Water Quality(KAWALAN

MUTU AIR
MINUM(KMAM)) & Water
Supply & Environmental
Sanitation(BEKALAN AIR &
KEBERSIHAN ALAM
SEKITAR(BAKAS))

Prof Dr Abd Rahim Mohamad

MBChB(Alex), MScPH(S’pore),
MPH(Boston), FFPH(UK)
Learning Objectives KMAM
i. To describe the activities of this unit
ii. To discuss techniques of water sampling for physical,
chemical & microbiological tests
iii. To discuss labeling of collected samples, equipment &
forms used for physical chemical, biological tests
iv. To describe NDWQ Surveillance system
 Background
•Survey done in 1968 showed that coverage of potable water was low, only
3.6% population had access to piped water and 85.3% from protected
wells(telaga)

•PublicWork Department (JKR) was the main government agency to

provide public water supply in Malaysia. When JKR provided the water
supply project , it was considered permanent and complying to the
standard and legality.

•However with limited resources, JKR had difficulty in its responsibility

to do the task especially in the rural areas and amongst the poor . Thus in
1968, the Engineering Division of MOH had initiated a water supply pilot
project.
Background
•Then in 1973 Rural Environmental Sanitation Program (RESP) or Program
Kebersihan Persekitaran Luar Bandar which later well-known as BAKAS
(Bekalan Air & Kebersihan Alam Sekeliling) was accepted by the government
as the national programme and included in 2nd Malaysia Plan.

•BAKAS Programme was continuously enhanced following a big cholera

outbreak in 1978, where therea were 1,536 cases and 62 deaths.

•Initially
the subsidy was given for water supply and pit latrine, however by 6th
Malaysia Plan, the SUBSIDY was extended to SPAL and SPSP.
 Background
• For areas where the RISK of WATER-BORNE DISEASE IS HIGH, the scheme
provided 80% of cost to connect the house to public water supply system.
Another 20% ( about RM200-500) per house should be settled by the house
owners before the connection done by JKR

• When BAKAS was launched, the world bodies such as WHO and World Bank
had applauded it as a succesful programme in the field to decrease diases. The
government through EPU and MOH, had received recognition and rectification
that Malaysia had achived much better than the target for environmental
sanitation and rural water such as Water and Sanitation Decade (1980-1990) and
Millennium Development Goals MDG (2000-2015)

• With Excellent performance for MDG target, EPU had targeted BAKAS
Programme to achieve 100% coverage for pit latrine and safe water supply by 9th
Malaysia Plan(2006-2010).
 Drinking Water Quality Control (KMAM)
1. Describe activities of this unit
- Implement activities under Drinking Water Quality Control
Programmed by ensuring that drinking water being supplied
is safe( NOT SAFE H2O PROVIDER)
- Activities:
a) Water sampling, analysis and drinking water evaluation
b) Investigate water quality problems
c) Report preparation and submission
 2. Discuss technique of water sampling for
physical, chemical, and biological test.
-Done at Sampling Points.
- Open the tap and allow the water to flow about 2 to 5 mins. Then, sanitize the
tap using portable BLOW-TORCH or cotton wool swab soaked in alcohol.
A. Physical
● Colour - Presence of minerals or substances of vegetables origin.
Indicate efficacy of water treatment system
● Turbidity - Suspended solid and colloidal matter
● Odour & Taste - Presence of living microscopic organisms or decaying
organic matter or industrial waste containing ammonia, phenols,
halogens, hydrocarbons.
Techniques of water sampling
Turn off the faucet and Turn on the faucet again
Remove debris from
Turn on the faucet for use blow torch at the and let the water flow in
the tap using a clean
2 to 5 minutes opening of the faucet to a moderate speed for 1-2
dry cloth
kill any residual bacteria minutes

Sterile hands with alcohol

Label the bag with Twist the bag 3 times Place the bag under the wipes before handling
necessary information and secure at tightly faucet to collect 100ml of thiobag containing sodium
water thiosulphate at the top of
the bag

Transfer to
Chemistry
Place it in the cool box Department
Malaysia in Petaling
Jaya
• DPD stands for N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine.
pH
Description Colour
range
<3 Strong acid Red
3–6 Weak acid Orange or Yellow
7 Neutral Green
8–11 Weak alkali Blue
> 11 Strong alkali Indigo or Violet
WATER SAMPLING & SURVEILLANCE OF
DRINKING WATER QUALITY
Blow-Torch

Sampling Point for KMAM

B) Chemical
● pH - acidity or alkalinity (Normal : 6.5 - 8.5)
● B.O.D - amount of oxygen needed by aerobic
biological organisms for stabilization of decomposable
organic matter
● Heavy metal (Lead, Mercury, Selenium, Manganese)
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) represents the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria
and other microorganisms while they decompose organic matter under aerobic (oxygen is
present) conditions at a specified temperature.

Biological oxygen demand is often used in wastewater treatment plants as an index of the
degree of organic pollution in water.

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C. Biological Test
● Bacteriological
● Coliform
● E. Coli
 3. Discussed labelling of collected sample,
equipment and form used for physical,
chemical and microbiological test

● The collected sample is labelled with its location, date and time the water
was taken.
● For physical test, a turbidimeter is used to measure its turbidity, a pH
meter is used to measure the water pH, colour of the water and odor.
● For chemical testing, after the collection of the sample, chlorine reading was
assessed by a chlorine meter and also DPD (diethyl-p-phenylenediamine)
was used. Other chemical contents (eg: heavy metals) are assessed in the
Chemistry Department Laboratory.
● Microbiological analysis also in the lab at PKD and Chemistry Department
4. Describe NDWQS (National Drinking Water
Quality Standard) surveillance
The aim is
- To ensure the continuous supply of clean and safe drinking water for
the public health protection by water provider( e.g. Air Selangor).
- All parameters- physical and chemical analysis of drinking water
samples was carried out with a number of parameters such as pH,
turbidity, microbial safety, residual chlorine, faecal coliform and heavy
metals MUST COMPLY TO the standard values set by the World Health
Organization (WHO) and local standards such as National Drinking
Water Quality Standard (NDWQS).
- Non-conformance must be reported back to the Air Selangor Sdn Bhd
for rectification.
Activities carry out by the unit
• Water sampling, analysis and evaluation to obtain the quality of the drinking
water.
• Investigate problems related to quality of drinking water if there is any
contamination occur.
• Make monthly reports related to the activities under KMAM’s programme.
INTERNATIONAL DRINKS OF QUALITY WATER
STANDARDS
Parameter Malaysia Parameter Malaysia
Flouride 0.5-0.7 Aluminium 0.2
Free Cl2 > 0.2
Ammonia 0.5
Hardness 500
Arsenic 0.05
Iron 0.3
Lead 0.05 BOD 0

Manganes 0.1 Chloride 0.2 - 5

Mercury 0.001 COD 0
Nitrate 10.0
Coliforms , total 0
pH 6.5-9.0
Coliforms , E. Coli 0
TDS 1000
Turbidity 5 Colour 15
Labeling of collected samples
• Physical:
- pH, turbidity, chlorine lvl, colour, dissolved O2, total dissolved solution (TDS),
conductivity
• Chemical
- water samples for chemical tests will be sent to the laboratory on the
same day.
- the water will be collected using Whirl-Pak, according to its type:
a) Yellow for raw water
b) White for treated water and contains Sodium Thiosulphate
• Microbiological
- Samples will be analysed by the Department of Chemistry
- E. Coli
- Total Coliform

Example of form
EQUIPMENT FOR PHYSICAL TEST

Hach 2100P
Turbidity Meter YSI pH
100 pH
Meter
YSI DO 200 DO
Meter( Dissolved YSI pH
Oxygen) 10 pH
Meter

Hach Test Strip for

single parameter
CHEMICAL TEST AT PKD LAB
• Should be done at the PKD lab after the samples were taken.
• Can be done at the operational site if the equipments are
available.
• Free Chlorine
• Iron
• Manganese
• Etc.
 Equipments for Chemical Test
1. Pocket Colorimeter
2. Test Kit
3. Test Strip
4. Colour Comparator
5. Spectrophotometer
Hach DR Hach Test
Hach Pocket Strip for
890 Hach Color
Colorimeter single
Colorimeter Comparator
for single parameter.
for mutiple for single
parameter.
parameter. parameter.
MICROBIOLOGICAL TEST
• Samples will be sent to Chemistry Department for detailed
microbiological test.

• At PKD Lab can test the sample for :-

• Total Coliform

• E. Coli

• Idexx Colilert presence / absence for E. Coli / Coliform test

EQUIPMENTS FOR MICROBIOLOGICAL TEST

• IDEXX Starter Kit

UV lamp Colilert
Reagent

Incubator
Coliform & E.Coli Test
Reacted Sample
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100ml of water
using thiobag is
collected
NDWQ Surveillance System
• A surveillance system that is introduce by the Ministry of Health to monitor on
quality of drinking water.
• Water Quality Surveillance (WQS) System
 BAKAS
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
i. To describe the activities of this unit regarding rural waste water
drainage, solid waste, & sewage disposal as well as provision of
toilets
ii. To describe design of pour flush toilets, solid waste disposal &
waste water disposal systems
iii. To list other activities carried out by the unit, such as inspection
of dumping site & sampling of farm water
iv. Provision of clean water to villagers.
INTRODUCTION
❑ Ministry of Health introduced BAKAS in 1973 to reduce the
occurrence of water-borne diseases and diseases that resulted from
dirty environments, especially in rural area.

❑ In 1996, the BAKAS scopes was widened to include activities to

improve the environmental health in rural areas by proper solid waste
and water waste disposal system.

❑ This unit mainly collaborates with VBD and Food Quality Unit in order
to prevent and control communicable diseases.
WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION UNIT (BAKAS)
Objective of this unit;

To prevent and control the incidence of infectious diseases and water-borne

diseases such as cholera, typhoid, diarrhea, dysentery and hepatitis A among the
rural population by:
● Ensuring that all public water supply are safe to use and free from pollution
● Increasing the level of sanitation in rural areas to prevent water borne disease
● Determining the health of the environment is protected through good
management of waste disposal
● Protecting public health through good management in planning, designing,
implementing, operating & maintaining waste water management system
● Ensuring every household has & use proper toilet
● Ensuring every house has an orderly sewage and garbage disposal system.
 Main Component
o Water Supply System
▪ Gravity Feed System
▪ Protected Well( Telaga Terkawal)
▪ Protected well with connection
▪ Rain water harvesting
▪ Connection to Public water supply

o Sanitation System
▪ Pit latrine construction • Aedes Survey and pest free
▪ Waste Water Disposal System environment in health facilities
▪ Solid Waste Disposal System • Supervise cleanliness & hygiene of
▪ Profiling of village by Survey Health Facilities.
▪ Monitor the dumping sites- • Monitor/sampling of estate water
government or private supply
BAKAS Programme
• Kemudahan Bekalan Air Masyarakat (BAM)( Community water
supply)
• Sistem bekalan air graviti (GFS)( Gravity Feed System)
• Sistem telaga sambungan ke rumah (TTSR) (Well connected to
homes)
• Sistem telaga terkawal (TT) ( Protected Well)
• Sistem tadahan air hujan (STAH) ( Rain water harvesting)

• Kemudahan Sanitasi ( Sanitation Facility)

• Sistem tandas sanitari ( Sanitary Toilet )
• Sistem pelupusan air limbah (SPAL) ( Management of Waste
water)
• Sistem pelupusan sisa pepejal (SPSP)( Solid Waste Management)
ACTIVITIES

1. Construction of a new project

2. Subsidies to rural poor
3. Maintenance
4. Replacement project
5. Project customization/ upgrade/ additions
6. Control rural drinking water quality
7. Update database
Area of operation
Rural areas that falls under categories:

Traditional village
Aborigines( Orang Asli)
 Gravity Feed System (GFS)

GFS Dam being built pembinaan GFS Dam

Involvement of Community GFS connected to Traditional

Village
Gravity Feed System
Protected
Well

Tube well
being
constructed

Tube-well
with hand
pump
 Protected well connected to households
(Telaga Terkawal Sambungan ke Rumah (TTSR))

Open well type & tube-well

RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM
 Rural Environmental Sanitation (BAKAS)

1. Describe the activities of this unit regarding rural waste water drainage, solid
waste, & sewage disposal as well as provision of toilets

- Provision of toilets mainly focused on rural aboriginal villages such as Kpg. Bukit
Bangkong
- Most are outdoor toilets
- SPSP (Sistem Pelupusan Sisa Pepejal)
- SPAL (Sistem Pelupusan Air Limbah)
2. Describe design of pour flush toilets, solid waste disposal & waste water disposal systems
Pour flush toilet
 > tank
- Absence of cistern
- Flushed by pouring water into the toilet bowl
- All the waste is flushed into a pit located behind the toilet
- A water seal with a slope of at least 25° prevents odours and flies
from coming back up the pipe
- Sufficient volume and force of water is used to flush the excrement
to the pit
- When the pit is full (takes up to few years, can take up to 10 years),
another pit will be dug next to the full pit
Solid waste disposal
c dig
1. They will excavate the land up to a certain height
2. A covering will be put on the top, to cover the hole
3. Solid wastes from houses are to be thrown into the hole
4. Once the hole is full, sand will be used to cover it up
What to do with solid wate
● Recycling, reduce, reuse(3R)
● Sanitary land fill
● Incineration
● Bury.
Solid Waste Disposal System
Waste water disposal system

shallow excavations filled with

rubble or stone
a pit or hollow in which liquid
collects
Waste Water Disposal System