1. Write a note on Count Camillo de Cavour?
Answer
1) (i) He was the chief minister of the kingdom of Sardinia- Piedmont of Italy.
2) (ii) He led the movement to unify the regions of Italy.
3) (iii) He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.
4) (iv) Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke
French much better than he did Italian.
5) (v) He had powerful diplomatic relations with France, with whose aid he defeated
Austria in 1859.
6) (vi) He also mended Garibaldi’s mind to cede the southern kingdom of the Two
sicillies, with Sardinia-Piedmont, in order to unify Italy.
7) (vii) Thus, in 1861, Italy was unified and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as
the king of united Italy.
8)
2. Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in
which they were portrayed?
Answer
9) 1. Marianne was the allegory or symbol of French nation.
10) 2. Similarly, Germania was the allegory or symbol of German nation.
11) 3. They were portrayed in a way to reflect the idea of nation- state.
12) 4. They represented their respective country as if it were a person. It sought to
give an abstract idea of the nation in a concrete form.
13)
14) 3. Briefly trace the process of German unification?
15)
16) Answer
17)
18)
19) 1. The liberal minded middle class of German confederacy met in the Frankfurt
parliament in 1848, with an objective of establishing Germany as a nation. But
they failed miserably.
20) 2. The parliament ended with monarchical, military and aristocratic triumph.
21) 3. Later on, the chief minister of Prussia, Otto Von Bismarck led the movement of
unity of the German confederacy.
22) 4. He organised the military wars and mobilized bureaucracy against the
countries which had occupied the German states.
23) 5. He fought three wars for over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France,
which he won. This completed the process of German
24) 6. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I was proclaimed German emperor
in a ceremony held at Versailles.
25)
26) 4. How was the history of the development of nationalism in Britain unlike
the rest of Europe?
Answer
27) 1. The nationalism developed in the Europe after the powerful revolutions, wars,
military campaigns. For example, German and Italian unification.
28) 2. But Britain was an exception to this. There never happened a war for
nationalism.
29) 3. Britain comprised ethnic , group such as – English , Scottish, Wales etc.
30) 4. Among them English became powerful with time and began to dominate the
other ethnic groups.
31) 5. First they united with Scottish people and dominated them.
32) 6. Then the began to control lrish people and thus, United Kingdom of Great
emerged without the bloodshed.
33) 5. Through focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed
over the nineteenth century.
34)
Answer
35) In the nineteenth century, nations developed in many ways. For example,
36) 1. Italy emerged after the long drawn wars between the forces of Sardinia-
Piedmont and those who ruled at different parts of Italy such as Austria, etc. But
it was only through successful diplomatic engineering that military could attain
end results.
37)
38) 2. Britain on the other hand, does not have any history of bloodshed. There the
one ethnic group – English, exerted its power over the other ethnic groups of
land by abolishing their national symbols, national dresses, national anthems and
by propagating its own national flag, national symbol and national anthem. They
even adopted the policy of divide and rule as in the case of Ireland.
39)
40)
6 Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?
41)
Answer
42) 1. Balkans was the region where many ethnic groups resided.
43) 2. The whole region was controlled by ottoman Empire, which was in its declining
phase.
44) 3. At the same time the Slaves, as the ethnic groups of Balkans were known,
could not remain uninfluenced by the liberal and nationalist ideas. Therefore, all
of these ethnic groups began to starve for their individual nation- state.
45) 4. At the same time they did not have cordial relations among themselves. They
always had an intense conflict among themselves.
46) 5. The even began to occupy as much land as possible at each their cost.
47) 6. These incidents coincided with the effort of major European powers- Russia,
France, Austria- Hungary to dominate the Balkan region for their individual trade,
political, social and military concerns.
48) 7. They also though of naval dominance in Europe, after controlling Balkan
waters.
49) Due to all these reasons the nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans.
