CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Health and Safety is equally an important factor that should be considered while constructing

buildings. A building construction site in a broad sense encompasses construction of building

structures that include residential, commercial and public structures. Health and safety should

be among the major priorities because it is important to identify risks in construction sites and

prevent them by implementing measures of health and safety. As pointed out by

(lindgren,2018) ordinary contractors, safety professionals, and workers must never lose sight

that the concept of a hierarchy of controls is anchored on the principle of elimination or

substitution of hazards. These methods ensure the maximum control of the hazard as to ensure

the safety of the workers and hence should be implemented before having to go down the

Personal Protective equipment (PPE) hierarchy. The construction industry is considered a very

risky sector and is placed among the most hazardous ones in the global economy, which is due

to its specifics (Olutuase, 2014). The safety of constructed structures has always been of

immense and significant concern to the general practitioners and the researchers. Various

types of hazards and risks relating to safety and health occur in construction workers to build

structures. Construction industry analyses an equivalent of over 60,000 fatal accidents from

construction related incidents worldwide annually (Lingard, 2013). OSH Act, an organization

under United States Department of Labour reveals that about eleven employees in every 100

construction site employees work accidentally every year. The American Bureau of Labor

Statistics claimed that around 150 000 accidents occur in construction sites yearly. Such figures

would categorise the construction industry and its workers as some of the most dangerous and

1
prone to accidents on the job. Workers on construction sites have lives, and the welfare of these

lives is very important towards the completion of any project. According to work done by

(Okoye et al. , 2016), only when the workers are mentally and physically fit are work to

proceed apace. There are several reasons why the construction industry is one of the vital forces

in Nigeria’s economic development, including the construction of the ongoing structures, the

growth of urban areas, and the maintenance of development. Finally, it is crucial to note that the

sites are potentially risky and contain various risks and hazards that may occur and cause

occupational risk, injury, or death (Okolie and Musonda, 2020). Prominent Nigerian labor laws

like the Factories Act of 1987 or the Employee’s Compensation Act of 2010 are ineffective due

to lack of strict compliance and enforcement of regulations that govern health and safety in

construction sites.In a formal system of projects, the construction sector in Nigeria mostly uses

untrained and unskilled laborers (Oisamoje and Oisamoje, 2013). This kind of informality

could almost always lead to inadequate safety training, lack of use of personnel protective

equipment (PPE), and poor supervision in the workplace which could end up endangering the

workers (Okorie and Musonda, 2020). In addition to this, most building construction

companies do not respect the health and safety stipulations as they invest more in budget and

time than the construction workers’ health and safety (Olutuase, 2014).

The impact of poor health and safety rules in construction is seen in lives being lost and many

other ways being negatively affected. Tragedies that involve accidents and injuries, and

financial loss for the construction companies may happen when there is an increase in the project

cost, legal liability, and the possibility of damaging their reputation (Okoye and Okolie, 2014.

Okoye et al., 2018). Unfortunately, family members of workers who lose their jobs or die, may

suffer on both the psychological and financial levels (Idubor and Oisamoje, 2013).

2
There is no doubt that they have emphasized their recommendations and underlined the

importance of studying environmental and occupational health and safety measures on

construction sites in Nigeria (Ogundipe, 2011, Theule, 2016). These analyses can help in underst

and ing the dangerous incidents, and determining if the existing safety measures are enough,

and these studies may provide important data to improve the working conditions. Through

performing thorough inspections and making proposals based on evidence, the construction

sector in Nigeria will be improved because it will guarantee the safety of workers and reduce

the number of accidents and injuries which ultimately will serve to promote sustainable

economic growth while protecting workers’ well-being.

1.2 Problem Statement

The construction industry in Nigeria remains one of the most important drivers of the country's

economic growth as it not only provides job opportunities but also plays the role of infrastructure

development which is a key contributor to national development. On the other h and , the

construction sites are by nature hazardous locations where the workers have to deal with all

kinds of risks and some of them may involve lethal accidents. Unfortunately, quite a number of

constructions in Nigeria fail to abide by health, safety, and guidelines set by the government

even though these exist, resulting in a high rate of accidents, injuries, and deaths among

workers (Idoro, 2011; Olagunjuet al., 2013).

The absence of the right health and safety administration on building sites in Nigeria is a

pressing issue that needs to be tackled and solved on a priority basis. Construction workers

endanger their lives by walking over scaffolds and ladders, breathing toxic chemicals or being

electrocuted, getting beaten by a swinging tool, and facing other threats every day (Okorie and

Ohagiu, 2018). These fatalities alone can lead to deaths and critical injuries that may

3
 permanently disable workers and send their families into grief. Hence, the construction industry

and our nation can suffer economic consequences thanks to the damage.

In addition, workers' exposure to harmful materials and gases due to inadequate provision and

improper use of personal protective equipment (PPE), lack of safety training programs, and

deficient enforcement of present regulations by the regulatory agencies result in the negative.

(For instance, Onyejefu and Ogbonda, 2016; Abubakar, 2015). Moreover, elements including

management commitment, budgetary allocation and workers’ attitudes towards safety all exert

considerable influence on the provisions of safety measures on a construction site (Adeogun and

Okafor, 2013).

1.3 Research Question

Based on the problem of this research, the question which the research intended to answer

through its objectives are;

i. What are the health and safety measures provided by the contractors and workers on

construction site?

ii. What are the key factors affecting health and safety on construction site?

iii. What are the drivers of health and safety on construction site?

iv. What are the necessary suggested strategies for an effective health and safety measures

on construction site?

1.4.1 Aim

The aim of this study is to assess health and safety measures provided by contractors and

workers complying to health and safety guideline on construction site in Minna.

4
 1.4.2 Objectives

The Specific objectives of the study are;

i. Identify health and safety measures provided by the contractors and workers on

construction site in Minna, Nigeria.

ii. Determine the key factors affecting provision of health and safety measures on construction

site in Minna, Nigeria.

iii. Identify drivers of health and safety measures on construction site.

iv. Make necessary suggestions on strategies for effective health and measures on construction

site.

1.5 Significance of the Research

The significance of this research is to assess the health and safety measures among construction

site workers, managers, skilled workers, unskilled workers, and other users about the health

and safety of individuals in the construction industries. It also helps create awareness about the

importance of health and safety among workers, managers and the public, and tends to

identify the areas for safety improvement which could lead to an increase in productivity,

thereby reducing project delays and lower the cost that are associated with accidents and

injuries.

1.6 Scope of the study

i.The scope of the study is limited to assessing health and safety measures among construction

site workers in Minna.

ii.To recommend relevant methods to improve the health and safety on construction

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 1.7 Definition of terms

i. Health

Health is the general condition of a person in mind, body, and spirit, usually meaning to be free

from illness, injury, or pain.

ii. Safety

Safety is defined as relative freedom from danger, risk, or threat of harm, injury, or loss of

personnel and /or property, whether caused deliberately or by accident. (Anaman and Osei

Amponsah2007),stated that the law of safety is defined as a way in which the working environs

can strengthen to secure the safety and health of people who are liable to be affected by the

working environment.

iii. Worker

worker is a person who does a specified type of work or who works in a specified way. In this

study worker is a person who is involved in a work public project construction.

iv. Accident

Accidents according to Aniekwu (2007) are unplanned and unexpectedevents, which result

from mistake somewhere, somehow and by somebody.

v. Injury

A physical harm or damage to someone’s body caused by an accident or an attack.

vi. Construction

According to the UN (1996) International St and ards Industrial Classification (ISIC), Rev. 3,

construction is defined generally as an economic activity directed to the creation, renovation,

6
 repair, or extension of fixed assets in the form of buildings, l and improvements of an

engineering nature, and other such engineering constructions as roads, bridges, dams, etc.

vii. Construction Industry

The construction industry is a sector of the economy that transforms various resources into

constructed physical economic and social infrastructure necessary for socio-economic

development. It embraces the process by which the said physical infrastructure is planned,

designed, procured, constructed or produced, altered, repaired, maintained, and demolished

National Construction Council (2004-2005).

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Overview of Health and Safety in construction

Health and safety in construction are critical components that ensure the protection of all

individuals involved in or impacted by construction activities. These terms encapsulate the

comprehensive range of policies, procedures, and practices specifically designed to safeguard

the well-being of workers, contractors, and the public. The construction industry, by its nature,

involves numerous risks due to the complexity and variability of tasks performed. Thus, health

and safety measures are integral to mitigating these risks and ensuring a safe working

environment. Health in construction refers to the measures taken to prevent occupational

diseases and illnesses. Workers on construction sites are often exposed to various physical,

chemical, and biological hazards that can negatively impact their health. For example,

prolonged exposure to dust, asbestos, or other harmful substances can lead to respiratory issues,

while repetitive physical tasks can result in musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, health-focused

measures are designed to identify these hazards and implement controls that minimize

exposure, such as providing adequate ventilation, enforcing the use of personal protective

equipment (PPE), and ensuring that workers are educated on the risks associated with their

tasks. Additionally, mental health is an increasingly recognized aspect of health in construction,

with stress and fatigue management becoming critical components of health policies

(International Labour Organization, 2019).

Safety in construction, on the other h and , emphasizes the prevention of accidents and injuries

on site. This includes measures aimed at reducing the risk of incidents such as falls from heights,

8
electrical hazards, equipment mish and ling, and accidents involving heavy machinery. Safety

protocols are typically detailed in safety plans and include guidelines for the safe operation of

equipment, the use of fall protection systems, and the management of hazardous materials. The

aim is to create a workplace where the risk of accidents is minimized through proactive planning,

rigorous training, and continuous monitoring of safety practices. For instance, regular safety

inspections and audits are conducted to ensure compliance with safety st and ards and to

identify potential hazards before they result in accidents (Hinze, Thurman, and Wehle,

2013).The integration of health and safety practices in construction is not merely a regulatory

requirement but also a moral and ethical obligation. The construction industry is known for its

high rate of accidents and fatalities compared to other sectors, making health and safety

measures even more critical. By implementing effective health and safety strategies,

construction companies can significantly reduce the incidence of workplace injuries and

illnesses, leading to a safer work environment, higher productivity, and reduced costs

associated with accidents (Choudhry et al., 2008). Moreover, these measures contribute to the

overall well-being of workers, fostering a culture of safety where the welfare of each individual

is prioritized.

In essence, health and safety in construction are about creating and maintaining an

environment where the risks to life, and health are minimized. By ensuring that everyone

involved in a construction project can perform their duties without undue risk, these measures

not only protect the individuals on site but also contribute to the successful completion of

construction projects. A well-implemented health and safety program is therefore essential for

achieving the dual goals of protecting human life and maintaining operational efficiency in the

construction industry.

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2.2. Importance of Health and Safety Measures

Health and safety measures in the construction industry are of paramount importance due to the

inherently hazardous nature of construction work. These measures are essential not only for

protecting workers but also for ensuring the overall success and sustainability of construction

projects. Implementing robust health and safety measures is critical to preventing accidents and

injuries on construction sites. Construction environments are dynamic, with multiple activities

occurring simultaneously, which often involve heavy machinery, elevated work areas, hazardous

substances, and confined spaces. The absence of proper safety protocols increases the risk of

accidents, which can lead to severe injuries or even fatalities. By enforcing safety regulations

such as the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), conducting regular safety training, and

ensuring strict adherence to safety guidelines, construction companies can significantly reduce

the risk of accidents and create a safer working environment (Hinze, Thurman, and Wehle,

2013). Legal compliance is another crucial aspect of health and safety in construction. In many

countries, construction companies are required by law to adhere to specific health and safety

regulations. Government agencies enforce these regulations through regular inspections, and

failure to comply can result in severe penalties, including fines, legal action, and even the

suspension of construction activities. Adhering to health and safety measures ensures that

construction companies meet their legal obligations, avoid costly penalties, and maintain a good

st and ing with regulatory authorities (OSHA, 2020). The protection of workers' health and

well-being is a fundamental reason for implementing health and safety measures. Construction

workers are often exposed to various hazards, including chemical, physical, and biological

risks, which can lead to occupational diseases and long-term health issues. For instance,

prolonged exposure to dust, noise, and hazardous materials can cause respiratory problems,

10
hearing loss, and other health complications. Health and safety measures, such as providing

proper ventilation, ensuring the use of ergonomic equipment, and offering mental health

support, help mitigate these risks, ensuring that workers remain healthy and productive

(Gambatese, Behm, and Hinze, 2005). A safe working environment also enhances productivity

and efficiency on construction sites. When workers feel safe and secure, they are more likely to

be focused, motivated, and productive. Conversely, a lack of safety measures can lead to

frequent accidents, resulting in disruptions, delays, and increased project costs. Additionally,

frequent accidents may lead to a high turnover rate, as workers might leave the job due to safety

concerns, further impacting productivity. By prioritizing health and safety, construction

companies can minimize these disruptions, maintain a stable workforce, and ensure that

projects are completed on time and within budget (Lingard and Rowlinson, 2005).

2.3 Global Perspective on Construction Safety

Construction safety is a critical issue worldwide due to the industry's inherently hazardous

nature. Despite advancements in safety regulations and technologies, construction remains one

of the most dangerous industries globally, with high rates of accidents, injuries, and fatalities.

The importance of construction safety is recognized across different countries and regions, but

the approach to safety and the effectiveness of safety measures can vary significantly due to

differences in economic development, regulatory frameworks, cultural attitudes, and industry

practices.In developed countries, construction safety is typically governed by comprehensive

regulatory frameworks that set stringent st and ards for worker safety. These countries often have

robust inspection and enforcement mechanisms to ensure compliance with safety regulations.

For instance, in the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

enforces strict safety st and ards, conducting regular inspections and imposing penalties for

11
non-compliance. Similarly, in the European Union, the European Agency for Safety and Health

at Work (EU-OSHA) promotes high safety st and ards across member states, with regulations

that cover various aspects of construction safety, from the use of personal protective equipment

(PPE) to the safe management of hazardous materials (European Agency for Safety and Health

at Work, 2019). In contrast, developing countries often face significant challenges in

implementing effective construction safety measures. These challenges can include limited

regulatory oversight, lack of enforcement, insufficient resources, and a lack of awareness or

training among workers. In many developing nations, the construction industry is a major source

of employment, but workers are often exposed to unsafe working conditions due to inadequate

safety practices. For example, in some countries, there is a lack of access to appropriate PPE,

poor site management, and minimal worker training, leading to higher rates of accidents and

injuries (Gibb, 2011). Cultural attitudes towards safety also play a crucial role in shaping

construction safety practices. In some cultures, there may be a higher tolerance for risk, or safety

may not be prioritized due to economic pressures or a lack of awareness. However, there is

growing recognition globally of the need to improve safety st and ards in construction, driven by

international organizations such as the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the World

Health Organization (WHO). These organizations advocate for better safety practices and

provide guidelines and resources to help countries improve their construction safety st and ards

(International Labour Organization, 2019).Globalization has also influenced construction safety

practices, as multinational construction firms bring safety st and ards from their home countries

into international projects. This has led to the adoption of better safety practices in some regions,

as local contractors are required to meet the safety st and ards of international clients.

Additionally, the global construction industry is increasingly adopting new technologies, such as

12
building information modeling (BIM) and wearable safety devices, which can enhance safety

by improving site management and providing real-time monitoring of worker health and safety

(Zhou et al., 2015).Despite these advancements, significant disparities in construction safety

remain across different regions. In many low-income countries, the lack of resources and

infrastructure continues to hamper efforts to improve safety. However, international

collaboration, knowledge sharing, and capacity building are helping to bridge these gaps.

Programs that focus on training and educating workers, improving regulatory frameworks, and

promoting a culture of safety are essential for reducing the global burden of construction-related

injuries and fatalities.

2.4 Current Trends and Challenges in Health and Safety on Construction

2.4.1 Trends in Health and Safety on Construction

The field of health and safety, particularly within the construction industry, is evolving rapidly

due to technological advancements, changing regulations, and growing awareness of worker

well-being. Several key trends are shaping the current l and scape of health and safety:

i. Technological Integration: The adoption of advanced technologies is

significantlytransforming health and safety practices. Wearable devices, such as

smart helmets and vests, are now widely used to monitor workers’ vital signs and

environmental conditions in real-time, helping to prevent accidents by alerting

workers and supervisors to potential hazards. Drones are being utilized for site

inspections, allowing for safer and more efficient monitoring of large or hard-to-

reach areas. Additionally, Building Information Modeling (BIM) is being used to plan

13
 and visualize safety protocols during the design phase, enabling better hazard

identification and mitigation before construction begins (Zhou et al., 2015).

ii. Data-Driven Safety Management: The use of big data and predictive analytics

isbecoming increasingly popular in managing health and safety. By analyzing large

sets of data from previous incidents, near misses, and current site conditions,

companies can predict potential risks and take proactive measures to prevent

accidents. This trend towards data-driven decision-making allows for more targeted

safety interventions and continuous improvement of safety practices (Gheorghe et

al., 2021).

iii. Mental Health Awareness: The focus on mental health in the workplace is growing,

as the construction industry recognizes the impact of stress, anxiety, and other

mental health issues on workers’ safety and productivity. Companies are

increasingly implementing mental health programs, offering support services, and

promoting a culture that encourages workers to speak up about mental health

challenges. This trend reflects a broader underst and ing of health that includes both

physical and psychological well-being (Lingard et al., 2010).

iv. Sustainability and Safety: There is a growing intersection between sustainability

and safety in construction. Sustainable construction practices, such as using eco-

friendly materials and reducing waste, are also seen as ways to improve health and

safety by minimizing exposure to hazardous substances and creating cleaner, safer

work environments. Moreover, safety planning is increasingly integrated into

sustainable design and construction processes, emphasizing the importance of

considering safety from the outset of a project (Goh and Chua, 2016).

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2.4.2 Challenges in Health and Safety

Despite these advancements, several challenges persist in ensuring health and safety in the

construction industry:

i. Compliance and Enforcement: While safety regulations are becoming more

stringentworldwide, ensuring compliance remains a significant challenge, especially

in regions with limited resources for enforcement. In many developing countries, the

lack of adequate regulatory frameworks, combined with insufficient oversight and

enforcement, means that safety st and ards are often not met, leading to higher rates

of accidents and injuries (Gibb et al., 2014).

ii. Workforce Diversity: The increasing diversity of the workforce, including

differences in language, culture, and experience, presents challenges in

communication and training. Ensuring that all workers, regardless of background,

fully underst and safety protocols and can effectively communicate about safety

issues is crucial. Language barriers and varying levels of literacy can complicate the

delivery of safety training and the underst and ing of safety signage, which can lead

to increased risk of accidents (Hallowell and Gambatese, 2010).

iii. Aging Workforce: The aging of the construction workforce presents unique health

and safety challenges. Older workers are more susceptible to injuries due to

decreased physical capabilities and longer recovery times. Contractors must address

these challenges by implementing age-appropriate safety measures, such as

ergonomic tools and modified work practices, to accommodate older workers and

prevent injuries (Sokaset al., 2013).

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 iv. Technological Adoption: While technology offers significant benefits, the adoption

of new technologies can also present challenges. There can be resistance to change

from workers and management, who may be unfamiliar with new tools or skeptical

about their effectiveness. Additionally, the cost of implementing advanced

technologies can be prohibitive for smaller contractors, limiting their ability to benefit

from these innovations. Ensuring that workers are properly trained in the use of new

technologies is essential to maximizing their safety benefits (Teizeret al., 2013).

v. Mental Health and Safety Integration: While there is increased awareness of the

importance of mental health, integrating mental health support into existing safety

programs remains a challenge. Stigma around mental health issues, particularly in

industries like construction that traditionally emphasize physical toughness, can

prevent workers from seeking help. Developing and implementing effective mental

health programs that are integrated into broader health and safety initiatives is

crucial for addressing this challenge (Martin et al., 2020).

2.5 Health and Safety Measures Provided by the Contractors on Construction site in

Minna, Nigeria.

Contractors in the construction industry implement a variety of safety measures to ensure the

well-being of workers and minimize the risk of accidents. These measures are crucial for

maintaining a safe working environment on construction sites, where hazards are prevalent.

Below are some of the key safety measures that contractors typically implement:

i. Access and Egress

Access and Egress on construction site refer to the safe and efficient methods for workers and

equipment to enter and exit the site. Proper planning and management of access and egress

16
by contractors is crucial for maintain site safety, ensuring operational efficiency and complying

with legal requirements. The main purpose of this are;

i. For Safety Purpose which helps to reduce the risk of accidents and injuries during

the movement of workers, equipment and materials.

ii. For efficiency: A well planned access routes facilitate efficient site operations

ensuring that materials, equipment and personnel can move in and out of the site

without delays.

iii. Emergency Response: In case of an emergency, such as a fire or structural failure,

clearly defined and accessible egress routes are critical for safe and timely

evacuation of workers.

ii. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is one of the most fundamental safety measures

implemented on construction sites. PPE includes items such as helmets, gloves, goggles, safety

boots, and high-visibility clothing. These protective items are designed to;

i. Protect workers from various hazards, including falling objects, chemical exposure,

and electrical risks.

Helmets protect workers from head injuries, gloves provide protection against cuts and

abrasions, goggles shield the eyes from dust and debris, and safety boots prevent foot injuries.

Contractors are responsible for providing appropriate PPE to all workers and ensuring that it is

worn correctly at all times on the site (Guldenmund, 2010).

iii. Safety Training and Awareness Programs

Safety training and awareness programs are essential components of a contractor's safety

strategy. These programs are designed to educate workers about potential hazards on the

17
construction site and the proper procedures to mitigate risks. Training sessions may cover topics

such as safe equipment h and ling, fall protection, hazard communication, and emergency

procedures. Contractors often conduct regular safety drills and refresher courses to reinforce

safety knowledge and keep workers updated on new safety protocols. By investing in

continuous safety training, contractors help ensure that workers are aware of the risks and know

how to protect themselves and their colleagues (López-Arquillos, Rubio-Romero, and Gibb,

2012).

iv. First Aid Facilities and Services

First aid facilities and services are critical for addressing injuries that may occur on construction

sites. Contractors are required to provide accessible first aid stations equipped with necessary

medical supplies such as b and ages, antiseptics, and emergency contact numbers. Additionally,

contractors often ensure that a certain number of workers are trained in first aid so that

immediate assistance can be provided in case of an injury. Having first aid facilities on-site

allows for quick response to injuries, which can prevent minor injuries from becoming more

serious and ensures that workers receive timely medical attention (Hughes and Ferrett, 2015).

v. Safety Signs and Signals

Safety signs and signals play a crucial role in communicating hazards and guiding safe

behavior on construction sites. Contractors implement a wide range of signs, such as warning

signs for dangerous areas, m and atory signs for required PPE, and informational signs

indicating emergency exits or first aid stations. These signs are usually color-coded and st and

ardized to ensure that they are easily recognizable and understood by all workers, regardless of

language barriers. The strategic placement of safety signs and signals around the construction

18
site helps in preventing accidents by providing clear and immediate warnings about potential

dangers (Carter and Smith, 2006).

vi. Regular Safety Inspections

Regular safety inspections are essential to maintaining a safe work environment on construction

sites. Contractors are responsible for conducting frequent inspections to identify;

i. potential hazards

ii. ensure compliance with safety protocols.

These inspections typically cover various aspects of the site, including the condition of

equipment, the proper use of PPE, the integrity of scaffolding, and the cleanliness and

organization of the work area. Any identified hazards are addressed promptly, and corrective

actions are implemented to prevent accidents. Regular inspections not only help in maintaining

safety st and ards but also demonstrate the contractor’s commitment to worker safety (Choudhry

et al., 2008).

vii. Provision of Safety Manuals

Safety manuals are comprehensive documents that outline the safety procedures, protocols, and

responsibilities of workers and management on a construction site. Contractors provide these

manuals to ensure that all workers have access to detailed information about the safety measures

in place. Safety manuals typically cover a wide range of topics, including emergency procedures,

hazard identification, safe work practices, and the use of PPE. By making safety manuals

readily available, contractors ensure that workers can reference important safety information

whenever needed, helping to reinforce safe behavior on the site (Lingard and Rowlinson, 2005)

19
viii. Emergency Response Plan

An Emergency Response Plan (ERP) is a crucial safety measure that outlines the procedures to

be followed in the event of an emergency, such as a fire, chemical spill, or natural disaster.

Contractors develop ERPs to ensure that workers know how to respond quickly and effectively

to emergencies, minimizing the risk of injury and property damage. The ERP typically includes

evacuation routes, emergency contact information, and procedures for accounting for all

workers during an emergency. Regular drills and training are conducted to familiarize workers

with the ERP, ensuring that everyone on the site is prepared to act swiftly in case of an

emergency (Zhou et al., 2015).

2.7 Health and Safety Measures Implemented by Workers on Construction site.

Workers play a critical role in ensuring safety on construction sites by actively engaging in

various practices and responsibilities. Their involvement is essential for maintaining a safe

working environment and mitigating potential risks. Key aspects of their role include adherence

to safety protocols, reporting hazards, participation in safety training, maintaining site

cleanliness, and proper tool storage.

i. Adherence to Safety Protocols

One of the primary responsibilities of workers is to adhere to established safety protocols and

procedures. This includes the consistent use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as

helmets, gloves, and safety goggles, and following site-specific safety guidelines. Adhering to

these protocols helps prevent accidents and injuries related to common construction hazards,

such as falling objects or exposure to hazardous materials. Workers are expected to remain

vigilant and ensure that safety practices are followed meticulously, contributing to a safer

working environment for everyone on site (Choudhry et al., 2008).

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ii. Reporting Hazards and Unsafe Conditions

Workers must actively report any hazards or unsafe conditions they encounter. Timely reporting

allows for prompt action to address potential risks before they result in accidents or injuries.

Effective hazard reporting systems, supported by a safety-conscious culture, encourage workers

to voice concerns without fear of reprisal. This proactive approach is crucial for identifying and

correcting safety issues, thereby preventing accidents and enhancing overall site safety (Hughes

and Ferrett, 2015).

iii. Participation in Safety Training

Engagement in safety training is essential for workers to underst and the risks associated with

their tasks and the proper safety measures to mitigate these risks. Safety training programs

cover a range of topics, including safe equipment use, emergency procedures, and hazard

identification. By participating in these programs, workers gain the necessary knowledge and

skills to perform their jobs safely and efficiently. Regular training and refresher courses help

keep workers informed about the latest safety practices and regulations, thereby reducing the

likelihood of accidents (López-Arquilloset al., 2012).

iv. Keeping the Construction Site Clean

Maintaining a clean and organized construction site is a crucial safety measure. A cluttered or

untidy site can lead to accidents such as trips, slips, and falls, and can obstruct emergency

access. Workers are responsible for keeping their work areas clean and orderly, which includes

disposing of waste properly and removing unnecessary materials and debris. Regular site

cleanup helps in minimizing hazards and creating a safer and more efficient work environment

(Guldenmund, 2010).

v. Proper Use and Storage of Tools

21
Proper use and storage of tools and equipment are essential practices for ensuring safety on

construction sites. Workers are expected to operate tools in accordance with the manufacturer's

instructions, which not only optimizes performance but also significantly reduces the risk of

accidents. Regular checks and maintenance of tools are crucial to identify any defects or wear

that could compromise safety. For instance, damaged electrical tools pose a serious risk of shock

or fire, and blunt cutting tools can lead to accidents due to improper force application

(Sawacha, Naoum, and Fong, 1999).

Equally important is the proper storage of tools and equipment. Tools should be stored in

designated areas where they are protected from damage and easily accessible when needed.

Safe storage practices prevent accidental injuries that can occur if tools are left lying around,

such as tripping hazards or unintentional contact with sharp or heavy equipment.

vi. Emergency Preparedness

Emergency preparedness is a critical component of health and safety on construction sites,

ensuring that workers are equipped to respond effectively to accidents, fires, or other

emergencies. Workers must be thoroughly familiar with the emergency procedures specific to

their work environment. This includes knowing the locations of emergency exits, fire

extinguishers, first aid kits, and other essential safety equipment. Being well-versed in these

details enables workers to react quickly and appropriately in the event of an emergency, thereby

minimizing potential injuries or fatalities.

vii. Awareness of Surroundings

Awareness of one's surroundings is a crucial aspect of safety on construction sites, where

numerous activities occur simultaneously, often in close proximity. Workers must remain

vigilant and mindful of their environment to identify and avoid potential hazards. This

22
includes being alert to the presence of moving vehicles, operating machinery, overhead work,

and other site activities that could pose risks. For instance, a worker might need to navigate

around heavy machinery or stay clear of areas where materials are being hoisted overhead.

According to (De Silva and Wimalaratne 2012), the ability to foresee and avoid hazards is a

key component of reducing the likelihood of workplace accidents.

viii. Avoiding Risky Behavior

Avoiding risky behavior is fundamental to ensuring safety on construction sites. Workers must

resist the temptation to take shortcuts or engage in practices that could compromise their safety

or the safety of others. Such behaviors might include bypassing safety procedures to save time,

working under the influence of alcohol or drugs, or neglecting to use personal protective

equipment (PPE). These actions significantly increase the likelihood of accidents and can result

in severe injuries or even fatalities.

2.7. Key Factors Affecting Provision of Health and Safety Measures

i. Cost and Budget Constraints

Cost and budget constraints significantly impact the provision of health and safety measures.

Limited financial resources often lead to insufficient investment in safety equipment, training,

and hazard control measures, increasing the risk of accidents and injuries on construction sites.

Studies have shown that financial limitations can restrict the ability to implement and maintain

effective safety measures (O’Neal et al., 2014).

ii. Lack of Management Commitment

Management commitment is crucial for effective health and safety measures. When senior

management fails to prioritize safety, policies may be poorly enforced, and safety practices may

23
not be taken seriously. Effective safety management requires active support from leadership to

ensure that safety protocols are implemented and adhered to consistently (Lema and Ali,

2019).

iii. Lack of Training and Education

Insufficient training and education can hinder the effective implementation of safety measures.

Without proper training, workers may lack awareness of safety procedures and equipment

usage, leading to increased accident risks. Comprehensive and regular training is essential for

equipping workers with the knowledge and skills necessary for maintaining a safe work

environment (Akanbiet al., 2018).

iv. Poor Safety Culture Among Workers

A poor safety culture can undermine health and safety efforts. When safety is not a core value,

workers may engage in unsafe practices, ignore safety protocols, and fail to report hazards.

Building a strong safety culture involves promoting safety as a fundamental value and

encouraging open communication about safety concerns (Ng et al., 2009).

v. Lack of Enforcement of Safety Regulations

The enforcement of safety regulations is essential for maintaining effective health and safety

measures. Inadequate enforcement can lead to non-compliance with safety st and ards, increasing

the risk of accidents. Regular inspections and a robust system for addressing violations are

necessary to ensure adherence to safety regulations (Mansouri et al., 2016).

vi. Insufficient Safety Equipment

The provision of adequate safety equipment is critical for protecting workers. Insufficient or

outdated safety equipment can leave workers vulnerable to accidents and injuries. Proper

24
maintenance and timely replacement of safety gear are essential to ensure that it provides

effective protection (Choudhry and Fang, 2008).

vii. Tight Project Deadlines

Tight project deadlines can significantly impact health and safety on construction sites, as the

pressure to meet these deadlines often leads to compromised safety practices. Workers under

intense time constraints may rush their tasks, increasing the risk of mistakes and accidents. The

urgency to complete work quickly can result in shortcuts, such as skipping safety checks or

neglecting proper training, which further exacerbates the risk of incidents. As research shows,

balancing time pressures with strict adherence to safety st and ards is essential to protect workers

and maintain a safe construction environment (G and er et al., 2011).

viii. Complexity of Work Environment

The complexity of a construction work environment, including intricate site layouts and

overlapping activities, can heighten safety risks. Complex environments often involve multiple

contractors and machinery, requiring meticulous coordination and communication. Effective

safety management must include thorough risk assessments and adaptive measures to address

the evolving challenges and ensure worker safety (Gibb and Haslam, 2016)

ix. Lack of Site Security

Inadequate site security can lead to unauthorized access, increasing safety risks and potential

theft or v and alism. Without proper security measures, hazardous areas may be exposed to

untrained individuals, and essential safety equipment could be compromised. Effective security,

including fencing and surveillance, is crucial for protecting workers and maintaining a safe

construction environment (Hoffmann and Stetzer, 2015).

25
 x. Financial Security

Financial security ensures that adequate resources are available to support and sustain safety

measures on construction sites. Sufficient funding is needed for safety equipment, training, and

emergency responses. Without proper financial resources, safety measures may be compromised,

increasing the risk of accidents and incidents. Maintaining financial security helps ensure that

safety protocols are effectively implemented and managed (Jannadi and Almishari, 2003)

2.8. Drivers of Health and Safety Measures on Construction Sites

In order to ensure safety, reducing risk of injuries and creating a more secure environment for

everyone involved in construction activities, these drivers helps to foster effective and more

secured environment.

i. Implementation of health and safety policy

The effective implementation of Health and Safety policies is crucial for managing and

enhancing safety on construction sites. (Subramaniam et al. 2021) emphasize that safety

promotion policies are essential for establishing and maintaining conditions necessary to

achieve and sustain an optimal level of safety. These policies encompass a range of strategies

and procedures aimed at creating a safe working environment, including the development of

safety st and ards, protocols, and the allocation of resources to support safety initiatives.

ii. Health and Safety plans

These plans should encompass various systems designed to identify potential risks, implement

appropriate safety measures, and plan for emergency responses in case of accidents. Effective

Health and safety planning involve creating clear, accessible communication of these systems

so that all site workers, regardless of their level of education or experience, can easily underst

26
and and follow the safety protocols. This approach ensures that safety measures are effectively

implemented and that all workers are prepared to h and le emergencies appropriately, thereby

enhancing overall site safety and reducing the risk of accidents (Fern and ez-Muniz et al.,

2012).

iii. Transparency

Transparency is a key driver of effective Health and Safety measures on construction sites. It

involves clear communication between management and site managers about safety

expectations, procedures, and st and ards. Transparent practices ensure that all parties underst

and their roles and responsibilities in maintaining safety. According to the Health and Safety

Executive (2023), transparency allows for effective supervision, enabling management to assess

and adjust H and S strategies as needed. Additionally, engaging site workers in discussions

about safety helps identify gaps and improve safety plans based on their feedback. This

openness fosters a culture of accountability and continuous improvement in safety practices

(Health and Safety Executive, 2023; Smith and Jones, 2019).

iv. Health and safety meetings

Regular health and safety meetings, personal contacts are essential for fostering safety

awareness among workers. These practices create multiple touchpoints for communication,

ensuring that workers are consistently informed about safety protocols and can easily report any

safety issues they encounter. Regular meetings provide a formal setting for discussing safety

concerns and improvement suggestions, while personal interactions help reinforce safety

practices and build trust between management and workers. Additionally, signposts with H

and S rules serve as constant reminders of safety procedures. This multi-faceted approach

27
encourages workers to actively engage in safety practices and contribute to continuous

improvements in safety management (Smith et al., 2018).

v. Risk of Legal actions and Penalties

The risk of legal actions and penalties is a major incentive for enforcing effective health and

safety measures on construction sites. Compliance with legal requirements is essential to avoid

fines, sanctions, and legal disputes. Regulatory bodies set strict safety st and ards to protect

workers and the public; failing to meet these st and ards can lead to severe financial and legal

consequences. The potential for such penalties drives organizations to prioritize robust health

and safety practices, ensuring adherence to regulations, improving workplace safety, and

enhancing their reputation and operational efficiency.

vi. Health and Safety Induction Programs

Health and Safety induction programs are critical for ensuring that workers are adequately

prepared for the risks associated with their tasks on a construction site. These programs should

be conducted before the commencement of a construction project to ensure that all workers are

aware of the potential hazards, the precautions needed to mitigate those hazards, and the overall

scope of work.

vii. Provision of Welfare Facilities

The International Labour Organization,1998 highlights that welfare facilities are crucial for

ensuring appropriate working conditions. Workers need access to essentials such as drinking

water, sanitary facilities, restrooms, canteens, dining areas, changing rooms, and personal

protective equipment (PPE). These amenities not only support workers' well-being but also foster

positive relationships. Without proper welfare facilities, workers face risks of illnesses and

28
injuries. Additionally, research shows that these facilities not only enhance workers' welfare but

also boost productivity.

viii. Health and Safety Training

According to (Hare et al 2006), health and safetytraining is integral to safety practices and

plays a crucial role in accident prevention. Effective training helps workers underst and safety

regulations and systems, which is essential for fostering a positive safety culture. Both

employees and management need training to ensure a healthy and safe work environment and

to improve performance. (Agumbaet al. 2013) recommend allocating funds specifically for

health and safety training.

ix. Safety Reporting and Recording

Safety reporting and recording by construction workers are crucial for preventing accidents on

sites and should be a fundamental component of an organization's health and safety (H and S)

policies. By systematically documenting and reporting safety issues, near misses, and

incidents, workers help identify potential hazards, track safety performance, and implement

necessary improvements. Effective safety reporting and record-keeping contribute to a

proactive safety culture and enhance overall site safety.

x. Budgeting for Health and Safety

Integrating health and safety costs into project pricing at the tender stage is crucial According

to (Muhammed et al. 2015). This means that when preparing bids for construction projects, it is

important to allocate funds specifically for H and S requirements.The rationale is that budgeting

for health and safety from the outset ensures that the necessary resources are available for

comprehensive planning and implementation of safety st and ards throughout all phases of the

project.This includes costs for safety equipment, training, risk assessments, and emergency

29
measures by integrating these costs into the tender, contractors can ensure that health and

safety measures are not compromised due to budget constraints. This proactive approach helps

in maintaining high safety st and ards, reducing the risk of accidents, and ensuring compliance

with regulations. It ultimately contributes to a safer work environment and can prevent costly

incidents that might arise from inadequate safety provisions.

2.9 Strategies for Effective Health and Safety Measures

i. Regular Safety and Training Workshops

Regular safety and training workshops are integral to ensuring ongoing awareness and

compliance with health and safety st and ards on construction sites. These workshops serve

multiple purposes:

i. They educate workers about the latest safety protocols

ii. Refresh their knowledge on existing practices

iii. provide updates on new regulations or technological advancements in safety.

(Ochieng et al. 2020) emphasize that continuous training helps maintain a high level of safety

competency among workers, reducing the likelihood of accidents caused by outdated knowledge

or misunderst and ings. (Peters 2018) supports this by noting that such workshops foster a

proactive safety culture, where safety awareness is consistently reinforced through frequent,

structured learning sessions. These workshops also provide a platform for addressing specific

safety concerns and tailoring safety practices to the unique needs of each project or site.

i. Strong Enforcement of Safety Regulations

Rigorously enforcing safety regulations is crucial for maintaining a safe work environment and

ensuring compliance with legal and organizational st and ards. Effective enforcement involves

30
regular supervision, r and om inspections, and disciplinary measures for non-compliance.

Akinci and Fischer (2019) emphasize the need for continuous monitoring and accountability to

uphold safety rules, while Smith and Williams (2021) highlight that stringent enforcement

embeds safety into daily operations and reduces accident risks. A zero-tolerance approach to

safety violations helps maintain high safety st and ards and consistent application of

regulations.

ii. Adequate Budget Allocation for Safety Measures

Allocating an adequate budget for health and safety measures is crucial for implementing

effective safety practices and ensuring that all necessary resources are available. Budgetary

provisions should cover the costs of personal protective equipment (PPE), safety training

programs, emergency preparedness, and maintenance of safety equipment.

iii. Involvement of Workers in Safety Planning

Involving workers in safety planning is a key strategy for developing effective safety measures

and fostering a culture of safety. Workers often have firsth and experience with potential

hazards and can provide valuable insights into practical safety solutions. (Olawale and Sun

2019) emphasize that engaging workers in safety planning helps to identify risks more accurately

and develop strategies that are realistic and tailored to the actual conditions of the construction

site. This participatory approach not only improves the relevance of safety measures but also

enhances worker buy-in and compliance. (Mokoena 2020) supports this by noting that when

workers are involved in the planning process, they are more likely to take ownership of safety

practices and contribute actively to maintaining a safe work environment.

iv. Regular Safety Audits and Inspections

31
Regular safety audits and inspections are essential for monitoring the effectiveness of safety

measures and identifying areas for improvement. Safety audits involve a comprehensive review

of safety practices, equipment, and compliance with regulations, while inspections focus on

identifying and addressing immediate safety issues. (Adedeji and Olukayode 2022) highlight

that conducting regular audits helps to ensure that safety protocols are being followed and

provides an opportunity to rectify any deficiencies. (Thompson 2021) adds that regular

inspections help to maintain a high level of safety awareness among workers and management

by continuously assessing and reinforcing safety practices. By identifying and addressing

safety issues proactively, safety audits and inspections contribute to ongoing improvements in

safety management and risk mitigation.

v. Improved Communication and Reporting Systems

Effective communication and reporting systems are critical for managing health and safety on

construction sites. These systems facilitate the timely reporting of safety incidents, near-misses,

and hazards, ensuring that relevant information is communicated promptly to all stakeholders.

(Binns and Davies 2018) emphasize that improved communication helps to quickly address

safety issues and implement corrective actions. An efficient reporting system also supports a

proactive approach to safety management by enabling timely responses to emerging safety

concerns.

vi. Reviewing and Updating Safety Policies

Regularly reviewing and updating safety policies and procedures is essential for maintaining

effective health and safety management on construction sites. This practice ensures that safety

protocols remain current with changes in regulations, evolving site conditions, and industry best

practices. By continuously assessing and revising safety policies, organizations can address new

32
risks, incorporate feedback from workers, and improve overall safety performance. This

proactive approach helps in minimizing accidents and ensuring compliance with legal and

safety st and ards (Roberts et al., 2010).

vii. Promoting Health and Well-being

Supporting workers' health by providing access to medical services, stress management

programs, and wellness initiatives is crucial for enhancing overall well-being. These measures

address health needs and contribute to a healthier, more productive workforce. Research

highlights that such support not only improves individual health but also boosts job satisfaction

and performance (Kirk and Colabrese, 2021).

viii. ConductingRegular Risk Assessments

Regular risk assessments are essential for identifying and addressing potential hazards in the

workplace. By continuously evaluating the work environment, organizations can proactively

implement controls to mitigate risks, thereby preventing accidents and ensuring the safety of all

workers. This ongoing process not only helps in maintaining compliance with safety regulations

but also fosters a culture of safety within the organization (Hallowell and Gambatese, 2009).

ix. Ensuring Proper Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

The proper use of PPE is critical in protecting workers from various occupational hazards.

Organizations must ensure that PPE, such as helmets, gloves, and eye protection, is readily

available, used correctly, and properly maintained. Regular inspections and replacements are

necessary to ensure the equipment's effectiveness. M and ating the use of PPE and providing

training on its correct usage significantly reduces the risk of injury (Schneider and Susi, 2017).

33
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

Research design involves a number of considerations, from the use of particular research

methods, to data collection and analysis (Cassim, 2014). This research basically employed the

use of survey design method using the quantitative approach through a well-structured

questionnaire to assess the health and safety on construction site and personal observation.

Statistical techniques have been used to analyze the information gathered.

Below is a summary of the procedure for the research;

1. Review of literature at libraries, on the internet, from journals, magazines, publications,

research thesis and relevant textbooks on Health and Safety.

2. Questionnaire survey using sampling methods.

3. Analysis of questionnaire using statistical techniques.

3.2. Sample Size and Sampling Technique

Sampling is the process of selecting representative units of a population for the study in research

investigation. Sample size is a small proportion of a population selected for observation and

analysis (Wood and Haber 2009). The list of respondents was entered in to Kish formula and

the sample size is calculated.

N
n= 2
1+ N (e )

34
Where:

N is the population size,

e is the margin of error.

3.3 Sample Selection Method

The sample selection method used in this study is the purposive sample selection of the

respondents. The list of respondents was entered in to Kish formula and the sample size is

calculated.

3.4 Instrument for Data Collection

Research instrument are tool used in getting the data, the research instrument used in this study

were survey research documents such as questionnaire and personal observation method. The

respondents chose by ticking an option as well as putting down their personal opinion on the

provided space.

3.5 Structure of Questionnaire

An official set of questions used in getting information from respondents is known as

questionnaires. In questionnaires, Frazer and Lawley, (2000), states that the questions might be

close-ended, open-ended, or both. There are four methods of administering questionnaires: mail

questionnaires, telephone questionnaire, internet questionnaire and personally administered

questionnaire. In attaining the various objectives of the study, the questionnaire was specifically

presented in line with the studies objectives. The questionnaire used in this research entailed five

parts. Part A (Demographic Background), Part B (Identification of Health and Safety

measures), Part C (Key Factors Affecting Provision of Health and Safety Measures), Part D

(Drivers of Health and Safety Measures), part E (Strategies for Effective Health and Safety

35
Measures) which is made up of tables that have close-ended questions are also based on the

objective of the study. A five-point Likert scale was adopted in this study to measure the

response of each respondent. According to Bertram (2007), Likert scale is a psychometric

response scale mostly adopted in questionnaires; it aids the researcher to easily ascertain the

degree to which a respondent agrees with a statement.

3.6 Validation of Data

Validity is the process of finding out the degree to which a test measures what it supposes to

measure. The validity and reliability of the data collected were ensured by subjecting row data

to review by our supervisor.

3.7 Data Analysis

The completed questionnaires were edited to ensure completeness, consistency and readability.

Once the data had been checked, they were arranged in a format that enabled easy analysis.

Quantifiable data from the questionnaires was coded into the software for analysis. Statistical

Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was selected because it was considered to be user friendly.

36
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

In this chapter, data collected from the field were organized and presented in frequency table

showing percentage to facilitate data analysis collected from the correspondence.Data from the

study were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

4.2 Response Rate

Questionnaires Questionnaires Questionnaires Response Rate

Printed Distributed Returned

50 copies 50 copies 50 copies 100%

Table 4.3: General Information of The Respondents

Category Classification Frequency Percentage%

Gender Male 50 100 %
Female 0 0%
Total 50 100.0
Age 18-25 4 8%
26-35 17 34%
36-45 15 30%
46-55 8 16%
55 and Above 6 12
Total 50 100.00
Education No Formal Education 3 6%

37
 Qualification
Primary school 12 24%
certificate
WAEC/SSCE/GCE 18 36%
ND/HND/BSC 15 30%
Msc 2 4%
PhD 0 0
Total 50 100.00
Years of experience Less than 1 years 5 10%
1–10 years 26 52%
11-20 years 14 28%
21-30 years 4 8%
31 and above 1 2%
Total 50 100.00
Source: field survey, 2024.
Table 4.3.It is shown that the number of respondents that are male is 50 (100%) while female is

0%. This implies that the number of male respondents in the site are more than the female.

Thereby making the construction industry male dominated.

Table 4.3. Shows the age demographics of respondents. It shows that 4 respondents (8%) are

aged 18 – 25 years, 17 respondents (34%) are aged 26 – 35 years, 15 respondents (30%) are aged

36 – 45 years, 8 respondents (16%) are aged 46 – 55 years and 6 respondents (12%) are aged 55

and above.This suggests that a significant portion of the workforce on the construction site is

relatively young, in the early to mid-career stages.The age distribution indicates a potential for

both physical capability and a level of experience, particularly in construction work. Those

between the age of 55 and above (12%) might indicate an early retirement or less involvement

of older individuals in physical dem and ing construction roles.

38
Table 4.3. Shows that a significant number of workforces hold secondary education

qualifications (36%) or higher education degrees (30%). This implies that majority of the

workforce has a foundational underst and ing in adhering to safety safety protocols. (6%) of the

workforce has indicates a challenge in ensuring that all workers can fully engage with training

program and safety measures.

Table 4.3. It shows the year of experience of the respondents. It can be seen from the table that

52% of the respondents has experience of 1 – 10 years, 28% has experience of 11 – 20 years,

10% has experience of less than a year, 8% has experience of 21 – 30 years and 2% has an

experience of 31 years and above. This implies that the 52% is a strong indicator of relatively

experienced workforce.

4.4.Identification of Health and Safety Measures provided on the construction site by;
1. The Contractor on site.
S/N Item Responses Ranking
1 Access and Egress 3 2nd
2 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 4 1st
3 Safety training and awareness 2 3rd
programs
4 First aid facilities and services 3 2nd
5 Safety signs and signals 3 2nd
6 Regular safety inspections 3 2rd
7 Provision of safety manuals 0 4th
8 Emergency Response plan 2 3rd

Source: Researcher’s Field Survey (2024)

Table 4.4, the checklist reveals the ranking of health and safety measures being provided by the

contractor on site. It is discussed below;

The health and safety measures with high ranking is Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). It

underscores its critical roles in maintaining a safe and healthy working environment on

construction site. The need for regular inspection and maintenance of PPE is very essential.

39
4.4.1
2. The Worker
S/N Item Responses Ranking
1 Adherence to safety protocol 3 3rd
2 Reporting hazards and Unsafe environment 5 1st
3 Participating in Safety training 2 5th
4 Keeping the construction site clean 5 1st
5 Proper use and storage of tools 5 1st
6 Emergency Preparedness 3 3rd
7 Awareness of Surroundings 4 4th
8 Avoiding Risky behavior 3 3rd

Source: Researcher’s Field Survey (2024)

The data in the table above shows that adherence to safety protocols reveals that workers

prioritize reporting hazards and unsafe environments (ranked 1st) and keeping the construction

site clean (also ranked 1st). These are critical components of maintaining a safe workplace,

indicating that workers are aware of immediate dangers and are active in mitigating them.

However, participating in safety training was ranked 5th, suggesting low engagement in safety

education. This finding is supported by Clarke and Provis (2019), who found that workers often

respond more proactively to visible or immediate hazards than to abstract safety protocols like

training. Training is crucial, as studies by Fleming and Lardner (2018) suggest that continuous

safety education reduces accidents by up to 30%, yet it often requires management incentives or

reinforcement for workers to take it seriously. The lower ranking of safety training indicates a

potential lack of management emphasis or ineffective training methods, which can hinder long-

term safety improvements.

The focus on visible safety measures, like site cleanliness and hazard reporting, may be effective

in the short term but insufficient for preventing accidents that result from poor knowledge of

safety standards. The low ranking of training participation may explain why some workers

40
continue to engage in unsafe practices unknowingly. According to Raouf (2017), safety training

needs to be prioritized as an ongoing process, not a one-off event, and should be integrated into

the daily work culture for maximum impact.

4.4.2 Effectiveness of Health and Safety Measures

Cod Item Frequency Percentage Ranking
e
B1 Very Effective 18 36% 1st

B2 Effective 15 30% 2nd

B3 Neutral 8 16% 3rd

B4 Ineffective 7 14% 4th

B5 Very Ineffective 2 4% 5th

Source: Researcher’s Field Survey (2024)

The second table shows that 36% of the respondents rated health and safety measures as "Very

Effective," while 30% rated them as "Effective." However, a concerning 14% found the

measures to be ineffective, and 4% rated them as "Very Ineffective." This suggests mixed

perceptions regarding the adequacy of safety measures in place. Zohar and Luria (2020) noted

that employee perceptions of safety measures are a reliable indicator of future safety

performance. When workers view health and safety policies as effective, they are more likely to

adhere to them, reducing workplace accidents. Conversely, Dingsdag et al. (2018) argued that

negative perceptions often stem from inconsistent enforcement of safety protocols, which can

lead to reduced compliance and higher risks. The 14% who rated safety measures as ineffective

might be experiencing inadequate safety enforcement or gaps in communication.

41
The mixed results point to the variability in how safety measures are applied and monitored. The

high percentage of respondents rating safety measures as effective is encouraging, but the portion

that finds them lacking highlights potential areas for improvement. A focus on standardized

enforcement and addressing gaps in site-specific safety management could improve overall

perceptions and effectiveness. Hudson (2019) emphasized the need for a proactive safety culture

where feedback from workers on the ground influences ongoing improvements to safety systems.

Categorie Conduction of safety meetings Percentage Ranking

s
Daily 19 38% 1st

Weekly 14 28% 2nd

Monthly 8 16% 3rd

Quarterly 2 4% 5th

Never 7 14% 4th

Source: Researcher’s Field Survey (2024)

The table shows that 38% of respondents reported having daily safety meetings, which is the

most frequent schedule, followed by weekly meetings at 28%. However, 14% of sites never

conduct safety meetings. This is troubling, as it suggests that a portion of workers may not be

regularly engaged in critical safety discussions. Regular safety meetings are essential for

reinforcing safety protocols, discussing site-specific risks, and ensuring continuous engagement

from workers. Neal and Griffin (2018) found that sites with daily safety meetings experienced a

20% reduction in workplace accidents compared to those with less frequent meetings. On the

contrary, Williams and Geller (2017) argue that the effectiveness of safety meetings lies not just

in their frequency but also in their content and how well they address ongoing safety concerns.

42
Sites that never conduct meetings are at a higher risk of accidents, as Zhou et al. (2021)

emphasized the role of communication in fostering a safety-first mindset.

The significant proportion of sites with daily and weekly safety meetings is commendable,

reflecting a proactive approach to maintaining safety awareness. However, the 14% of sites that

do not conduct meetings pose a serious risk. These sites may lack proper communication

channels, preventing the timely identification and resolution of safety issues. Increasing the

frequency of meetings, particularly on sites where they are absent, could be an effective strategy

for improving safety outcomes.

Safety officer Frequency Percentage Ranking

Yes 35 70% 1st

No 15 30% 2nd
Source: Researcher’s Field Survey (2024)

4.5Key Factors Affecting Provision of Health and Safety MeasuresOn Construction site in
Minna.
Code Key factors MIS Ranking Decision
th
C1. Cost and Budget Constraints. 2.40 7 High
C2 Lack of Management Commitment. 2.98 3rd Very High

C3 Lack of Training and Education. 2.88 5th Very High

C4 Poor Safety Culture Among Workers. 3.10 2nd Very High

C5 Lack of Enforcement of Safety 3.18 1st Very High

Regulations.

C6 Insufficient Safety Equipment. 3.10 2nd Very High

C7 Tight project deadlines. 2.90 4th Very High
C8 Complexity of work environment 2.80 6th High

43
 C9 Lack of site security 2.36 8th High

C10 Financial security 2.90 4th Very High

AVERAGE MIS 2.86

Source: Researcher’s Field Survey (2024)

The highest-ranked factors affecting health and safety measures are Lack of Enforcement of

Safety Regulations (MIS = 3.18) and Poor Safety Culture Among Workers (MIS = 3.10). Cost

and Budget Constraints ranked lowest (MIS = 2.40), indicating that financial issues, while

significant, are not as influential as enforcement and culture. Several studies support the critical

role of regulation enforcement. Haslam et al. (2020) found that poor enforcement leads to lax

attitudes towards safety and higher accident rates. Similarly, HSE (2021) emphasized that strong

regulatory frameworks and consistent enforcement are among the most effective ways to

maintain high safety standards. In terms of safety culture, Cooper and Phillips (2018) argue that

worker behavior is heavily influenced by the overall safety culture of the organization, with poor

culture leading to risky behaviors and unsafe practices.

The findings show that while budgetary issues are important, the real challenges lie in cultural

and enforcement-related factors. Improving the safety culture and ensuring stringent enforcement

of safety regulations should be top priorities. This aligns with Reason's (2017) model of safety

culture, which stresses that the most successful safety programs integrate strong leadership,

continuous education, and a commitment to enforcement at all levels.

4.6 Drivers of Health and Safety Measures

Code Drivers of Health and Safety Measures MIS Ranking Decision
D1. Implementation of Health and Safety 2.28 8th High
Policy
D2 Health and Safety Plan. 3.0 4th Very High

44
 D3 Transparency. 2.86 6th Very High

D4 Health and Safety meetings 2.56 7th High

D5 Risk of legal actions and penalties. 2.56 7th High

D6 Health and Safety Induction Programs 3.12 2nd Very High

D7 Provision of Welfare facilities 3.06 3rd Very High
D8 Safety report and recording. 3.22 1st Very High
D9 Health and safety training. 2.92 5th Very High

D10 Budgeting for health and safety 2.92 5th Very High
AVERAGE MIS 2.85

Source: Researcher’s Field Survey (2024)

The highest-ranked driver is Safety report and recording (MIS = 3.22), suggesting that

documentation and accountability are strong motivators for maintaining safety standards. Health

and Safety Induction Programs (MIS = 3.12) and Provision of Welfare Facilities (MIS = 3.06)

also ranked high, indicating the importance of early safety education and worker well-being.

Sawacha et al. (2018) highlighted the importance of accurate safety reporting in preventing

accidents and improving compliance. Their study found that sites with robust reporting

mechanisms experienced fewer safety violations. The importance of induction programs is also

well-documented. Hinze and Gambatese (2019) emphasized that introducing workers to safety

protocols during their first days on-site increases adherence to safety regulations throughout the

project. Welfare facilities, such as clean rest areas and proper sanitation, contribute to worker

well-being and indirectly improve safety performance, as Zhang and Fang (2021) observed.

The findings indicate that reporting, induction programs, and welfare facilities play a vital role in

driving safety adherence. These elements create a structured environment where safety is

monitored, recorded, and communicated effectively. Ensuring that all workers undergo

45
comprehensive induction programs and have access to proper welfare facilities could further

enhance safety outcomes.

4.7Strategies for Effective Health and Safety Measures

Code Effective Strategies MIS Ranking Decision
E1. Regular safety training and workshops. 2.92 6th High
E2 Strong enforcement of safety regulations. 2.36 8th High

E3 Adequate budget allocation for safety 2.98 6th Very High

measures.
E4 Involvement of workers in safety planning. 3.28 3rd Very High

E5 Regular safety audits and inspections. 3.08 5th Very High

E6 Improved communication and reporting 3.32 2nd Very High

systems
E7 Reviewing and updating safety policies. 3.38 1st Very High
E8 Promoting health and wellbeing. 2.92 6th High
E9 Conducting regular risk assessment 2.88 7th High
E10 Ensuring proper use of PPE kit. 3.18 4th Very High
AVERAGE MIS 3.03

Source: Researcher’s Field Survey (2024)

The most effective strategy identified was Reviewing and updating safety policies (MIS = 3.38),

followed by Improved communication and reporting systems (MIS = 3.32). These reflect the

need for adaptable safety practices and robust communication channels. Geller (2020) supports

the need for continuous policy updates, noting that construction sites are dynamic environments

that require flexible safety protocols. Regular updates ensure that policies remain relevant and

address new risks as they arise. Lingard and Rowlinson (2019) also stressed the importance of

communication, particularly in high-risk industries like construction, where the rapid

dissemination of information can prevent accidents.

46
The focus on updating policies and improving communication aligns with the idea that safety is

an evolving process. Sites that regularly review their safety protocols and foster open

communication channels are better equipped to adapt to emerging risks. Investing in these

strategies, as recommended by Boden and Appel (2021), can result in a safer, more responsive

construction environment.

47
 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary

This study emphasizes the critical importance of health and safety measures in the construction

industry, particularly in high-risk areas like Minna. By addressing the identified challenges and

implementing the recommended strategies, construction companies can significantly enhance the

safety and well-being of their workers. This, in turn, will lead to more successful project

outcomes and a reduction in accidents and injuries on-site.

5.2. Conclusion
The study concludes that health and safety measures on construction sites in Minna are

generally well-implemented, though there are notable areas for improvement. The effectiveness

of these measures is strongly influenced by the commitment of both contractors and workers to

adhering to safety protocols. Critical challenges include the lack of stringent enforcement of

safety regulations and a poor safety culture among workers. The study underscores the

importance of continuous safety training, proper use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE),

and regular safety audits as essential elements in improving safety outcomes on construction

sites.

5.3 Recommendations for Assess

To enhance health and safety measures on construction sites, the following recommendations

are proposed:

i. Strengthen Enforcement of Safety Regulations: Authorities should enforce

existingsafety regulations more robustly. This includes conducting regular inspections

48
 and imposing penalties for non-compliance to ensure strict adherence to safety st and

ards.

ii. Enhance Safety Culture: Construction companies should focus on fostering a

strongsafety culture among workers. This can be achieved through continuous safety

training,awareness programs, and by encouraging workers to take ownership of safety

practices.

iii. Increase Budget Allocation for Safety: Adequate funds should be allocated specifically

for health and safety measures. This includes the procurement of high-quality PPE,

ongoing safety training, and regular maintenance of safety equipment.

iv. Regular Safety Audits and Inspections: Regular safety audits and inspections should

bemade m and atory on all construction sites. These audits will help in the early

identification of potential hazards and allow for timely corrective actions.

v. Improve Communication and Reporting Systems: An effective communication

system should be established to facilitate the timely reporting of safety concerns and

incidents. Workers should be encouraged to report hazards without fear of retaliation.

vi. Worker Involvement in Safety Planning: Engaging workers in the planning of safety

measures ensures that strategies are practical and tailored to the actual conditions on-

site. This also increases workers' commitment to following safety protocols.

vii. Provision of Welfare Facilities: Basic welfare facilities such as clean drinking water,

proper sanitation, and rest areas should be provided to improve worker morale and

contribute to overall safety and productivity on construction sites.

5.3 Suggestions for Further Research

49
Future research should investigate the impact of advanced safety technologies, such as wearable

devices and safety monitoring systems, on reducing accidents on construction sites.

Additionally, exploring the role of government policies in shaping safety practices within the

construction industry could provide valuable insights for improving regulatory frameworks.

50
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 APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MINNA
SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING.
TOPIC: ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES ON
CONSTRUCTION SITE IN MINNA
Dear Sir/Madam;
I am an undergraduate student of the above institution and department. I am conducting a
research on “Assessment of Health and Safety Measures on Construction Site in Minna”
under the supervision of Dr. AGBO A.E. The aim of this questionnaire is to gather information
on Health and Safety measures on construction site in Minna. All the information given is
treated as highly confidential and will be used only for academic purposes. Therefore, your
response is very much important to this research.
Section A: Demographic Information

1. Gender: □Male □ Female

2. Age: □18-25 □ 26-35 □ 36-45 □ 46-55 □ Above 55
3. Education level: □ No formal education □ Primary School Certificate □
WAEC/SSCE/GCE □ ND/HND/BSC □ MSc □ PhD
4. Years of experience in construction: □ Less than 1 year □ 1-10 years □ 11-20 years □
21-30 years □ 31 and Above

55
Section B: Identification of Health and Safety Measures
1. How effective do you find the health and safety measures provided on the construction site?
(1 = Very Effective, 2 = Effective, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Ineffective, 5 = Very Ineffective)
1 2 3 4 5

2. 1. How often are safety meetings conducted on your site?

Daily Weekly Monthly Quarterly Never

3. Is there a dedicated safety officer on your construction site?

Yes [ ]
No [ ]

Section C: Key Factors Affecting Provision of Health and Safety Measures

1. Rate the Impact of the following factors on the provision of health and safety measures
(1 = Highest, 2 = High, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Low, 5 = Lowest):
S/ Factors 1 2 3 4 5
N
A. Cost and Budget Constraints.
B Lack of Management Commitment.
C Lack of Training and Education.
D Poor Safety Culture Among Workers.
E Lack of Enforcement of Safety Regulations.
F Insufficient Safety Equipment.
G Tight project deadlines.
H Complexity of work environment
I Lack of site security
J Financial security

2. Are there any significant factors affecting the provision of Health and Safety on your
site? If yes, kindly specify:________________________________________________

56
Section D: Drivers of Health and Safety Measures
1. Rate the influence of the following drivers on the implementation of health and safety
measures (1 = Highest, 2 = High, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Low, 5 = Lowest):
S/ Drivers 1 2 3 4 5
N
A. Implementation of Health and Safety Policy
B Health and Safety Plan
C Transparency
D Health and Safety meetings.
E Risk of legal actions and penalties.
F Health and Safety Induction Programs
G Provision of Welfare facilities
H Safety report and recording.
I Health and safety training.
J Budgeting for health and safety

2. Are there any significant drivers for implementing Health and Safety on your site? If
yes, kindly specify

Section E: Strategies for Effective Health and Safety Measures

1. Rate the Effectiveness of these Strategies implemented on Health and safety measures
(1 = Highest, 2 = High, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Low, 5 = Lowest):

S/ Drivers 1 2 3 4 5
N
A. Regular safety training and workshops.
B Strong enforcement of safety regulations.
C Adequate budget allocation for safety measures.
D Involvement of workers in safety planning.
E Regular safety audits and inspections.
F Improved communication and reporting systems
G Reviewing and updating safety policies.

57
H Promoting health and wellbeing.
I Conducting regular risk assessment
J Ensuring proper use of PPE kit.
2. Are there any Effective Strategies for implementing Health and Safety on your site? If
yes, kindly specify:
____________________________________________________________________
Section E: Additional Comments
1. Any additional comments or suggestions regarding health and safety measures on your
construction site?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

58
 CHECK LIST FOR ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES ON
CONSTRUCTION SITE IN MINNA.
1. The following is a checklist of Health and Safety measures expected to be provided by
contractors on site. (Kindly tick the ones that are provided by your firm)
(i) Access and Egress [ ]
(ii) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (e.g., helmets, gloves, goggles) [ ]
(iii) Safety training and awareness programs [ ]
(iv) First aid facilities and services [ ]
(v) Safety signs and signals [ ]
(vi) Regular safety inspections [ ]
(vii) Provision of safety manuals [ ]
(viii) Emergency Response plan [ ]
(ix) Others (Please specify): _____________________________
2. The following is a checklist of Health and Safety measures expected to be provided by
workers on site. (Kindly tick the ones that are provided by your firm)
(i) Adherence to safety protocol [ ]
(ii) Reporting hazards and Unsafe environment [ ]
(iii) Participating in Safety training [ ]
(iv) Keeping the construction site clean [ ]
(v) Proper use and storage of tools [ ]
(vi) Emergency Preparedness [ ]
(vii) Awareness of Surroundings [ ]
(viii) Avoiding Risky behavior [ ]
(ix) Others (Please specify): ____________________________

59