i-osa d.k
dk fLFkfr lfn'k gks] rks bl ij yxus okys xq#Ro cy dk
7.8.2 xq#Ro osQUnz
xq#Ro osQUnz osQ ifjr% cy vk?[Link] τi = ri × mi gA xq#Ro osQUnz
vkiesa ls dbZ yksxksa us viuh uksV cqd dks viuh maxyh dh osQ ifjr% oqQy xq#Roh; cy vk?[Link] 'kwU; gksus osQ dkj.k
uksd ij larqfyr fd;k gksxkA fp=k 7.24 mlh rjg dk ,d τ g = ∑ τi = ∑r i × mi g = 0 (7.33)
[Link] osQ fudk; rFkk ?[Link] xfr 165

blfy,] fdlh fi.M osQ xq#Ro&osQUnz dks ge ,d ,sls vuqHkkx 7.2 esa geus dbZ fu;fer] lekax] [Link] osQ
fcUnq osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSa ftlosQ ifjr% fi.M nzO;eku osQUnz dh fLFkfr Kkr dh FkhA Li"Vr%] ;fn fi.M
dk oqQy xq#Roh; cy vk?[Link] 'kwU; gksA fo'kkydk; ugha gS] rks mlh fof/ ls ge muosQ xq#Ro osQUnz
ge ns[krs gSa fd lehjd.k (7.33) esa g lHkh [Link] osQ Kkr dj ldrs gSaA
fy, leku gS vr% ;g ;ksx&fpUg ∑ ls ckgj vk ldrk gSA fp=k 7.25, xÙks osQ VqdM+s tSls fdlh vfu;fer vkdkj
osQ iQyd dk xq#Ro osQUnz Kkr djus dh ,d vU; fof/
vr%] ∑ m i ri = 0 A ;kn jf[k, fd fLFkfr lfn'k (ri)
n'kkZrk gSA ;fn vki bl iQyd dks fdlh fcUnq tSls A ls
xq#Ro osQUnz osQ lkis{k ukis x, gSaA vc vuqHkkx 7.2 dh yVdk;sa rks A ls xqtjus okyh ÅèokZ/j js[kk xq#Ro osQUnz ls
lehdj.k (7.4a) osQ vuqlkj ;fn ∑ m i ri = 0, rks ewy xqtjsxhA ge bl ÅèokZ/j js[kk AA1, dks vafdr dj ysrs gSaA
fcUnq fi.M dk nzO;eku osQUnz gksuk pkfg,A vr% fi.M dk vc ge iQyd dks fdlh nwljs fcUnq tSls B ;k C ls yVdkrs
xq#Ro osQUnz ,oa nzO;eku osQUnz ,d gh gSA gekjs è;ku esa ;g gSaA bu nks ÅèokZ/j js[kkvksa dk dVku fcUnq xq#Ro osQUnz gSA
ckr vkuh pkfg, fd ,slk blfy, gS] D;ksafd] oLrq dk le>kb;s fd ;g fof/ D;ksa izHkkoh gksrh gS\ pwafd ;gk¡ fi.M
vkdkj bruk NksVk gS fd blosQ lHkh fcUnqvksa osQ fy, g dk NksVk lk gh gS vr% bl fof/ ls bldk nzO;eku osQUnz Hkh Kkr
eku leku gSA ;fn fi.M bruk cM+k gks tk, fd blosQ ,d fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Hkkx dh rqyuk esa nwljs Hkkx osQ fy, g dk eku cny tk,
rc xq#Ro osQUnz ,oa nzO;eku osQUn lEikrh ugha gksaxsA ewy :i u mnkgj.k 7.8: 70 lsVa hehVj yach vkSj 4.00 kg nzO;eku
es]a ;s nks vyx&vyx vo/[Link],¡ gSAa nzO;eku osQUnz dk xq#Ro dh /krq dh NM+ osQ nksuksa fljksa ls 10 lsaVhehVj nwj j[ks
ls oqQN ysuk nsuk ugha gSA ;g osQoy fi.M esa nzO;eku osQ nks {kqj&/kjksa ij fVdh gSA blosQ ,d fljs ls 40
forj.k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA lsaVhehVj dh nwjh ij 6.00 kg nzO;eku dk ,d Hkkj
yVdk;k x;k gSA {kqj&/kjksa ij yxus okys izfrfØ;k
cyksa dh [Link] dhft,A (NM+ dks lekax vkSj leku
vuqizLFk dkV okyh eku ldrs gSaA)

gy :

fp=k 7.26

fp=k 7.26 esa NM+ dks AB ls n'kkZ;k x;k gSA K1 ,oa K2

{kqj&/kjksa dh fLFkfr n'kkZrs gSaA G ,oa P Øe'k% xq#Ro osQUnz
,oa yVdk;s x, cy dh fLFkfr;k¡ gSaA
è;ku nsa fd NM+ dk Hkkj W blosQ xq#Ro osQUnz G ij
dk;Z djrk gSA NM+ leku vuqiLz Fk dkV okyh vkSj lekax nzO;
ls cuh gS blfy, G bldk osQUnz gSA AB = 70 cm. AG =
fp=k 7.25 vfu;fer vkdkj osQ iQyd dk xq#Ro osQUnz Kkr 35 cm, AP = 30 cm, PG = 5 cm, AK1= BK2 = 10 cm
djukA iQyd dk xq#Ro osQUnz G bldks A dksus ls vkSj K1G = K2G = 25 cm ,oa W = NM+ dk Hkkj = 4.00
yVdkus ij blls gksdj xqtjus okyh ÅèokZ/j js[kk kg rFkk W1= yVdk;k x;k Hkkj = 6.00 kg; R1 ,oa R2
ij iM+rk gSA {kqj&/kjksa osQ vk/kjksa osQ vfHkyEcor~ izfrfØ;k cy gSaA
166 HkkSfrdh

NM+ osQ LFkkukarjh; larqyu osQ fy, lh<+h AB dh yackbZ = 3 m, blosQ iSjksa dh nhokj ls nwjh
R1+R2 -W1 - W = 0 (i) AC = 1 m, ikbFkkxksjl izes; osQ vuqlkj BC = 2 2 m A
è;ku nsa fd W1 ,oa W ÅèokZ/jr% uhps dh vksj rFkk lh<+h ij yxus okys cy gSa & blosQ xq#Ro osQUnz D ij izHkkoh
R1 ,oa R2 ÅèokZ/jr% Åij dh vksj yxrs gSaA
bldk Hkkj WA nhokj vkSj iQ'kZ osQ izfrfØ;k cy F1 ,oa F2A
?[Link] larqyu dh n`f"V ls ge cyksa osQ vk?[Link] Kkr djrs
cy F1 nhokj ij vfHkyEcor~ gS] D;ksafd] nhokj ?k"[Link]
gSaA ,d ,slk fcUnq ftlosQ ifjr% vk?[Link] Kkr djus ls
gSA cy F2 dks nks vo;oksa esa fo;ksftr fd;k tk ldrk
lqfo/k jgsxh G gSA R2 vkSj W1 osQ vk?[Link] okekorZ (/ukRed)
gS &vfHkyEcor~ izfrfØ;k cy N ,oa ?k"kZ.k cy F A è;ku
gSa] tcfd R1 dk vk?[Link] nf{[Link] (½.kkRed) gSA
vr% ?[Link] larqyu osQ fy, nsa fd F lh<+h dks nhokj ls nwj fiQlyus ls jksdrk gS blfy,
–R1 (K1G) + W1 (PG) + R2 (K2G) = 0 (ii) bldh fn'kk nhokj dh vksj gSA
;g fn;k x;k gS fd W = 4.00g N, W1 = 6.00g N, LFkkukarjh; larqyu osQ fy,] ÅèokZ/j cyksa dk ;ksx 'kwU;
tgk¡ g = xq#Ro osQ dkj.k Roj.k g = 9.8 m/s2. djus ij
lehdj.k (i) esa vkafdd eku izfrLFkkfir djus ij] N–W=0 (i)
R1 + R2 – 4.00g – 6.00g =0 blh izdkj {kSfrt cy ysa rks]
;k R1 + R2 = 10.00g N (iii)
F –F1 = 0 (ii)
= 98.00 N
?[Link] larqyu osQ dkj.k fcUnq A osQ ifjr% vk?[Link] ysus ij
lehdj.k (ii) ls –0.25 R1 + 0.05 W1 + 0.25 R2 = 0
;k R1 – R2 = 1.2g N = 11.76 N (iv) 2 2 F1 − (1/2) W = 0 (iii)
lehdj.k (iii) and (iv) ls R1 = 54.88 N, vc] W = 20 g = 20 × 9.8 N = 196.0 N
R2 = 43.12 N (g = 9.8 m/s2)
vr% {kqj&/kjksa osQ vk/kjksa osQ izfrfØ;k cy gSa& lehdj.k (i) ls N = 196.0
K1 ij 55 N rFkk K2 ij 43 N ⊳ lehdj.k (iii) ls
F1 = W 4 2 = 196.0 / 4 2 = 34.6 N
u mnkgj.k 7.9: 20 kg nzO;eku dh ,d 3 m yach
lh<+h ,d ?k"[Link] nhokj osQ lkFk >qdk dj fVdkbZ lehdj.k (ii) ls F = F1 = 34.6 N
xbZ gSA tSlk fp=k 7.27 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS] bldk fupyk vr% F2 = F 2 + N 2 = 199.0 N
fljk iQ'kZ ij nhokj ls 1 m dh nwjh ij gSA nhokj vkSj cy F2 , {kSfrt ls α dks.k cukrk gS
iQ'kZ osQ izfrfØ;k cy Kkr dhft,A
tan α = N F = 4 2 , α = tan −1 (4 2 ) ≈ 80 ⊳

gy 7.9 tM+Ro vk?[Link]

ge igys gh ;g mYys[k dj pqosQ gSa fd ?[Link] xfr dk
vè;;u ge LFkkukarj.k xfr osQ lekarj gh pyk;sxa As bl fo"k;
esa vki igys ls gh lqifjfpr gSaA bl laca/ esa ,d eq[; iz'u
dk mÙkj nsuk vHkh 'ks"k gS fd ?[Link] xfr esa nzO;eku osQ
lerqY; jkf'k D;k gS\ bl iz'u dk mÙkj ge izLrqr vuqHkkx
esa nsaxsA foospuk dks ljy cuk, j[kus osQ fy, ge osQoy
fLFkj v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link] ij gh fopkj djsaxsA vkb;s] ?[Link]
djrs fi.M dh xfrt ÅtkZ osQ fy, O;atd izkIr djsaA ge
tkurs gSa fd fLFkj v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link] djrs fi.M dk izR;sd
d.k] ,d o`Ùkkdkj iFk ij pyrk gS (ns[ksa fp=k 7.16)A vkSj
fp=k 7.27 v{k ls ri nwjh ij fLFkr d.k dk js[kh; osx] tSlk lehdj.k
[Link] osQ fudk; rFkk ?[Link] xfr 167

(7.19) n'kkZrh gS] υi = ri ω gSA bl d.k dh xfrt ÅtkZ gS [Link]; osx ls ?[Link] dj jgk gSA oy; dk izR;sd nzO;eku
1 1 ?kVd bldh v{k ls R nwjh ij gS vkSj v = Rω pky ls pyrk
ki = m iυi2 = m i ri2ω 2
2 2 gSA blfy, bldh xfrt ÅtkZ gS&
tgk¡ mi d.k dk nzO;eku gSA fi.M dh oqQy xfrt ÅtkZ 1 1
K= Mυ 2 = MR 2ω 2
K blosQ i`Fkd&i`Fkd [Link] dh xfrt ÅtkZvksa dk ;ksx gSA 2 2
n
1 n lehdj.k (7.35) ls rqyuk djus ij ge ikrs gSa fd oy;
K = ∑ ki = ∑ (m i ri2ω 2 )
i =1 2 i =1 osQ fy, I = MR2
;gk¡ n fi.M osQ oqQy [Link] dh la[;k gSA KkrO; gS fd
ω lHkh [Link] osQ fy, leku gS vr% ω2 dks ;ksx&fpÉ osQ
ckgj fudky ldrs gSaA rc]
1 2 n
K= ω ( ∑ m i ri2 )
2 i =1

ge n`<+ fi.M dks vfHkyf{kr djus okyk ,d u;k izkpy

ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa ftldk uke tM+Ùo vk?[Link] gS vkSj ftldk
O;fDrdj.k gS
n
I = ∑ m i ri2 (7.34)
i =1 fp=k 7.28 nzO;eku osQ ,d tksM+s ls ;qDr] l yackbZ dh NM+] tks
fudk; osQ nzO;eku osQUnz ls xqtjus okyh bldh yackbZ
bl ifjHkk"kk osQ lkFk osQ yEcor~ v{k osQ ifjr% ?kwe jgh gSA fudk; dk
1 2 oqQy nzO;eku M gSA
K= Iω (7.35)
2
b) vc] ge l yackbZ dh n`<+] Hkkjghu NM+ osQ fljksa ij yxs
è;ku nsa fd izkpy I [Link]; osx osQ ifjek.k ij fuHkZj nks nzO;ekuksa ls cus ,d fudk; ij fopkj djsaxsA ;g
ugha djrkA ;g n`<+ fi.M vkSj ml v{k dk vfHky{k.k gS fudk; blosQ nzO;eku osQUnz ls xqtjrh NM+ osQ yEcor~
ftlosQ ifjr% fi.M ?[Link] djrk gSA v{k osQ ifjr% ?kwe jgk gS (fp=k 7.28)A izR;sd nzO;eku
lehdj.k (7.35) }kjk O;Dr ?[Link] djrs fi.M dh xfrt M/2 v{k ls l/2 nwjh ij gSA blfy,] bu nzO;ekuksa dk
ÅtkZ dh js[kh; (LFkkukarjh;) xfr djrs fi.M dh xfrt tM+Ro vk?[Link] gksxk]
1 (M/2) (l/2)2 + (M/2)(l/2)2
ÅtkZ K= mυ 2 ls rqyuk dhft,A ;gk¡ m fi.M dk
2 vr%] nzO;ekuksa osQ bl tksMs+ dk] nzO;eku osQUnz ls xqtjrh
nzO;eku vkSj v mldk osx gSA [Link]; osx ω (fdlh fLFkj NM+ osQ yEcor~ v{k osQ ifjr% tM+Ro vk?[Link]
v{k osQ ?[Link] osQ lanHkZ esa) vkSj js[kh; osx v (js[kh; xfr osQ I = Ml2 / 4
lanHkZ esa) dh lerqY;rk ge igys ls gh tkurs gSaA vr% ;g [Link] 7.1 esa oqQN lqifjfpr fu;fer vkdkj osQ Bkslksa osQ
fof'k"V v{kksa osQ ifjr% tM+Ro vk?[Link] fn, x, gSaA
Li"V gS fd tM+Ro vk?[Link] I, izkpy nzO;eku dk ?[Link] lerqY; D;kafs d] fdlh fi.M dk nzO;eku] mldh js[kh; xR;koLFkk
gSA (fLFkj v{k osQ ifjr%) ?[Link] esa tM+Ro vk?[Link] ogh Hkwfedk esa ifjorZu dk izfrjks/ djrk gS] og mldh js[kh; xfr osQ
vnk djrk gS tks js[kh; xfr esa nzO;ekuA tM+Ro dk eki gSA mlh izdkj] nh xbZ v{k osQ ifjr% tM+Ùo
vc ge lehdj.k (7.34) esa nh xbZ ifjHkk"kk dk mi;ksx vk?[Link]] ?[Link] xfr esa ifjorZu dk izfrjks/ djrk gS] vr% bldks
fi.M osQ ?[Link] tM+Ro dk eki ekuk tk ldrk gSA bl eki ls
nks ljy fLFkfr;ksa esa tM+Ro vk?[Link] Kkr djus osQ fy, djsaxsA
;g cks/ gksrk gS fd fdlh fi.M esa fi.M osQ fofHkUu d.k
a) f=kT;k R vkSj nzO;eku M osQ ,d irys oy; ij ?[Link] v{k osQ vkis{k fdl izdkj vofLFkr gSaA nzO;eku dh
fopkj dhft, tks vius ry esa] vius osQUnz osQ ifjr% ω rjg tM+Ro vk?[Link] ,d fu;r jkf'k ugha gksrh] cfYd] bldk
168 HkkSfrdh

[Link] 7.1 fof'k"V v{kksa osQ ifjr% oqQN fu;fer vkdkj osQ [Link] osQ tM+Ùo vk?[Link]

Z fi.M v{k vkjs[k I

1. R f=kT;k dk iryk] oy; ry osQ MR2

o`Ùkkdkj oy; yEcor~ osQUnz ls xqtjrh

2. R f=kT;k dk iryk] O;kl MR2/2

o`Ùkkdkj oy;

3. L yackbZ dh eè; fcUnq ls xqtjrh ML2/12

iryh NM+ yackbZ osQ yEcor~

4. R f=kT;k dh osQUnz ls xqtjrh ry MR2/2

o`Ùkkdkj pdrh osQ yEcor~

5. R f=kT;k dh O;kl MR2/4

o`Ùkkdkj pdrh

6. R f=kT;k dk csyu dh v{k MR2

[kks[kyk csyu

7. R f=kT;k dk csyu dh v{k MR2/2

Bksl csyu

8. R f=kT;k dk O;kl 2MR2/5

Bksl xksyk

eku fi.M osQ lkis{k bldh v{k dh fLFkfr vkSj fnx~foU;kl [Link] 7.1 ls ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd lHkh [Link] osQ fy,]
osQ Åij fuHkZj djrk gSA fdlh ?[Link] v{k osQ lkis{k ?[Link] I = Mk2, tgk¡ k dh foek ogh gS tks yackbZ dhA eè; fcUnq
djrs n`<+ fi.M dk nzO;eku fdl izdkj forfjr gS blosQ ,d ls xqtjrh NM+ osQ yEcor~ v{k osQ fy, k 2 = L2 12 , vFkkrZ ~
eki osQ :i esa ge ,d u;k izkpy ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa] ftls
ifjHkze.k f=kT;k dgrs gSaA ;g fi.M osQ tM+Ro vk?[Link] vkSj k=L 12 A blh izdkj o`Ùkkdkj pdrh osQ mlosQ O;kl osQ
oqQy nzO;eku ls lacaf/r gSA ifjr% tM+Ro vk?[Link] osQ fy, k = R/2A k fi.M vkSj ?[Link]
[Link] osQ fudk; rFkk ?[Link] xfr 169

v{k dk ,d T;kferh; xq.k gSA bls ifjHkze.k f=kT;k dgk tkrk

gSA fdlh v{k osQ ifjr% fdlh fi.M dh ifjHkze.k f=kT;k v{k
iQydkdkj fi.M
ls ,d ,sls d.k dh nwjh gS ftldk nzO;eku [Link] fi.M osQ
nzO;eku osQ cjkcj gSA iQyr% ftldk tM+Ro vk?[Link]] nh xbZ
v{k osQ ifjr% fi.M osQ okLrfod tM+Ro vk?[Link] osQ
cjkcj gSA
vr%] fdlh n`<+ fi.M dk tM+Ro vk?[Link]] mlosQ nzO;eku]
mlosQ vkdkj ,oa vko`Qfr] ?[Link]&v{k osQ ifjr% blosQ
nzO;eku osQ forj.k vkSj bl v{k dh fLFkfr ,oa fnx~foU;kl
ij fuHkZj djrk gSA lehdj.k (7.34), esa nh xbZ ifjHkk"kk
osQ vk/kj ij ge rqjUr bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡p ldrs gSa fd
tM+Ro vk?[Link] dk foeh; lw=k ML2 ,oa blosQ SI ek=kd fp=k 7.29 iQydkdkj [Link] osQ fy, yEcor~ v{kksa dk
kg m2 gSaA izes;A x ,oa y blosQ ry esa nks v{k gSa vkSj
z-v{k blosQ ry osQ yEcor~ gSA
fdlh fi.M osQ ?[Link] osQ tM+Ro osQ eki osQ :i esa bl
vR;ar [Link] jkf'k I osQ cgqr ls O;kogkfjd mi;ksx gSaA fp=k 7.29 esa ,d iQydkdkj fi.M n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
ok"i batu vkSj vkWVkseksckby batu tSlh e'khusa tks ?[Link] xfr blosQ ry esa fLFkr fdlh fcUnq O ij ry osQ yEcor~]
z-v{k gSA iQyd osQ ry esa] vkSj z-v{k ls laxkeh] ;kfu O,
iSnk djrh gSa] buesa cgqr vf/d tM+Ro vk?[Link] okyh ,d
ls xqtjrh gqbZ] nks ijLij yEcor~ v{ksa gSa ftuesa ,d dks
pdrh yxh jgrh gS ftls xfrikyd pØ dgrs gSaA vius x -v{k vkSj nwljh dks y-v{k fy;k x;k gSA izes; ;g dgrk
fo'kky tM+Ro vk?[Link] osQ dkj.k ;g pØ okgu dh xfr gS fd]
esa vpkud ifjorZu ugha gksus nsrkA blls xfr /hjs&/hjs Iz = Ix + Iy (7.36)
ifjo£rr gksrh gS] xkM+h >VosQ [kk&[kkdj ugha pyrh
vkb;s] izes; dh ,d mnkgj.k }kjk mi;ksfxrk le>rs gSaA
vkSj okgu ij lokj ;kf=k;ksa osQ fy, lokjh vkjkensg gks
tkrh gSA u mnkgj.k 7.10: ,d o`Ùkkdkj pdrh dk tM+Ro vk?[Link]
blosQ fdlh O;kl osQ ifjr% D;k gksxk\
7.10 yEcor~ ,oa lekarj v{kksa osQ izes;
tM+Ro vk?[Link] ls tqM+h ;s nks mi;ksxh izes; gSaA igys ge
yEcor~ v{kksa dk izes; crk;saxs vkSj oqQN fu;fer vkdkj osQ
[Link] osQ tM+Ro vk?[Link] Kkr djus osQ fy, blosQ oqQN ljy
mi;ksx lh[ksaxsA
yEcor~ v{kksa dk izes;
;g izes; iQydkdkj [Link] ij ykxw gksrk gSA O;ogkj esa
bldk vFkZ gqvk fd ;g mu [Link] ij ykxw gksrk gS
ftudh eksVkbZ vU; foekvksa (;kfu yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ ;k
f=kT;k) dh rqyuk esa cgqr de gksA fp=k 7.29 esa bl izes;
dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bldk dFku gS fd blosQ ry osQ
yEcor~ v{k osQ ifjr% fdlh iQyd dk tM+Ro vk?[Link] fp=k 7.30 O;kl osQ ifjr% pdrh dk tM+Ro vk?[Link] blosQ
iQyd osQ ry esa fLFkr nks yEcor~ laxkeh v{kksa osQ ifjr% nzO;eku osQUnz ls xqtjrh] ry osQ yEcor~ v{k osQ
Kkr tM+Ro vk?[Link]± osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gksxkA ifjr% tM+Ro vk?[Link] osQ inksa esaA
170 HkkSfrdh

gy ge tkurs gSa fd fdlh pdrh dk tM+Ro vk?[Link]] mlosQ

osQUnz ls xqtjrh vkSj blosQ ry osQ yEcor~ v{k osQ ifjr%
I = MR2/2 gksrk gS] tgk¡ M pdrh dk nzO;eku vkSj R bldh
f=kT;k gS ([Link] 7.1)
pdrh dks ge iQydkdkj fi.M le> ldrs gSAa blfy,
yEcor~ v{kksa dk izes; blosQ fy, ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gS
tSlk fp=k 7.30 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS] ge pdrh osQ osQUnz O ls
laxkeh rhu ijLij yEcor~ v{ksa x,y,z ysrs gSaA buesa x ,oa
y pdrh osQ ry esa gaS vkSj z blosQ yEcor~ gSA yEcor~ v{kksa
osQ izes; osQ vuqlkj
Iz = Ix + Iy
vc] x vkSj y v{ksa pdrh osQ nks O;klksa osQ vuqfn'k gSa
vkSj lefefr osQ fopkj ls izR;sd O;kl osQ ifjr% tM+Ro
vk?[Link] dk eku leku gksuk pkfg,A vr%
∵ Ix = Iy
vr% Iz = 2Ix
fp=k 7.31 lekukUrj v{kksa dk izes;A z ,oa z' nks lekukUrj
ijUrq Iz = MR2/2 v{k gSa ftuosQ chp dh nwjh a gS] O fi.M dk
∴ Ix = Iz/2 = MR2/4 nzO;eku osQUnz gS] OO’ = a
Iz′= Iz + Ma2 (7.37)
vr%] fdlh O;kl osQ ifjr% pdrh dk tM+Ro vk?[Link]
MR /4 gSA
2
⊳
tgk¡ Iz ,oa Iz′ Øe'k% z ,oa z′ v{k osQ ifjr% tM+Ro vk?[Link]
blh izdkj vki fdlh oy; dk tM+Ro vk?[Link] Hkh blosQ gSa] M fi.M dk nzO;eku gS vkSj a nksuksa v{kksa osQ chp dh
fdlh O;kl osQ ifjr% Kkr dj ldrs gSaA D;k ;g fl¼kar yEcor~ nwjh gSA
fdlh Bksl csyukdkj fi.M osQ fy, Hkh ykxw gks ldrk gS\ u mnkgj.k 7.11: nzO;eku M, vkSj yackbZ l okyh NM+
dk] ml v{k osQ ifjr% tM+Ro vk?[Link] D;k gksxk tks
lekukUrj v{kksa dk izes; blosQ yEcor~ fdlh ,d fljs ls xqtjrh gks\
;g izes;] izR;sd fi.M ij ykxw gksrk gS] pkgs og fdlh Hkh
vko`Qfr dk D;ksa u gksA ;fn fdlh fi.M dk tM+Ro vk?[Link] gy M nzO;eku vkSj l yackbZ dh NM+ dk] blosQ nzO;eku
mlosQ xq#Ro osQUnz ls xqtjus okyh v{k osQ ifjr% Kkr gks] rks osQUnz ls yackbZ osQ yEcor~ xqtjus okyh v{k osQ ifjr% tM+Ro
ml v{k osQ lkekukUrj fdlh nwljh v{k osQ ifjr% tM+Ro vk?[Link]] I = Ml2/12 gSaA lekukUrj v{kksa dk izes; yxkus ij]
vk?[Link] ge bl izes; dh lgk;rk ls Kkr dj ldrs gSaA ge I′ = I + Ma2
bl ize;s dk dFku ek=k nsxa ]s bldh miifÙk ugh djsxa As rnfi] a = l/2 j[ksa] rks
ge bldks oqQN ljy fLFkfr;ksa esa ykxw djosQ ns[ksaxs vkSj mlh
ls bldh mi;ksfxrk Li"V gks tk,xhA izes; dk dFku bl l2 l  Ml 2
2
I′ = M +M  =
izdkj gS % 12 2 3
fdlh fi.M dk] fdlh v{k osQ ifjr% tM+Ro vk?[Link]]
ml ;ksx osQ cjkcj gS tks fi.M osQ nzO;eku osQUnz ls xqtjus ge Lora=k :i ls bldks ,d nwljh fof/ ls Hkh tk¡p
okyh lkekukUrj v{k osQ ifjr% fy, x, tM+Ro vk?[Link] vkSj ldrs gSa] ;fn ge I' dks ml NM+ osQ eè; fcUnq osQ ifjr%
fi.M osQ nzO;eku rFkk nksuksa v{kksa osQ chp dh nwjh osQ oxZ osQ tM+Ro vk?[Link] dk vk/k ysa ftldk nzO;eku 2M vkSj yackbZ
[Link] dks tksM+us ls izkIr gksrk gSA tSlk fd fp=k 7.31 esa 2l gksA bl izdkj]
n'kkZ;k x;k gS z ,oa z′ nks lkekukUrj v{ksa gSa ftuosQ chp dh
4l 2 1 Ml 2
nwjh a gSA z-v{k fi.M osQ nzO;eku osQUnz O ls xqtjrh gSA rc I ′ = 2M . × = ⊳
12 2 3
lkekukUrj v{kksa osQ izes; osQ vuqlkj
[Link] osQ fudk; rFkk ?[Link] xfr 171

u mnkgj.k 7.12: fdlh irys oy; dh ifjf/ ij Li'kZ fp=k 7.33 esa θ 0, Hkh n'kkZ;k x;k gS tks t = 0 ij [Link];
foLFkkiu gSA
js[kk cukrh gqbZ vkSj blosQ ry esa gh fLFkr v{k osQ
ge ;g Hkh ;kn djsa fd [Link]; osx] le; osQ lkFk
ifjr% bldk tM+Ro vk?[Link] D;k gS\ [Link]; foLFkkiu esa gksus okys ifjorZu dh nj gSA ;kfu]
ω = dθ/dt A è;ku nsa] fd pwafd ?[Link] v{k vpy gS]
gy [Link]; osx osQ lkFk lfn'k dh rjg O;ogkj djus dh
oy; osQ ry esa blosQ Åij [khaph xbZ Li'kZ js[kk blosQ O;kl vko';drk ugha gSA [Link]; Roj.k] α = dω/dt gSA
osQ lekUrj gSA bu nks lekukarj v{kksa osQ chp dh nwjh R ;kfu 'kq¼ ?[Link] xfrdh esa iz;qDr gksus okyh jkf'k;k¡] [Link];
oy; dh f=kT;k gSA lekukUrj v{kksa dk izes; yxk;sa rks foLFkkiu (θθ), [Link]; osx (ω ω) ,oa [Link]; Roj.k (αα) Øe'k%
MR 2 3 LFkkukarjh; 'kq¼ xfrdh dh jkf'k;ksa js[kh; foLFkkiu (x),
I Li'kZ j[skk = I O;kl v{k + MR 2 = + MR 2 = MR 2 js[kh; osx (v) ,oa js[kh; Roj.k (a) osQ lerqY; gSaA le (;kfu
2 2
vpj) Roj.k osQ rgr LFkkukarjh; 'kq¼ xfrdh osQ lehdj.k
ge tkurs gSaA os gSa %
v = v0 + at (a)
1 2
x = x 0 + υ0t + at (b)
2
υ 2 = υ02 + 2ax (c)
tgk¡ x0 = izkjafHkd foLFkkiu ,oa v0= izkjafHkd osx gSA 'kCn
^izkjafHkd* dk vFkZ gS t = 0 ij jkf'k dk ekuA
buosQ laxr] vpj Roj.k ls ?[Link] xfr djrh gqbZ oLrq osQ
fp=k 7.32 fy, 'kq¼ ?[Link] xfrdh osQ lehdj.k gksaxs %
⊳ ω = ω0 + α t (7.38)

7.11 vpy v{k osQ ifjr% 'kq¼ ?[Link] xfrdh θ = θ0 + ω0t +

1 2
αt (7.39)
geus igys Hkh LFkkukarj.k xfr vkSj ?[Link] xfr osQ chp 2
lerqY;rk osQ laoQs r fn, gSAa mnkjg.k osQ fy, ;g fd [Link]; vkSj ω 2 = ω0 2 + 2α (θ – θ 0 ) (7.40)
osx ω dk ?[Link] xfr esa ogh Hkwfedk gS tks js[kh; osx v dk tgk¡ θ 0= ?[Link] djrs fi.M dk izkjafHkd [Link]; foLFkkiu gS
LFkkukarj.k xfr esaA ge bl lerqY;rk dks vkxs c<+kuk pkgrs ,oa ω 0 = bl fi.M dk izkjafHkd [Link]; osx gSA
gSAa ,slk djrs le; ge viuk foospu vpj (fLFkj) v{k osQ
ifjr% ?[Link] rd gh lhfer j[ksaxsA ,slh xfr osQ fy, osQoy
,d Lokra=;&dksfV dh vko';drk gksxh vFkkZr~ bldk [Link]
djus osQ fy, osQoy ,d Lora=k pj [Link]; foLFkkiu pkfg,A
;g js[kh; xfr esa LFkkukarj.k osQ laxr gSA ;g vuqHkkx osQoy
'kq¼ xfrdh ls lacaf/r gSA xfr foKku dh vksj ge vxys
vuqHkkx esa eq[kkfrc gksaxsA
;kn djsa] fd fdlh ?[Link] djrs gq, fi.M dk [Link];
foLFkkiu crkus osQ fy, geus bl fi.M ij dksbZ d.k P ys
fy;k Fkk (fp=k 7.33)A ftl ry esa ;g d.k xfr djrk gS
mlesa bldk [Link]; foLFkkiu θ gh [Link] fi.M dk [Link];
foLFkkiu gS_ θ ,d fu;r fn'kk ls ekik tkrk gS] ftldks ;gk¡
ge x′ - v{k ys ysrs gSa tks fcUnq P osQ xfr osQ ry esa fLFkr
x-v{k osQ lekukarj js[kk gSA è;ku nsa fd z – v{k ?[Link]&v{k
gS vkSj d.k P dh xfr dk ry x - y ry osQ lekukarj gSA fp=k 7.33 fdlh n`<+ fi.M dh [Link]; fLFkfr crkuk
172 HkkSfrdh

u = 104 π rad/s
mnkgj.k 7.13: ewy fl¼kar osQ vk/kj ij lehdj.k
(7.38) O;qRiUu dhft,A ω − ω0
∴ [Link]; Roj.k] α = = 4π rad/s2
t
gy % [Link]; Roj.k leku gS] vr% batu dk [Link]; Roj.k 4π rad/s2 gSA
dω (ii) t le; esa [Link]; foLFkkiu]
=α = vpj (i)
dt 1 2
θ = ω0t + αt
bl lehdj.k dk lekdyu djus ij 2
ω = ∫ α dt + c = (40π × 16 +
1
× 4π × 162 ) rad
2
=αt + c vpj gS)
(∵ α
= (640π + 512π ) rad
t = 0, ω = ω 0 (fn;k gS) = 1152π rad
lehdj.k (i) ls] t = 0 ij 1152π
ω = c = ω0 pDdjksa dh la[;k = 2π
= 576 ⊳
vr% ω = αt + ω0 , tksokafNr lehdj.k gSA
ifjHkk"kk ω = dθ/dt dk bLrseky djosQ ge lehdj.k 7.12 vpy v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link] xfrdh
(7.38) dk lekdyu dj lehdj.k (7.39) izkIr dj ldrs [Link] 7.2 esa js[kh; xfr ls laca/h jkf'k;ksa vkSj muosQ laxr
gSaA ;g O;qRifÙk ,oa lehdj.k (7.40) dh O;qRifÙk ge vkiosQ ?[Link] xfr dh lerqY; jkf'k;ksa dh lwph nh xbZ gSA fiNys
vH;kl osQ fy, NksM+rs gSaA ⊳
vuqHkkx esa geus bu nksuksa izdkj dh xfr;ksa dh 'kq¼ xfrdh ls
u mnkgj.k 7.14: vkWVkseksckby batu dk [Link]; osx 16 rqyuk dh gSA gesa ;g Hkh irk gS fd ?[Link] xfr esa tM+Ro
lsosaQM esa 1200 rpm ls c<+dj 3120 rpm gks tkrk vk?[Link] ,oa cy vk?[Link]] js[kh; xfr osQ Øe'k% nzO;eku ,oa
gSA (i) ;g ekurs gq, fd [Link]; Roj.k leku jgrk gS] cyksa dk izfrfuf/Ro djrs gSaA ;g lc tkuus osQ ckn [Link]
bldk eku Kkr dhft,A (ii) bl le; esa batu fdrus esa fn, x, vU; lerqY;ksa osQ fo"k; esa vuqeku yxk ysuk
pDdj yxkrk gS\ vfèkd dfBu ugha gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] js[kh; xfr esa
dk;Z = F dx A vr% ,d vpy v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link] xfr esa
gy : dk;Z τ dθ gksuk pkfg, D;ksafd ge igys ls gh ;g tkurs gSa
(i) ω = ω 0 + αt , tgk¡ ω0 = rad/s esa O;Dr bldk fd dx osQ laxr jkf'k gS dθ ,oa F osQ laxr jkf'k τ gSA rFkkfi
izkjafHkd [Link]; osx gS ;g vko';d gS fd jkf'k;ksa dh ;g laxrrk] xfr foKku osQ
ω0 = 2π × rev/s esa izkjafHkd [Link]; osx etcwr vk/kj ij izfr"Bkfir dh tk,A vkxs ge ;gh djus tk
jgs gSaA
2π × rev s −1 eas [Link]; oxs blls igys fd ge viuh ckr 'kq: djs]a ,d vpy v{k
=
60 lo
s asQM/feuV
osQ ifjr% ?[Link] xfr esa ,d ljyhdj.k dh vksj è;ku fnykuk
2π × 1200
rad/s
vko';d gSA D;ksafd v{k fLFkj gS] gesa vius foospu esa cy
=
60 vk?[Link]± ,oa [Link]; laosxksa osQ blosQ vuqfn'k vo;oksa ij gh
= 40π rad/s fopkj djus dh vko';drk gksxhA osQoy ;gh ?kVd fi.M
blh izdkj] ω = rad/s esa vafre [Link]; osx dks ?[Link] djkrs gSaA cy vk?[Link] dk v{k ls vfHkyacor ?kVd
2π × 3120 v{k dks mldh fLFkfr ls ?kqekus dk iz;kl djrk gSA gkykafd
= rad/s
60 ge ekudj pysaxs fd cy vk?[Link] osQ bl ?kVd dks larqfyr
= 2π × 52 rad/s djus gsrq vko';d cy vk?[Link] mRiUu gksxa s tks v{k dh fLFkfr
[Link] osQ fudk; rFkk ?[Link] xfr 173

cuk, j[kus osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gksaxsA vr% bu vfHkyacor~ cy cyksa ij fopkj djus dh vko';drk gS tks v{k osQ vfHkyacor~
vk?[Link] osQ ?kVdksa ij fopkj esa djus dh vko';drk ugha gSA ry esa vofLFkr gSA fi.M osQ fdlh d.k ij] ftldh fLFkfr
i;kZ; esa gesa fuEu fopkj esa ykus dh vko';drk gS% P1, ls n'kkZbZ xbZ gS] ,d cy F1 yxrk gS ftldh fØ;k js[kk]
(1) fi.M ij dk;Z djus okys os cy tks ?[Link] v{k osQ
v{k osQ vfHkyEcor~ ry esa gSA lqfo/k osQ fy, ge bldks
yEcor~ ry esa gSaA
x′–y′ ry dgrs gSa (;g gekjs i`"B dk ry gh gS)A P1 ij
(2) fi.M osQ [Link] dh fLFkfr&lfn'kksa osQ osQoy os vo;o
tks ?[Link] v{k osQ yEcor~ gSaA fLFkr d.k r1 f=kT;k osQ o`Ùk ij pyrk gS ftldk osQUnz v{k
;k ;w¡ dgsa fd cyksa vkSj fLFkfr lfn'kksa osQ v{k osQ ij gS_ CP1 = r1A
vuqfn'k fy, x, vo;oksa dks gesa [Link] esa ykus dh vko';drk ∆t le; esa] d.k] P1′ ij igq¡p tkrk gSA blfy, d.k
ugha gSA osQ foLFkkiu ds1 dk ifjek.k ds1 = r1dθ gSA tSlk fd fp=k
cy vk?[Link] }kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA bldh fn'kk o`Ùk osQ Li'kZ js[kk osQ vuqfn'k
gSaA d.k ij cy }kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z &
dW1 = F1. ds1= F1ds1 cosφ 1= F1(r1 dθ)sinα 1
tgk¡ φ 1 , F1 vkSj P1, ij [khaph xbZ Li'kZ js[kk osQ chp cuk
dks.k gS] vkSj α 1, F1 ,oa f=kT;k OP1 osQ eè; dks.k gSaA
φ 1 + α 1 = 90°A
ewy fcUnq osQ ifjr% F1 osQ dkj.k cy vk?[Link] OP1 × F1
gSA OP1 = OC + CP1 [fp=k 7-17(b) ns[ksa] pwafd OC v{k
osQ vuqfn'k gS blosQ dkj.k cy vk?[Link] ij fopkj djus dh
vko';drk ugha gSA F1 osQ dkj.k izHkko cy vk?[Link] gS %
τ1= CP1 × F1; ;g ?[Link] v{k osQ vuqfn'k gS rFkk bldk
fp=k 7.34 ,d vpy v{k osQ ifjr% ?kwers fi.M osQ fdlh d.k ifjek.k τ 1= r1F1 sin α gSA vr%
ij yxs cy F1 }kjk fd;k x;k dk;ZA d.k] v{k ij dW1 = τ 1dθ
fLFkr osQUnz C okys o`Ùk ij pyrk gSA pki P1P′1(ds1) ;fn fi.M ij ,d ls vf/d cy dk;Z dj jgs gksa] rks
d.k dk foLFkkiu crkrk gSA mu lcosQ }kjk fd, x, dk;ks± dks tksM+us ls fi.M ij fd;k
fp=k 7.34 esa ,d vpy v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link] djrk ,d x;k oqQy dk;Z izkIr gksxkA fofHkUu cyksa osQ dkj.k yxs cy
n`<+ fi.M n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ?[Link] v{k] z-v{k gS] tks i`"B osQ vk?[Link]± osQ [Link] dks τ 1, τ 2, … bR;kfn ls n'kkZ,¡ rks
vfHkyEcor~ gSA tSlk Åij crk;k x;k gS gesa osQoy mUgha d W = (τ1 + τ 2 + ...)dθ

[Link] 7.2 LFkkukarjh; ,oa ?[Link] xfr dh rqyuk

js[kh; xfr vpy v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link] xfr
1 foLFkkiu x [Link]; foLFkkiu θ
2 osx v = dx/dt [Link]; osx ω = dθ/dt
3 Roj.k a = dv/dt [Link]; Roj.k] α = dω/dt
4 nzO;eku M tM+Ùo vk?[Link] I
5 cy F = Ma cy vk?[Link] τ = I α
6 dk;Z dW = F ds dk;Z W = τ dθ
7 xfrt ÅtkZ K = Mv2/2 xfrt ÅtkZ K = Iω2/2
8 'kfDr P = F v 'kfDr P = τω
9 js[kh; laosx p = Mv [Link]; laosx L = I ω
174 HkkSfrdh

;kn jgs] fd cy vk?[Link]± dks tUe nsus okys cy rks lehdj.k (7.43) ljy js[kh; xfr osQ fy, U;wVu osQ
vyx&vyx [Link] ij yx jgs gS]a exj [Link]; foLFkkiu dθ f}rh; fu;e F = ma ls feyrh tqyrh gSA
lHkh [Link] osQ fy, leku gSA vc tSlk fd bl vuqHkkx osQ Bhd oSls gh tSls cy fi.M esa js[kh; Roj.k mRiUu djrk
izkjaHk esa dgk x;k Fkk] gekjs fy, lHkh cy vk?[Link] z-v{k osQ gS] cy vk?[Link] blesa [Link]; Roj.k iSnk djrk gSA [Link];
vuqfn'k izHkkoh gSaA vr% oqQy cy vk?[Link] dk ifjek.k τ , Roj.k] vkjksfir cy vk?[Link] osQ lekuqikrh vkSj fi.M osQ
izR;sd cy vk?[Link]± osQ [Link] τ 1 , τ 2 .... osQ [Link]; tM+Ro vk?[Link] osQ O;qRØekuqikrh gksrk gSA lehdj.k (7.43)
;ksx osQ cjkcj gSA vFkkZr~ τ = τ 1 + τ 2 + . ..., vr% ge dg dks] ,d vpy v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link] osQ fy, ykxw gksus okyk
ldrs gSa U;wVu dk f}rh; fu;e] dg ldrs gSaA
dW = τ dθ (7.41)
;g lehdj.k ,d vpy v{k osQ ifjr% ?kwers fi.M ij u mnkgj.k 7.15: ux.; nzO;keu okyh ,d jLlh]
yxs oqQy cká cy vk?[Link] τ osQ }kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z crkrk 20 kg nzO;eku ,oa 20 cm f=kT;k osQ xfrikyd ifg;s
gSA js[kh; xfr osQ laxr lehdj.k osQ fje ij yisVh gqbZ gSA jLlh ij 25 N dk ,dleku
dW= F ds d"kZ.k cy yxk;k tkrk gS tSlk fd fp=k 7.35 esa
ls bldh rqY;rk Li"V gh gSA lehdj.k (7.41) osQ nksuksa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA xfrikyd ifg;k ,d {kSfrt /qjh ij
i{kksa dks dt ls foHkkftr djus ij yxk;k x;k gS ftlosQ fo;¯jxksa esa dksbZ ?k"kZ.k ugha gSA
dW dθ
P = =τ = τω (a) ifg;s osQ [Link]; Roj.k dh [Link] dhft,A
dt dt
(b) 2m jLlh [kqyus rd d"kZ.k cy }kjk fd;k x;k
;k P = τω (7.42)
dk;Z Kkr dhft,A
;g rkR{[Link] 'kfDr osQ fy, lehdj.k gSA vpy v{k
(c) bl {k.k ij ifg;s dh xfrt ÅtkZ Kkr dhft,A
osQ ifjr% ?[Link] xfr esa 'kfDr osQ bl lehdj.k dh rqyuk
js[kh; xfr esa 'kfDr dh lehdj.k P = Fv ls dj ldrs gSaA ;g ekfu, fd ifg;k 'kwU; ls xfr izkjaHk djrk gSA
,d [Link]% n`<+ fi.M esa fofHkUu [Link] dh dksbZ vkarfjd (d) Hkkx (b) ,oa (c) osQ mÙkjksa dh rqyuk dhft,A
xfr ugha gksrhA vr%] cká cy vk?[Link]± }kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z
folfjr ugha gksrkA [Link]:i fi.M dh xfrt ÅtkZ c<+rh gy
pyh tkrh gSA fi.M ij fd, x, dk;Z dh nj] lehdj.k
(7.42) }kjk izkIr gksrh gSA blh nj ls fi.M dh xfrt ÅtkZ
c<+rh gSA xfrt ÅtkZ dh o`f¼ dh nj
d  Iω2  (2ω ) dω
  =I
dt  2  2 dt
ge ekurs gSa fd le; osQ lkFk fi.M dk tM+Ro vk?[Link]
ugha cnyrkA ;kfu fd fi.M dk nzO;eku fLFkj jgrk gS rFkk
fi.M n`<+ cuk jgrk gS vkSj blosQ lkis{k ?[Link] v{k dh fLFkfr
ugha cnyrhA
rc] pwafd α = dω /dt , vr%
d  Iω2 
dt  2  = I ωα fp=k 7.35
dk;Z djus dh nj dks xfrt ÅtkZ esa o`f¼ dh nj osQ (a) blosQ fy, I α=τ
cjkcj j[kus ij
cy vk?[Link] τ=FR
τω = I ωα
= 25 × 0.20 Nm (R = 0.20m)
τ = Iα (7.43)
= 5.0 Nm
[Link] osQ fudk; rFkk ?[Link] xfr 175

MR 2 ,dkdh d.k osQ fy,] l = r × p.

vkSj I = viuh v{k osQ ifjr% ifg;s dk tM+Ro vk?[Link] =
fp=k (7.17b) nsf[k,A ?[Link] djrh oLrq osQ fdlh
2
20.0 × (0.2)2
fof'k"V d.k dk fLFkfr lfn'k OP = r gSA fp=k esa
=
2
= 0.4 kg m2 r = OC + CP (D;ksafd p = mv)
[Link]; Roj.k α = 5.0 N m/0.4 kg m2 = 12.5 s–2 l = ( OC × mv ) + ( OC × mv )
(b) 2 m jLlh [kksyus esa fd;k x;k dk;Z P ij d.k osQ js[kh; osx v dk ifjek.k v = ωr⊥ gS tgk¡ r⊥
= 25 N × 2 m = 50 J CP dh yEckbZ ;k P dh ?[Link] v{k osQ yEcor~ nwjh gSA v d.k
(c) ekuk fd ω vafre [Link]; osx gSA rc ifg;s dh xfrt }kjk cuk, x, o`Ùk osQ fcUnq P ij Li'kZ js[kk osQ vuqfn'k gSA
1 2 nkfgus gkFk osQ fu;e }kjk Kkr dj ldrs gSa fd CP × v
ÅtkZ esa gqbZ o`f¼ = Iω
vpy v{k osQ vuqfn'k gSA ?[Link] v{k (tks ;gk¡ z-v{k gS) dks
2
pwafd ifg;k fojkekoLFkk ls xfr izkjaHk djrk gS bdkbZ lfn'k k osQ vuqfn'k O;Dr djus ij
2 2
ω = ω + 2αθ , ω0 = 0
0 CP × mv = r⊥ (mv ) k
rFkk [Link]; foLFkkiu θ = [kksyh xbZ jLlh dh yackbZ@ifg;s
= mr⊥2ω k ( v = ω r⊥ )
dh f=kT;k
= 2 m/0.2 m = 10 rad blh izdkj ge tk¡p ldrs gSa fd OC × v vpj v{k osQ
ω 2 = 2 × 12.5 × 10.0 = 250(rad / s)2 yEcor~ gSAa vpj v{k (;kfu z-v{k) osQ vuqfn'k l osQ ?kVd
ls lz ls n'kkZus ij
∴ xfrt ÅtkZ esa o`f¼ = 1 × 0.4 × 250 = 50 J l z = CP × m v = mr⊥2ω k
2
(d) nksuksa mÙkj leku gSa] vFkkZr~ ifg;s }kjk izkIr xfrt rFkk l = lz + OC × m v
ÅtkZ = cy }kjk fd;k x;k dk;ZA ;gk¡ ?k"kZ.k osQ dkj.k è;ku nsa fd lz vpj v{k osQ lekarj gS ijUrq l ughaA
ÅtkZ dk fcyoqQy {k; ugha gqvk gSA ⊳ lkekU;r;k fdlh d.k dk [Link]; laosx ?[Link] v{k osQ
vuqfn'k ugha gksrk gS vFkkZr~ vko';d ugha fd l rFkk ω
7.13 vpy v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link] xfr dk [Link]; laoxs ,d&nwljs osQ lekarj gksaA js[kh; xfr esa blls laxr rF; ls
vuqHkkx 7.7 esa] geus [Link] osQ fudk; osQ [Link]; laosx osQ bldh rqyuk djsaA js[kh; xfr esa fdlh d.k osQ p rFkk v
fo"k; esa i<+k FkkA mlls ge ;g tkurs gSa] fd fdlh fcUnq osQ lnSo ,d nwljs osQ lekarj gksrs gSaA
ifjr%] [Link] osQ fudk; osQ oqQy [Link]; laosx esa le; osQ iwjs fi.M dk [Link]; laoxs Kkr djus osQ fy,] ge blosQ
lkFk gksus okys ifjorZu dh nj] ml fudk; ij mlh fcUnq osQ lHkh [Link] osQ fy, li osQ ekuksa dks tksM+saxs ;kfu i dk eku l ls
ifjr% fy, x, oqQy ckg~; cy vk?[Link] osQ cjkcj gksrh gSA tc n rd j[krs gq,
oqQy cká cy vk?[Link] 'kwU; gks] rks fudk; dk oqQy [Link]; L = ∑ li = ∑ liz + ∑ OC i × m i v i
laosx lajf{kr jgrk gSA z-v{k osQ vuqfn'k rFkk yEcor~ L osQ ?kVdksa dks ge Lz
vc ge [Link]; laosx dk vè;;u] ,d vpy v{k osQ rFkk L⊥ ls n'kkZr gSaA
ifjr% ?[Link] osQ fof'k"V ekeyksa esa djuk pkgrs gSaA fudk; osQ
oqQy [Link]; laosx dh O;kid lehdj.k gS] L ⊥ = ∑ OCi × m i vi (7.44a)
N tgk¡ mi rFkk vi i osa d.k osQ nzO;eku rFkk osx gSa rFkk Ci d.k
L = ∑ ri × pi (7.25b) }kjk cuk, x, o`Ùk dk osQUnz gSA
i =1

vc ge igys] ,d vpy v{k osQ ifjr% fdlh n`<+  

fi.M osQ [Link]; laosx ij fopkj djsaxsA izkIr lehdj.k dks
Lz = ∑ liz =  ∑ m i ri2  ω k

i

ljyre inksa esa ykdj fiQj fi.M osQ lHkh [Link] osQ fy, ;k Lz = Iω k (7.44b)
bldk tksM+ fudkysaxs rFkk iwjs fi.M osQ fy, L izkIr djsaxsA
176 HkkSfrdh

lehdj.k (7.44b) LokHkkfod :i ls vuqlfjr gS] d

D;ksafd iosa d.k dh v{k ls yacor~ nwjh ri gS] ,oa ?[Link] v{k (I ω) = τ (7.45c)
dt
osQ ifjr% fi.M dk tM+Ro vk?[Link] I = ∑ m i ri2 gSA ;fn tM+Ro vk?[Link] I le; osQ lkFk ifjo£rr ugha gksrk gS rks
è;ku nsa L = Lz + L⊥ (7.44c)
d dω
n`<+ fi.M] ftu ij geus bl vè;k; esa eq[;r% dt
( Iω ) = I = I α
dt
fopkj fd;k gS] ?[Link] v{k osQ ifjr% lefer gSa vFkkZr~] ?[Link]
v{k mudh lefefr v{kksa esa ls ,d gSA bl izdkj osQ [Link] vkSj lehdj.k (7.45c) ls
osQ fy,] fn, x, OCi osQ laxr izR;sd vi osx ;qDr d.k osQ τ = Iα (7.43)
fy, Ci osQUnz okys o`Ùk osQ] O;kl osQ nwljs fljs ij]
dk;Z&xfrt ÅtkZ laca/ ls ;g lehdj.k ge igys gh
–vi osx okyk nwljk d.k gksrk gSA bl izdkj osQ d.k&;qxyksa
O;qRiUu dj pqosQ gSaA
dk L ⊥ esa oqQy ;ksxnku 'kwU; gksxkA [Link]:i lefer
[Link] osQ fy, L ⊥ 'kwU; gksrk gSA vr% 7.13.1 [Link]; laosx dk laj{k.k
L = L z = Iω k (7.44d)
mu [Link] osQ fy, tks ?[Link] v{k osQ ifjr% lefer ugha vc ge bl fLFkfr esa gSa fd [Link]; laosx osQ laj{k.k osQ
gS] L ≠ Lz A blfy, L ?[Link] v{k osQ vuqfn'k ugha gksrkA fl¼kar dk iqujkoyksdu dj losaQA ge vius foospu dks ,d
[Link] 7-1 esa D;k vki crk ldrs gSa fd fdu ekeyksa vpy v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link] rd lhfer j[ksaxsA lehdj.k
(7.45c) ls] ;fn cká cy vk?[Link] 'kwU; gS rks
esa L = Lz ykxw ugha gksrk\
vkb;s] lehdj.k (7.44a) dks le; osQ vk/kj ij Lz = Iω = vpjkad (7.46)

vodfyr djsa D;ksafd k ,d vpj lfn'k gS % lefer [Link] osQ fy,] lehdj.k (7.44d) ls] Lz osQ
LFkku ij L ysrs gSaA (L rFkk Lz Øe'k% L rFkk L z osQ
( L z ) =  dt ( I ω ) k
d d
dt ifjek.k gSa)A
lehdj.k (7.28b) osQ vuqlkj ;g vpy v{k ?[Link] osQ fy, lehdj.k (7.29a) dk
vU; :i gS tks [Link]; laosx osQ laj{k.k dk O;kid fu;e
dL
= τ O;Dr djrk gSA lehdj.k (7.46) gekjs nSfud thou dh cgqr
dt
lh fLFkfr;ksa ij mi;ksxh gSA vius fe=k osQ lkFk fey dj vki
tSlk fd vkius fiNys Hkkx esa ns[kk gS ,d vpj v{k osQ ;g iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA ,d ?kqeko oqQlhZ ij cSfB, viuh
ifjr% ?[Link] fi.M osQ fy, ckg~; cy vk?[Link] osQ osQoy mUgha Hkqtk,¡ eksM+s jf[k, vkSj iSjksa dks tehu ls Åij mBkdj jf[k,A
?kVdksa ij fopkj djus dh vko';drk gS tks ?[Link] v{k osQ vius fe=k ls dfg, fd og oqQlhZ dks rsth ls ?kqek,A tcfd
vuqfn'k gSaA vr% τ = τ k A pw¡fd L = L z + L ⊥ rFkk Lz dh oqQlhZ i;kZIr [Link]; pky ls ?kwe jgh gks viuh Hkqtkvksa dks
fn'kk (lfn'k k ) vpj gS] ,d vpj v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link] {kSfrt fn'kk esa iSQykb;sA D;k [Link] gksrk gS\ vkidh [Link];
fi.M osQ fy, pky ?kV tkrh gSA ;fn vki viuh Hkqtkvksa dks fiQj 'kjhj osQ
dL z
ikl ys vk;sa rks [Link]; pky fiQj ls c<+ tkrh gSA ;g ,d
= τk (7.45a) ,slh fLFkfr gS ftlesa [Link]; laosx dk laj{k.k Li"V gSA
dt
;fn ?[Link] ;a=k O;oLFkk esa ?k"kZ.k ux.; gks] rks oqQlhZ dh
dL ⊥
rFkk =0 (7.45b) ?[Link] v{k osQ ifjr% dksbZ cká cy vk?[Link] izHkkoh ugha
dt
jgsxk vr% Iω dk eku fu;r gSA Hkqtkvksa dks iSQykus ls ?[Link]
vr% vpy v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link] fi.M dk vpy v{k osQ v{k osQ ifjr% I c<+ tk;sxk] [Link]:i [Link]; osx ω de
yEcor~ [Link]; laoxs dk ?kVd vpj gSA pwf¡ d L z = I ω k , gks tk;sxkA Hkqtkvksa dks 'kjhj osQ ikl ykus ls foijhr ifjfLFkfr
lehdj.k (7.45a) ls izkIr gksxhA
[Link] osQ fudk; rFkk ?[Link] xfr 177

gSa rks os ml fl¼kar laca/h vius vlk/kj.k izkoh.; dk

izn'kZu djrs gSA

7.14 yksVfud xfr

gekjs nSfud thou esa fn[kkbZ iM+us okyh lokZf/d lkekU;
xfr yksVfud xfr gSA ;krk;kr esa bLrseky gksus okys lHkh
ifg;ksa dh xfr yksVfud xfr gksrh gSA ge] viuk vè;;u
lery lrg ij yq<+drh ,d pdrh (;k csyu) ls djsaxsA
ge ;g ekudj pysaxs fd pdrh fcuk fiQlys yq<+drh gSA
bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk] fd fdlh {k.k ij] pdrh dh ryh dk
og fcUnq tks lrg osQ laioZQ esa gS] lrg ij fojkekoLFkk esa gSA
geus igys ;g [Link] dh Fkh fd yksVfud xfr ?[Link]
,oa LFkkukarj.k dk la;kstu gSA ge tkurs gSa fd [Link] osQ fdlh
fudk; dh LFkkukarj.k xfr blosQ nzO;eku osQUnz dh xfr gSA

fp=k 7. 36 (a) [Link]; laoxs osQ laj{k.k dk izn'kZuA ?kqekÅ oqQlhZ

ij cSBh yM+dh viuh Hkqtkvksa dks 'kjhj osQ ikl
ykrh gS@ nwj ys tkrh gSA

fp=k 7.37 ,d lery lrg ij ,d pdrh dh (fcuk fiQlys)

yksVfud xfrA è;ku nsa fd fdlh Hkh {k.k ij pdrh
dk] lrg ij laioZQ fcUnq P0 fojkekoLFkk esa gSA
pdrh dk nzO;eku osQUnz vcm osx ls pyrk gSA
pdrh C ls xqtjrh v{k osQ ifjr% [Link]; osx ω
ls ?[Link] djrh gSA vcm = Rω, tgk¡ R pdrh dh
f=kT;k gSA
ekuk] vcm nzO;eku osQUnz dk osx vkSj blfy, pdrh dk
LFkkukarjh; osx gSA D;ksafd yksVfud xfr djrh pdrh dk
nzO;eku osQUnz bldk T;kferh; osQUnz gS (fp=k 7. 37), vcm
fp=k 7.36 (b) dykckt vius dyk izn'kZu esa [Link]; laosx osQ fcUnq C dk osx gSA ;g lery lrg osQ lekUrj gSA pdrh
fu;e dk ykHk ysrs gq,A dh ?[Link] xfr] C ls xqtjus okyh lefer v{k osQ ifjr% gSA
vr% pdrh osQ fdlh fcUnq P0, P1 ;k P2 osQ osx osQ nks
,d ljdl dk dykckt vkSj ,d xksrk[kksj bl fl¼kar vo;o gSa & ,d LFkkukarjh; osx vcm vkSj nwljk ?[Link] osQ
dk c[kwch ykHk mBkrs gSaA blosQ vykok LosQVlZ vkSj Hkkjrh; dkj.k js[kh; osx vrA vr dk ifjek.k gS vr = rω, tgk¡ ω v{k osQ
;k if'peh 'kkL=kh; u`rd tc ,d iSj osQ iats ij ?[Link] djrs ifjr% pdrh osQ ?[Link] dk [Link]; osx gS vkSj r fcUnq dh ?[Link]
178 HkkSfrdh

v{k ls (;kfu C ls) nwjh gSA osx vr dh fn'kk C vkSj fcUnq dks K=
1 2 1
I ω + mvcm 2
(7.49a)
feykus okys f=kT;k lfn'k osQ yEcor~ gSAa fp=k (7.37) esa fcUnq 2 2
P2 dk osx (v2) vkSj blosQ vo;o vr ,oa vcm n'kkZ;s x, gSaA I = mk2 izfrLFkkfir djsa rks]
vr , CP2 osQ yEcor~ gSA ;g n'kkZuk vklku gS fd vz js[kk
1 mk 2υcm
2
1
POP2 osQ yEcor~ gSA vr% PO ls xqtjus okyh rFkk ω osQ
2
K= 2
+ mυcm
2 R 2
lekarj js[kk osQ rkR{[Link] ?[Link] v{k dgrs gSaA
Po ij] ?[Link] osQ dkj.k js[kh; osx vr LFkkukarjh; osx 1  k2 
2
vcm osQ Bhd foijhr fn'kk esa gS vkSj ;g vr = Rω, tgk¡ ;k K=
2
mυcm 1 + 2 
R 
(7.49b)

R pdrh dh f=kT;k gSA ;g 'krZ fd Po rkR{[Link] :i ls
fojkekoLFkk esa gS] ekax djrh gS fd vcm = Rω A vr% fdlh lehdj.k (7.49b) u osQoy pdrh ;k csyu osQ fy,
pdrh (;k csyu) dh fcuk fiQlys yksVfud xfr dh ykxw gksrk gS] oju bls oy; ;k xksys osQ fy, Hkh ykxw fd;k
'krZ gS] tk ldrk gSA
vcm = Rω (7.47)
izlaxo'k] bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd pdrh osQ 'kh"kZ fcUnq u mnkgj.k 7.16. : rhu fi.M ,d oy; (;kfu NYyk)]
P1 osQ osx (v1) dk ifjek.k gS vcm+ Rω ;k 2 vcm vkSj bldh ,d Bksl csyu vkSj ,d Bksl xksyk] ,d ur ry ij
fn'kk lery lrg osQ lekukUrj gSA 'krZ (7.47) oy; ;k xksys
fcuk fiQlys yksVfud xfr djrs gSaA os fojkekoLFkk ls
tSlh yksVfud xfr djrh nwljh lefer oLrqvksa ij Hkh ykxw
gksrh gSA xfr 'kq: djrs gSaA lHkh [Link] dh f=kT;k,¡ cjkcj gSaA
dkSu lk fi.M ur ry osQ vk/kj ij lcls vf/d osx
7.14.1 yksVfud xfr dh xfrt ÅtkZ ls igq¡prk gS\
gekjk vxyk dk;Z yksVfud xfr djrs fi.M dh xfrt ÅtkZ
osQ fy, O;atd izkIr djuk gSA yksVfud xfr dh xfrt ÅtkZ gy ge eku ysrs gSa fd yksVu djrs fi.M dh ÅtkZ lajf{kr
dks LFkkukarj.k dh xfrt ÅtkZ vkSj ?[Link] dh xfrt ÅtkZ esa gS vFkkZr]~ ?k"kZ.k vkfn osQ dkj.k ÅtkZ dh dksbZ gkfu ugha gksrhA
i`FkDo`Qr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g [Link] osQ fudk; osQ bl vr% ur ry ij yq<+d dj uhps vkus esa [kksbZ fLFkfrt ÅtkZ
O;kid fu"d"kZ dh fof'k"V fLFkfr gS] ftlosQ vuqlkj ge (m g h) xfrt ÅtkZ esa o`f¼ osQ cjkcj gksxhA D;ksafd fi.M
fudk; dh xfrt ÅtkZ (K) dks nzO;eku osQUnz dh xfrt ÅtkZ
(MV2/2) vkSj fudk; osQ nzO;eku osQUnz osQ ifjr% xfr dh fojkekoLFkk ls xfr izkjaHk djrs gSa buosQ }kjk miyC/ xfrt
xfrt ÅtkZ (K′) osQ ;ksx osQ :i esa ns[krs gSaA vFkkZr~ ÅtkZ bldh vafre xfrt ÅtkZ osQ cjkcj gSA lehdj.k
K = K ′ + MV 2 / 2 (7.48) 1 2  k2 
(7.49b) ls K = 2 mυ 1 + 2  , tgk¡ v fi.M (osQ nzO;eku
ge bl O;kid [Link] dks eku dj pyrs gSa] (nsf[k;s  R 
vH;kl 7.31)] vkSj pdrh tSls n`<+ fi.M dh yksVfud xfr osQUnz) dk vafre osx gSA
osQ fof'k"V ekeys esa bls ykxw dj ysrs gSaA nzO;eku osQUnz dh
K vkSj mgh dks cjkcj j[kus ij
xfrt ÅtkZ] fi.M osQ LFkkukarj.k dh xfrt ÅtkZ gSA tks gekjh
lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk esa mv2cm /2 gS tgk¡ m n`<+ fi.M dk
nzO;eku gS rFkk vcm nzO;eku osQUnz dh xfr gSA pwafd fi.M
dh nzO;eku osQUnz osQ ifjr% ?[Link] xfr gS vr% K' ?[Link] xfrt
ÅtkZ gSA ,d n`<+ fi.M osQ fy,] K ′ = I ω 2 2 gS] tgk¡ I ,d
ljksdkjh v{k osQ ifjr% fi.M dk tM+Ro vk?[Link] gS] tks
yksVfud xfr djrh pdrh osQ fy, fi.M dk lefer
v{k gSA
blfy, yksVfud xfr djrs fi.M osQ fy,
fp=k 7.38
[Link] osQ fudk; rFkk ?[Link] xfr 179

1  k2  4 gh
mgh = m υ 2 1 + 2  =
2  R  3

 2 gh  xksys osQ fy, k2 = 2R2/5

;k υ2 =  2 2 
1 + k R 
2 gh
è;ku nsa] fd v yksVfud xfr djrs fi.M osQ nzO;eku ij υxksyk =
1+ 2 5
fuHkZj ugha djrkA
oy; osQ fy, k2 = R2 10gh
=
2gh 7
υoy; = ,
1 +1 izkIr [Link] ls ;g Li"V gS fd ur ry dh ryh esa
= gh igqp
¡ us ij rhuksa [Link] esa xksys osQ nzO;eku osQUnz dk osx lcls
csyu osQ fy, k2 = R2/2 vf/d vkSj oy; osQ nzO;eku osQUnz dk osx lcls de gksxkA
2 gh ;fn [Link] osQ nzO;eku leku gksa rks ur ry dh ryh esa
υcysu =
1 +1 2 igq¡pus ij fdl fi.M dh xfrt ÅtkZ lcls vf/d gksxh\
⊳

lkjka'k

1. ,d vkn'kZ n`<+ fiaM ,d ,slk fiaM gS ftlosQ [Link] ij cy yxkus ij Hkh muosQ chp dh nwjh ugha cnyrhA
2. ,d ,slk n`<+ fiaM tks fdlh fcUnq ij] ;k fdlh js[kk osQ vuqfn'k fLFkj gks osQoy ?[Link] xfr gh dj ldrk gSA
tks fiaM fdlh izdkj Hkh fLFkj u gks og ;k rks LFkkukUrj.k xfr djsxk ;k ?[Link] vkSj LFkkukUrj.k nksuksa izdkj dh
la;ksftr xfrA
3. ,d fu;r v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link] esa] n`<+ fi.M dk izR;sd d.k v{k osQ yEcor~ ry esa ,d o`Ùkkdkj iFk ij
pyrk gS ftldk osQUnz v{k ij fLFkr gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ ?[Link] djrs n`<+ fiaM dh v{k osQ yEcor~ izR;sd js[kk dk
[Link]; osx fdlh {k.k fo'ks"k ij leku jgrk gSA
4. 'kq¼ LFkkukUrj.k esa] fiaM dk izR;sd d.k fdlh {k.k ij leku osx ls pyrk gSA
5. [Link]; osx ,d lfn'k gSA bldk ifjek.k ω = dθ/dt gS vkSj bldh fn'kk ?[Link] v{k osQ vuqfn'k gksrh gSA fu;r
v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link] osQ fy,] lfn'k ω dh fn'kk Hkh fu;r gksrh gSA
6. nks lfn'kksa a ,oa b dk lfn'k (;k ØkWl) [Link] ,d lfn'k gS ftldks ge a × b fy[krs gSAa bl lfn'k dk ifjek.k
ab sin θ gS vkSj bldh fn'kk dk Kku nf{[Link] isp a osQ fu;e ;k nk,a gkFk osQ fu;e }kjk gksrk gSA
7. fu;r v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link] djrs n`<+ fiaM osQ fdlh d.k dk js[kh; osx v = ω × r, tgk¡ r v{k ij fy, x;s
fdlh ewy fcUnq ls d.k dh fLFkfr crkus okyk lfn'k gSA ;g laca/] n`<+ fiaM dh ,d fu;r fcUnq osQ ifjr% gkssus
okyh vf/d O;kid xfr osQ fy, ykxw gksrk gSA ml fLFkfr esa r] fLFkj fcUnq dks ewy fcUnq ysdj d.k dh fLFkfr
n'kkZus okyk lfn'k gSA
8. [Link] osQ ,d fudk; dk nzO;eku osQUnz ,d ,slk fcUnq gS ftldh fLFkfr lfn'k ge fuEufyf[kr lehdj.k }kjk
O;Dr dj ldrs gSa %

R=
∑ m i ri
M
180 HkkSfrdh

9. [Link] osQ fudk; osQ nzO;eku osQUnz osQ osx dks ge V = P/M }kjk fy[k ldrs gSaA ;gk¡ P fudk; dk js[kh; laosx
gSA nzO;eku osQUnz bl izdkj xfr djrk gS ekuks fudk; dk [Link] nzO;eku bl fcUnq ij laosaQfnzr gks vkSj lHkh
ckg~; cy Hkh blh fcUnq ij izHkkoh gksaA ;fn fudk; ij oqQy ckg~; cy 'kwU; gS rks bldk oqQy js[kh; laosx vpj
jgrk gSA
10. n [Link] osQ fudk; dk ewy fcUnq osQ ifjr% [Link]; laosx]
n
L = ∑ ri × pi
i =1

n [Link] osQ fudk; dk ewy fcUnq osQ ifjr% ,saBu ;k cy vk?[Link]]

τ = ∑ ri × Fi
1

i osad.k ij yxus okys cy Fi esa] ckg~; ,oa vkarfjd lHkh cy 'kkfey gSaA U;wVu osQ r`rh; fu;e dks ekurs
gq, fd fdUgh nks [Link] osQ chp cy] mudh fLFkfr;ksa dks feykus okyh js[kk osQ vuqfn'k yxrs gSa] ge n'kkZ ldrs
gSa τint = 0 ,oa]
dL
= τ ext
dt
11. ,d n`<+ fi.M osQ ;kaf=kd larqyu esa gksus osQ fy,]
(i) ;g LFkkukUrjh; larqyu esa gks] vFkkZr] bl ij yxus okyk oqQy ckg~; cy 'kwU; gks] ∑ F = 0 ,oa]
i

(ii) ;g ?[Link] lary

q u esa gks] vFkkZr]~ bl ij yxus okyk oqQy ckg~; cy vk?[Link] 'kwU; gks] : ∑ τi = ∑ ri × Fi = 0 ;
12. fdlh foLrkfjr vkdkj osQ fiaM dk xq#Ro osQUnz og fcUnq gS ftlosQ ifjr% fiaM dk oqQy xq#Roh; cy vk?[Link]
'kwU; gksrk gSA
13. fdlh v{k osQ ifjr% ,d n`<+ fiaM dk tM+Ro vk?[Link] I = ∑ m i ri2 lw=k }kjk ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA tgk¡ ri
1
fi.M osQ i-oas d.k dh v{k ls yEcor~ nwjh gSA ?[Link] dh xfrt ÅtkZ K = I ω 2 gS
2

14. lekukUrj v{kksa dk izes; % I z′ = I z + Ma 2 , ykxw djosQ ge fdlh v{k osQ ifjr% tM+Ro vk?[Link]] bl v{k osQ
lekUrj xq#Ro osQUnz ls xqtjus okyh v{k osQ ifjr % tM+Ro vk?[Link] rFkk fiaM osQ nzO;eku ,oa nksuksa v{kksa osQ chp
dh yEcor~ nwjh osQ oxZ osQ [Link] dks tksM+ dj izkIr dj ldrs gSaA

15. 'kq¼xfrdh rFkk xfrdh esa tSls js[kh; xfr gS mlh osQ lkn`'k fdlh fu;r v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link] xfr gSA
16. ,d fu;r v{k (eku yhft, z-v{k) osQ ifjr% ?[Link] djrs n`<+ fi.M osQ fy, Lz = Iω gS tgk¡ I, z-v{k osQ
ifjr% tM+Ro vk?[Link] gSA lkekU;r;k bl rjg osQ fi.M dk tM+Ro vk?[Link] L ?[Link] v{k osQ vuqfn'k ugha gksrk
gSA ;fn fi.M ?[Link] v{k osQ ifjr% lefer gS rks L ?[Link] v{k osQ vuqfn'k gksrk gSA bl voLFkk esa
L = Lz = Iω

17. fcuk fiQlys yksVfud xfr djrs fi.M osQ fy, vcm = Rω, tgk¡ vcm (fi.M osQ nzO;eku osQUnz dk) LFkkukUrj
osx gS] R bldh f=kT;k rFkk m nzO;eku gSA yksVfud xfr djrs fiaM dh xfrt ÅtkZ] LFkkukUrj.k ,oa ?[Link] dh
2 1 1
xfrt ÅtkZ dk ;ksx gS : K = m vcm + Iω2 .
2 2
[Link] osQ fudk; rFkk ?[Link] xfr 181

j
 laosQr foek ek=kd [Link]

[Link]; osx ω [T-1] rad s-1 v=ω×r

[Link]; laosx L [ML2T-1] Js L=r×p

cy vk?[Link] τ [ML2T-2] Nm τ=r×F

tM+Ro vk?[Link] Ι [ML2 ] kg m2 I= Σm r ⊥

i i
2

[Link]; fo"k;
1. fdlh fudk; osQ nzO;eku osQUnz dh xfr Kkr djus osQ fy, fudk; osQ vkUrfjd cyksa dk Kku vko';d ugha
gSA blosQ fy, gesa osQoy fi.M ij yxus okys ckg~; cyksa dk Kku gksuk pkfg,A
2. [Link] osQ fdlh fudk; dh xfr dks] blosQ nzO;eku osQUnz dh LFkkukUrjh; xfr vkSj nzO;eku osQUnz osQ ifjr% bldh
?[Link] xfr esa vyx&vyx djosQ fopkj djuk [Link] osQ fudk; osQ xfr foKku dh ,d mi;ksxh rduhd gSA bl
rduhd dk ,d mnkgj.k] [Link] osQ fudk; dh xfrt ÅtkZ K dks] nzO;eku osQ ifjr% fudk; osQ ?[Link] dh xfrt
ÅtkZ K′ ,oa nzO;eku osQUnz dh xfrt ÅtkZ MV2/2 esa i`Fkd djuk gSA
K = K′ + MV2/2
3. ifjfer vkdkj osQ fiaMksa (vFkok [Link] osQ fudk;ksa) osQ fy, ykxw gksus okyk U;wVu dk f}rh; fu;e [Link] osQ
fy, ykxw gksus okys U;wVu osQ f}rh; ,oa r`rh; fu;eksa osQ Åij vk/kfjr gSA
4. ;g LFkkfir djus osQ fy, fd [Link] osQ fudk; osQ oqQy [Link]; laosx ifjorZu dh nj] fudk; ij vkjksfir oqQy
cy vk?[Link] gS] gesa u osQoy [Link] osQ fy, ykxw gksus okys U;wVu osQ f}rh; fu;e dh vko';drk gksxh oju~ r`rh;
fu;e Hkh bl 'krZ osQ lkFk ykxw djuk gksxk fd fdUgh nks [Link] osQ chp cy mudks feykus okyh js[kk osQ vuqfn'k
gh dk;Z djrs gSaA
5. oqQy ckg~; cy dk 'kwU; gksuk vkSj oqQy ckg~; cy vk?[Link] dk 'kwU; gksuk nks Lora=k 'krs± gSaA ;g gks ldrk gS
fd ,d 'krZ iwjh gksrh gks ij nwljh iwjh u gksrh gksA cy;qXe esa oqQy ckg~; cy 'kwU; gS ij cy vk?[Link] 'kwU;
ugha gSA
6. ;fn oqQy ckg~; cy 'kwU; gks rks fudk; ij yxus okyk oqQy cy vk?[Link] ewy fcUnq osQ Åij fuHkZj ugha djrkA
7. fdlh fiaM dk xq#Ro osQUnz mlosQ nzO;eku osQUnz ls rHkh laikrh gksrk gS tc xq#Ro {ks=k fiaM osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa ij
leku gksrk gSA
8. ;fn n`<+ fiaM ,d fu;r v{k osQ ifjr% ?[Link] dj jgk gks rc Hkh ;g vko';d ugha gS fd bldk [Link]; laosx
L, [Link]; osx ω osQ lekUrj gksA rFkkfi] bl vè;k; esa [Link] fLFkfr esa] tgk¡ fiaM ,d fu;r v{k osQ ifjr%
?[Link] dj jgk gS vkSj og v{k fiaM dh lefer v{k Hkh gS] laca/ L = Iω ω ykxw gksrk gS tgk¡ I ?[Link] v{k osQ
ifjr% fi.M dk tM+Ro vk?[Link] gSA
182 HkkSfrdh

vH;kl
7.1 ,dleku nzO;eku ?kuRo osQ fuEufyf[kr [Link] eas izR;sd osQ nzO;eku osaQnz dh vofLFkfr fyf[k,%
(a) xksyk] (b) flfyaMj] (c) NYyk rFkk (d) ?ku A
D;k fdlh fi.M dk nzO;eku osaQnz vko';d :i ls ml fi.M osQ Hkhrj fLFkr gksrk gS \
HCl [Link] esa nks [Link] osQ ukfHkdksa osQ chp i`Fkdu yxHkx 1-27A (1A = 10-10 m) gS A bl [Link] osQ nzO;eku
° °
7.2
osaQnz dh yxHkx vofLFkfr Kkr dhft, A ;g Kkr gS fd Dyksjhu dk [Link] gkbMªkstu osQ [Link] dh rqyuk
eas 35-5 xquk Hkkjh gksrk gS rFkk fdlh [Link] dk leLr nzO;eku mlosQ ukfHkd ij osaQfnzr gksrk gS A
7.3 dksbZ cPpk fdlh fpdus {kSfrt iQ'kZ ij ,dleku pky v ls xfreku fdlh yach Vªkyh osQ ,d fljs ij cSBk
gS A ;fn cPPkk [kM+k gksdj Vªkyh ij fdlh Hkh izdkj ls nkSM+us yxrk gS] rc fudk; (Vªkyh $ cPpk) osQ
nzO;eku osaQnz dh pky D;k gS \
7.4 n'kkZb;s fd a ,oa b osQ chp cus f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy a × b osQ ifjek.k dk vk/k gSA
7.5 n'kkZb;s fd a.(b × c) dk ifjek.k rhu lfn'kksa a, b ,oa c ls cus lekUrj "kV~iQyd osQ vk;ru osQ
cjkcj gSA
7.6 ,d d.k] ftlosQ fLFkfr lfn'k r osQ x, y, z v{kksa osQ vuqfn'k vo;o Øe'k% x, y, z gSa] vkSj js[kh; laosx
lfn'k P osQ vo;o px, py pz gSa] osQ [Link]; laosx l osQ v{kksa osQ vuqfn'k vo;o Kkr dhft,A n'kkZb;s] fd
;fn d.k osQoy x-y ry esa gh xfreku gks rks [Link]; laosx dk osQoy z-vo;o gh gksrk gSA
7.7 nks d.k ftuesa ls izR;sd dk nzO;eku m ,oa pky v gS d nwjh ij] lekUrj js[kkvksa osQ vuqfn'k] foijhr fn'kkvksa
esa py jgs gSaA n'kkZb;s fd bl f}d.k fudk; dk lfn'k [Link]; laosx leku jgrk gS] pkgs ge ftl fcUnq
osQ ifjr% [Link]; laosx ysaA
7.8 W Hkkj dh ,d vlekax NM+ dks] mis{[Link]; Hkkj okyh nks Mksfj;ksa ls fp=k 7.39 esa n'kkZ;s vuqlkj yVdk dj
fojkekoLFkk esa j[kk x;k gSA Mksfj;ksa }kjk ÅèokZ/j ls cus dks.k Øe'k% 36.9° ,oa 53.1° gaSA NM+ 2 m yEckbZ
dh gSA NM+ osQ ck,¡ fljs ls blosQ xq#Ro osQUnz dh nwjh d Kkr dhft,A

fp=k 7.39

7.9 ,d dkj dk Hkkj 1800 kg gSA bldh vxyh vkSj fiNyh /qfj;ksa osQ chp dh nwjh 1.8 m gSA bldk xq#Ro
osQUnz] vxyh /qjh ls 1.05 m ihNs gSA lery /jrh }kjk blosQ izR;sd vxys vkSj fiNys ifg;ksa ij yxus
okys cy dh [Link] dhft,A

7.10 (a) fdlh xksys dk] blosQ fdlh O;kl osQ ifjr% tM+Ro vk?[Link] 2MR2/5 gS] tgk¡ M xksys dk nzO;eku ,oa
R bldh f=kT;k gSA xksys ij [khaph xbZ Li'kZ js[kk osQ ifjr% bldk tM+Ro vk?[Link] Kkr dhft,A
(b) M nzO;eku ,oa R f=kT;k okyh fdlh fMLd dk blosQ fdlh O;kl osQ ifjr% tM+Ro vk?[Link] MR2/4 gSA
fMLd osQ yEcor~ bldh dksj ls xqtjus okyh v{k osQ ifjr% bl pdrh dk tM+Ro vk?[Link] Kkr dhft,A
[Link] osQ fudk; rFkk ?[Link] xfr 183

7.11 leku nzO;eku vkSj f=kT;k osQ ,d [kks[kys csyu vkSj ,d Bksl xksys ij leku ifjek.k osQ cy vk?[Link] yxk;s
x;s gSaA csyu viuh lkekU; lefer v{k osQ ifjr% ?kwe ldrk gS vkSj xksyk vius osQUnz ls xqtjus okyh fdlh
v{k osQ ifjr%A ,d fn;s x;s le; osQ ckn nksuksa esa dkSu vf/d [Link]; pky izkIr dj ysxk\
7.12 20 kg nzO;eku dk dksbZ Bksl flfyaMj vius v{k osQ ifjr% 100 rad s-1 dh [Link]; pky ls ?[Link] dj jgk
gS A flfyaMj dh f=kT;k 0.25m gS A flfyaMj osQ ?[Link] ls lac¼ xfrt ÅtkZ D;k gS \ flfyaMj dk vius v{k
osQ ifjr% [Link]; laosx dk ifjek.k D;k gS \
7.13 (a) dksbZ cPpk fdlh ?[Link] (?[Link]) ij viuh nksuksa Hkqtkvksa dks ckgj dh vksj iSQykdj [kM+k gS A ?[Link]
dks 40 rev/min dh [Link]; pky ls ?[Link] djk;k tkrk gS A ;fn cPpk vius gkFkksa dks okil fldksM+ dj
viuk tM+Ro vk?[Link] vius vkjafHkd tM+Ro vk?[Link] dk 2@5 xquk dj ysrk gS] rks bl fLFkfr eas mldh [Link];
pky D;k gksxh \ ;g ekfu, fd ?[Link] dh ?[Link] xfr ?k"[Link] gS A
(b) ;g n'kkZb, fd cPps dh ?[Link] dh u;h xfrt ÅtkZ mldh vkjafHkd ?[Link] dh xfrt ÅtkZ ls vf/d
gSA vki xfrt ÅtkZ eas gqbZ bl o`f¼ dh O;k[;k fdl izdkj djsaxs \
7.14 3kg nzO;eku rFkk 40 cm f=kT;k osQ fdlh [kks[kys flfyaMj ij dksbZ ux.; nzO;eku dh jLlh yisVh xbZ gS A
;fn jLlh dks 30 N cy ls [khapk tk, rks flfyaMj dk [Link]; Roj.k D;k gksxk \ jLlh dk jSf[kd Roj.k
D;k gS\ ;g ekfu, fd bl izdj.k eas dksbZ fiQlyu ugha gS A
7.15 fdlh ?[Link] (jksVj) dh 200 rad s–1 dh ,dleku [Link]; pky cuk, j[kus osQ fy, ,d batu }kjk 180
N m dk cy vk?[Link] izsf"kr djuk vko';d gksrk gS A batu osQ fy, vko';d 'kfDr Kkr dhft, A
(uksV % ?k"kZ.k dh vuqifLFkfr eas ,dleku [Link]; osx gksus eas ;g lekfo"V gS fd cy vk?[Link] 'kwU; gS A O;ogkj
eas yxk, x, cy vk?[Link] dh vko';drk ?k"[Link] cy vk?[Link] dks fujLr djus osQ fy, gksrh gS A) ;g ekfu,
fd batu dh n{krk 100% gSA
7.16 R f=kT;k okyh lekax fMLd ls R/2 f=kT;k dk ,d o`Ùkkdkj Hkkx dkV dj fudky fn;k x;k gSA bl izdkj
cus o`Ùkkdkj lqjk[k dk osQUnz ewy fMLd osQ osQUnz ls R/2 nwjh ij gSA vof'k"V fMLd osQ xq#Ro osQUnz dh fLFkfr
Kkr dhft,A
7.17 ,d ehVj NM+ osQ osQUnz osQ uhps {kqj&/kj j[kus ij og bl ij larqfyr gks tkrh gS tc nks flDosQ] ftuesa
izR;sd dk nzO;eku 5 g gS] 12.0 cm osQ fpUg ij ,d osQ Åij ,d j[ks tkrs gSa rks NM+ 45.0 cm fpUg
ij larqfyr gks tkrh gSA ehVj NM+ dk nzO;eku D;k gS\
7.18 ,d Bksl xksyk] fHkUu ufr osQ nks vkur ryksa ij ,d gh Å¡pkbZ ls yq<+dus fn;k tkrk gSA (a) D;k og nksuksa
ckj leku pky ls ryh esa igq¡psxk\ (b) D;k mldks ,d ry ij yq<+dus esa nwljs ls vf/d le; yxsxk\
(c) ;fn gk¡] rks fdl ij vkSj D;ksa\
7.19 2 m f=kT;k osQ ,d oy; (NYys) dk Hkkj 100 kg gSA ;g ,d {kSfrt iQ'kZ ij bl izdkj yksVfud xfr djrk
gS fd blosQ nzO;eku osQUnz dh pky 20 cm/s gksA bldks jksdus osQ fy, fdruk dk;Z djuk gksxk\
7.20 vkWDlhtu [Link] dk nzO;eku 5.30 × 10-26 kg gS rFkk blosQ osQUnz ls gksdj xqtjus okyh vkSj blosQ nksuksa
[Link] dks feykus okyh js[kk osQ yEcor~ v{k osQ ifjr% tM+Ro vk?[Link] 1.94×10-46 kg m2 gSA eku yhft,
fd xSl osQ ,sls [Link] dh vkSlr pky 500 m/s gS vkSj blosQ ?[Link] dh xfrt ÅtkZ] LFkkukUrj.k dh xfrt
ÅtkZ dh nks frgkbZ gSA [Link] dk vkSlr [Link]; osx Kkr dhft,A
7.21 ,d csyu 30° dks.k cukrs vkur ry ij yq<+drk gqvk Åij p<+rk gSA vkur ry dh ryh esa csyu osQ
nzO;eku osQUnz dh pky 5 m/s gSA
(a) vkur ry ij csyu fdruk Åij tk;sxk\
(b) okil ryh rd ykSV vkus esa bls fdruk le; yxsxk\
184 HkkSfrdh

vfrfjDr vH;kl

7.22 tSlk fp=k 7.40 esa fn[kk;k x;k gS] ,d [kM+h gksus okyh lh<+h osQ nks i{kksa BA vkSj CA dh yEckbZ 1.6 m gS vkSj budks A ij
dCtk yxk dj tksM+k x;k gSA bUgsa Bhd chp esa] 0.5 m yEch jLlh DE }kjk ckaèkk x;k gSA lh<+h BA osQ vuqfn'k B ls 1.2
m dh nwjh ij fLFkr fcUnq F ls 40 kg dk ,d Hkkj yVdk;k x;k gSA ;g ekurs gq, fd iQ'kZ ?k"kZ.k jfgr gS vkSj lh<+h dk Hkkj
mis{[Link]; gS] jLlh esa ruko vkSj lh<+h ij iQ'kZ }kjk yxk;k x;k cy Kkr dhft,A (g = 9.8 m/s2 yhft,)
(laosQr: lh<+h osQ nksuksa vksj osQ larqyu ij vyx&vyx fopkj dhft,)

fp=k 7.40

7.23 dksbZ O;fDr ,d ?kwers gq, IysViQkeZ ij [kM+k gSA mlus viuh nksuksa ckgsa iSQyk j[kh gSa vkSj muesa ls izR;sd esa 5 kg Hkkj idM+
j[kk gSA IysViQkeZ dk [Link]; pky 30 rev/min gSA fiQj og O;fDr ckgksa dks vius 'kjhj osQ ikl ys vkrk gS ftlls ?[Link]
v{k ls izR;sd Hkkj dh nwjh 90 cm ls cny dj 20 cm gks tkrh gSA IysViQkeZ lfgr O;fDr osQ tM+Ro vk?[Link] dk eku] 7.6
kg m2 ys ldrs gSaA
(a) mldk u;k [Link]; osx D;k gS\ (?k"kZ.k dh mis{kk dhft,)
(b) D;k bl izfØ;k esa xfrt ÅtkZ lajf{kr gksrh gS\ ;fn ugha] rks blesa ifjorZu dk Ïksr D;k gS\
7.24 10 g nzO;eku vkSj 500 m/s pky okyh cUnwd dh xksyh ,d njokts osQ Bhd osQUnz esa Vdjkdj mlesa var%LFkkfir gks tkrh
gSA njoktk 1.0 m pkSM+k gS vkSj bldk nzO;eku 12 kg gSA blosQ ,d fljs ij dCts yxs gSa vkSj ;g buls xqtjrh ,d ÅèokZ/
j v{k osQ ifjr% yxHkx fcuk ?k"[Link] osQ ?kwe ldrk gSA xksyh osQ njokts esa var%LFkkiu osQ Bhd ckn bldk [Link]; osx Kkr dhft,A
(laosQr% ,d fljs ls xqtjrh ÅèokZ/j v{k osQ ifjr% njokts dk tM+Ro&vk?[Link] ML2/3 gS)
7.25 nks pfØdk,a ftuosQ vius&vius v{kksa (pfØdk osQ vfHkyacor~ rFkk pfØdk osQ osaQnz ls xqtjus okys) osQ ifjr% tM+Ro vk?[Link]
I1 rFkk I2 gSa vkSj tks ω 1 rFkk ω 2 [Link]; pkyksa ls ?[Link] dj jgh gSa] dks muosQ ?[Link] v{k laikrh djosQ vkeus&lkeus yk;k
tkrk gS A (a) bl nks fpfØdk fudk; dh [Link]; pky D;k gS \ (b) ;g n'kkZb, fd bl la;ksftr fudk; dh xfrt ÅtkZ nksuksa
pfØdkvksa dh vkjafHkd xfrt ÅtkZvksa osQ ;ksx ls de gS A ÅtkZ eas gqbZ bl gkfu dh vki oSQls O;k[;k djsaxs \ ω 1 ≠ ω 2 yhft,A
7.26 (a) yEcor~ v{kksa osQ izes; dh miifÙk djsaA (laosQr% (x,y) ry osQ yEcor~ ewy fcUnq ls xqtjrh v{k ls fdlh fcUnq x–y dh nwjh
dk oxZ (x2+y2) gSA
(b) lekarj v{kksa osQ izes; dh miifÙk djsa (laosQr % ;fn nzO;eku osQUnz dks ewy fcUnq ys fy;k tk; rks ∑ mi ri = 0)

2 gh
7.27 lw=k v 2 = dks xfrdh; n`f"V (vFkkZr~ cyksa rFkk cy vk?[Link]± osQ fopkj) ls O;qRiUu dhft,A tgk¡ v yksVfud xfr
(1 + k 2
/ R2 )
[Link] osQ fudk; rFkk ?[Link] xfr 185

djrs fiaM (oy;] fMLd] csyu ;k xksyk) dk vkur ry dh ryh esa osx gSA vkur ry ij h og Å¡pkbZ
gS tgk¡ ls fiaM xfr izkjaHk djrk gSA k lefer v{k osQ ifjr% fiaM dh ?[Link] f=kT;k gS vkSj R fiaM dh
f=kT;k gSA

7.28 vius v{k ij ωo [Link]; pky ls ?[Link] djus okyh fdlh pfØdk dks /hjs ls (LFkkukUrjh; /Ddk fn, fcuk)
fdlh [Link]% ?k"[Link] est ij j[kk tkrk gS A pfØdk dh f=kT;k R gS A fp=k 7-41 eas n'kkZbZ pfØdk osQ
fcanqvksa A, B rFkk C ij jSf[kd osx D;k gSa \ D;k ;g pfØdk fp=k eas n'kkZbZ fn'kk eas yksVfud xfr djsxh \

fp=k 7.41

7.29 Li"V dhft, fd fp=k 7-41 eas vafdr fn'kk eas pfØdk dh yksVfud xfr osQ fy, ?k"kZ.k gksuk vko';d
D;ksa gS \
(a) B ij ?k"kZ.k cy dh fn'kk rFkk ifj'kqn~èk yq<+du vkjaHk gksus ls iwoZ ?k"[Link] cy vk?[Link] dh fn'kk D;k gS \
(b) ifj'kq¼ yksVfud xfr vkjaHk gksus osQ i'Pkkr~ ?k"kZ.k cy D;k gS \
7.30 10 cm f=kT;k dh dksbZ Bksl pfØdk rFkk bruh gh f=kT;k dk dksbZ NYyk fdlh {kSfrt est ij ,d gh {k.k 10π rad s–1 dh
[Link]; pky ls j[ks tkrs gSa A bueas ls dkSu igys yksVfud xfr vkjaHk dj nsxk A xfrt ?k"kZ.k [Link] µ k= 0.2 A
7.31 10 kg nzO;eku rFkk 15 cm f=kT;k dk dksbZ flfyaMj fdlh 30° >qdko osQ lery ij ifj'kq¼r% yksVfud xfr dj jgk gS A LFkSfrd
?k"kZ.k [Link] µ s = 0.25 gS A
(a) flfyaMj ij fdruk ?k"kZ.k cy dk;Zjr gS \
(b) yksVu dh vof/ eas ?k"kZ.k osQ fo#¼ fdruk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gS \
(c) ;fn lery osQ >qdko θ eas o`f¼ dj nh tk, rks θ osQ fdl eku ij flfyaMj ifj'kq¼r% yksVfud xfr djus dh ctk; fiQlyuk
vkjaHk dj nsxk \
7.32 uhps fn, x, izR;sd izdFku dks è;kuiwoZd if<+, rFkk dkj.k lfgr mRRkj nhft, fd bueas ls dkSu&lk lR; gS vkSj dkSu&lk
vlR; gS A
(a) yksVfud xfr djrs le; ?k"kZ.k cy mlh fn'kk eas dk;Zjr gksrk gS ftl fn'kk eas fi.M dk nzO;eku osaQnz xfr djrk gS A
(b) yksVfud xfr djrs le; laioZQ fcanq dh rkR{[Link] pky 'kwU; gksrh gS A
(c) yksVfud xfr djrs le; laioZQ fcanq dk rkR{[Link] Roj.k 'kwU; gksrk gS A
(d) ifj'kq¼ yksVfud xfr osQ fy, ?k"kZ.k osQ fo#¼ fd;k x;k dk;Z 'kwU; gksrk gS A
186 HkkSfrdh

(e) fdlh [Link]% ?k"[Link] vkur lery ij uhps dh vksj xfr djrs ifg, dh xfr fiQlyu xfr (yksVfud xfr ugha)
gksxh A

7.33 [Link] osQ fdlh fudk; dh xfr dks blosQ nzO;eku osQUnz dh xfr vkSj nzO;eku osQUnz osQ ifjr% xfr esa vyx&vyx djosQ fopkj
djukA n'kkZb;s fdµ
(a) p = pi′ + m i V , tgk¡ pi (mi nzO;eku okys) i-osa d.k dk laosx gS] vkSj p′′i = mi v′′iA è;ku nsa fd v′′i, nzO;eku osQUnz osQ
lkis{k i-osa d.k dk osx gSA nzO;eku osQUnz dh ifjHkk"kk dk mi;ksx djosQ ;g Hkh fl¼ dhft, fd ∑ pi′ = 0

(b) K = K ′ + ½MV 2

K [Link] fudk; dh oqQy xfrt ÅtkZ] K′ = fudk; dh oqQy xfrt ÅtkZ tcfd [Link] dh xfrt ÅtkZ nzO;eku osQUnz osQ lkis{k
yh tk;A MV2/2 [Link] fudk; osQ (vFkkZr~ fudk; osQ nzO;eku osQUnz osQ) LFkkukUrj.k dh xfrt ÅtkZ gSA bl [Link] dk mi;ksx
Hkkx 7-14 esa fd;k x;k gSA
(c) L = L ′ + R × MV

tgk¡ L ′ = ∑ r′i × Pi′ , nzO;eku osQ ifjr% fudk; dk [Link]; laosx gS ftldh [Link] esa osx nzO;eku osQUnz osQ lkis{k ekis x;s
gSaA ;kn dhft, ri′ = ri – R ; 'ks"k lHkh fpÉ vè;k; esa iz;qDr fofHkUu jkf'k;ksa osQ ekud fpÉ gSaA è;ku nsa fd L ′ nzO;eku osQUnz
osQ ifjr% fudk; dk [Link]; laosx ,oa MR × V blosQ nzO;eku osQUnz dk [Link]; laosx gSA
dL ′ dp ′
(d) = ∑ ri′ ×
dt dt

dL ′
;g Hkh n'kkZb;s fd = τ ext
′
dt
(tgk¡ τext
′ nzO;eku osQUnz osQ ifjr% fudk; ij yxus okys lHkh ckg~; cy vk?[Link] gSaA)
¹laosQr % nzO;eku osQUnz dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa U;wVu osQ xfr osQ r`Rkh; fu;e dk mi;ksx dhft,A ;g eku yhft, fd fdUgh nks [Link]
osQ chp osQ vkUrfjd cy mudks feykus okyh js[kk osQ vuqfn'k dk;Z djrs gSaAº
IywVks & ,d okeu xzg
baVjus'kuy ,LVªksuksfedy ;wfu;u (IAU) dh 24 vxLr 2006 dh pSd [Link]=k ds izkx 'kgj esa gqbZ xks"Bh esa lkSjeaMy ds xzgksa
ds fy, ,d u;h ifjHkk"kk viuk;h xbZA bl u;h ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj IywVks vc ,d xzg ugha gSA vr% vc lkSjeaMy esa vkB xzg
gSa % cq/] 'kqozQ] i`Foh eaxy] c`gLifr] 'kfu] ;wjsul rFkk usIV~;wuA IAU dh u;h ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj] lkSjeaMy esa ^xzg* rFkk vU;
fiaMksa (mixzgksa ds vykok) dks fuEu ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj rhu fuf'pr Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZd`r djuk pkfg, %
1- xzg ,d ,slk vkdk'kh; fi.M gS (a) tks fuf'pr d{kk esa lw;Z dh ifjozQek djrk gS] (b) ftldk viuk nzO;eku ,slk gS fd
mldk xq#Ro cy n`<+ fiaMksa ds cy dks ijkHkwr djus ds fy, i;kZIr gks rkfd og ty LFkSfrd :i ls larqfyr vkd`fr (yxHkx
xksyh;) izkIr dj lds] rFkk (c) ftldh d{kk ds vklikl ds {ks=k esa dksbZ vU; fiaM u gksA
2- dksbZ okeu xzg ,d ,slk vkdk'kh; fiaM gS (a) tks lw;Z dh fdlh d{kk esa fLFkr gS] (b) ftldk viuk nzO;eku ,slk gS fd
mldk xq#Ro cy n`<+ fiaMksa ds cy dks ijkHkwr djus ds fy, i;kZIr gks rkfd og ty LFkSfrd :i ls larqfyr vkd`fr (yxHkx
xksyh;) izkIr dj lds] (c) ftldh d{kk ds vklikl ds {ks=k esa vU; fiaM gksa] rFkk (d) tks mixzg ughas gSA
3- mixzgksa ds vfrfjDr lw;Z dh ifjozQek djus okys ^vU; lHkh fiaM* lfEefyr :i ls ^lkSjeaMy ds y?kq fiaM* ds uke ls tkus tk,¡xAs
lkSj eaMy ds vU; vkB xzgksa ds foijhr IywVks dk d{kh; iFk usIV~;wu rFkk ^vU; fiMksa* dh d{kk ls xqtjrk gSA vU; fiaMksa
esa lfEefyr gSa% lkSjeaMy ds vf/dka'k {kqnzxzg] usIV~;wu ds ijs fLFkr fiaM] /wedsrq rFkk vU; NksVs fiaMA
mijksDr ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj IywVks ,d ^okeu xzg* gS rFkk blss ^usIV~;wu ds ijs fLFkr fiaMksa ds oxZ* ds lnL; ds :i esa igpkuk
tk,xkA