MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
______________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER – 2012 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12014 Model Answer Page No: 1/8
Section-II (Applied chemistry)
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
4 a) i) Specific conductivity: It is defined as “the conductivity offered by 1 2
a solution of length one cm. and area of unit cross section.
Or
It is the conductance of a one centimeter cube of the substance or
solution.
ii) Equivalent conductivity:It is defined as “the conductivity offered 1
by a solution containing 1 gram equivalent of the solute or
electrolyte, when placed between two electrodes, which are
placed 1 cm apart”.
b) Materials used for Bakelite are 2
i) Phenol(C6H5OH) 1
ii) Formaldehyde(CH2O) 1
Refractories:Refractories are defined as the “non- metallic materials
c) 1 2
having those chemical and physical properties that make them applicable
for structures, or as components of systems used at much higher
temperature.
Refractories are classified as
i) Acidic refractories. ½
ii) Basic refractories. ½
iii) Neutral refractories
Composition of Brass alloy:
d) ½ 2
Copper :60- 90 %
Zinc: 40-10%
½
Applications of Brass: ( Consider any one related use )
It is used in utensils, condenser tubes, sheets, coins etc. 1
e) i) Mineral: It is defined as the naturally occurring substance present in 1 2
earth‘s crust which contains metal in the free state or combined state.
ii) Ore: It is defined as a mineral from which the metal can be extracted 1
economically.
Important ores of iron: ½
f) 2
i)Hematite mark
ii) Magnetite each
iii)Limonite
iv)Siderite
g) Alloy: It is defined as the homogeneous mixture of two or more
1 2
elements, out of which one must be metal.
Examples: ( Consider any two related examples ) ½
Brass,Bronze,Steel,Duralumin etc. mark
each
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
______________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER – 2012 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12014 Model Answer Page No: 2/8
Section-II (Applied chemistry)
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
4. h) Atmospheric corrosion: 2 2
“The corrosion which is brought about by atmospheric
conditions is called atmospheric corrosion”.
i.e. This type of corrosion occurs when metal surface come in
contact with atmospheric gases like O2,CO2, Cl2, H2S,SO2 etc. and
gets coated with corresponding compounds like oxides,
carbonates, halides, sulphides ,sulphates etc.
i) Differentiation between Paints and Varnishes ( consider any 2 points)
2
Sr.No. Paints Varnishes
1 Paint is mechanical Varnish is a homogeneous
dispersion mixture of one or colloidal dispersion solution
more pigments in medium or of resins in oil or thinner or
vehicle. both. 1
mark
2 Paint contains pigments. Varnish does not contain each
pigments.
3 Paint hides the surface on Varnish does not hide the
which it is applied. surface on which it is
applied.
4 Paint produces non – Varnish produces
transparent film. transparent film.
5 In paint, instead of oil, the In vanish, instead of oil, the
resin cannot be used. resin can be used.
j) Lubricant:It is defined as any substance introduced between two
moving or sliding surfaces to reduce the frictional resistance 1 2
between them.
Types of lubrication:
i) Fluid film lubrication 1
ii)Boundary lubrication
iii)Extreme pressure lubrication
k)
i)Acid Value: It is defined as the number of milligrams of KOH 1 2
required to neutralize free acid in 1 gram of lubricating oil.
ii)Saponification value: It is defined as milligrams of KOH required 1
to saponify 1 gram of lubricating oil .
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
______________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER – 2012 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12014 Model Answer Page No: 3/8
Section-II (Applied chemistry)
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
5. a) i) Acidic buffer: It is obtained by mixing a weak acid with a salt of same 1 4
weak acid.
For example :acetic acid(CH3COOH) +sodium acetate(CH3COONa)
1
CH3COOH → H+ + CH3COO- (weakly /feebly ionized)
CH3COONa → CH3COO-+ Na+ (highly ionized)
As sodium acetate is fully ionized, the acetate ions so produced
suppress the ionization of the acetic acid, so mixture contains more
unionized acetic acid molecules and more acetate ions than acetic acid
alone.
ii)Calculate pH
Given: [ H+] = 1×10-5 gram –ions/lit.
Solution: 1
As, pH = - log10 [ H+]
pH = - log10 [1×10-5 ] 1
pH = 5
b) Classification of ceramics according to their use:-(Consider 1 mark for
name & 1 mark for example) 4
1) i) Structural Ceramics: these are used for construction of buildings and
other structures. Examples: Bricks, Hallow tiles, clinker bricks, ceramic ½+½
slabs etc.
2) Ii) Facing materials: Articles used for internal and external facing of ½+½
building and structures. Examples: facing bricks slabs, oven tiles.
3) Iii) Refractories: Materials which are used at high temperatures. ½+½
Examples: refractory bricks used for lining of furnaces.
4) Iv) Fine Ceramics: Examples- Wash basins, dishes, sink porcelain etc.
½+½
c) Blast Furnace:
2 4
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
______________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER – 2012 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12014 Model Answer Page No: 4/8
Section-II (Applied chemistry)
Que. Sub. Model Answer Marks Total
No. Que. Mark
5. Zone of reduction ( 300 -800 °c ) in this zone, hematite ore
is reduced by carbon monoxide,
Fe2O3 →Fe3O4 →FeO→ Fe
ferric oxide ferroso -ferric oxide Ferric oxide Iron
1) i) At temperature range [300°C- 500°C]
½
3 Fe2O3 + CO →2Fe3O4 + CO 2 ↑
2) ii) At temperature range [650°°C- 700°C]
½
3) Fe3O4 + CO →3FeO+ CO 2 ↑[700° c- 800° c]
4)
5) iii) At temperature range [700°C- 800°C]
½
FeO+ CO → Fe + CO 2 ↑
6) iv) At temperature range [300°C- 800°C & above]
½
7) CaCO3→CaO + CO2 ↑
d) a. Properties of Fire –clay refractories:(consider any 4 points)
i) They are light –yellow to reddish-brown in colour.
2 4
ii) They are slightly acidic in character.
iii)They possess low porosity and lower refractoriness than silica
bricks.
iv) Their crushing strength is quite high.
v) They have better resistance to thermal spalling than silica bricks.
vi) They are cheaper.
b. Uses:(consider any 4 uses)
Fire –clay bricks are used for construction of blast furnace, open – 2
hearth furnaces, ovens, crucible furnaces, flues, kilns, boiler settings,
charging doors etc.
c.
e) d. Duralumin :
e. Composition : Al = 95 % , Cu= 4 % , Mg =0.5 % , Mn =0.5% 2 4
f. Properties:(consider any 2 points)
1) i) It is light, tough, highly ductile, easily castable, corrosion resistance
and good conductor of heat and electricity.
2) ii) It is strong as mild steel. 1
3) Iii)Its tensile strength is increased by heat treatment up to 2000kg/cm2
4) iv) It can be easily worked and possess high machinability.
g. Applications:(consider any 2 points)
I) It is used for making aero plane, automobile and locomotive parts
from ‘alclad’ sheets.
ii) It is used in making cables, surgical instruments and fluorescent 1
tubes.
iii) It used for making rivets, bars, body of vehicles etc.
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
______________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER – 2012 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12014 Model Answer Page No: 5/8
Section-II (Applied chemistry)
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Model Answer Marks
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f) Porcelain : 4
Composition: Kaolin=40 %, Feldspar= 30 %, flint= 20 % , Ball clay= 10 % 1
Properties:(consider any 3 points)
1) High softening point
½
2) Perfectly stable up to softening point Mark
3) Coefficient of expansion is low each
4) High resistance to corrosive action and resistance to abrasion.
5) Very low electrical conductivity; hence it is good electrical insulator.
Uses : (consider any 3 points)
1) It is used in making refractory blocks, bricks, and crucibles.
½
2) It is used in making suspension insulators, pin type insulators,
transformer bushings and spark plug insulation.
Mark
3) It is used in making jars and components of chemical reaction. each
4) It is used for dental applications.
6. a) Steel:It is an alloy of carbon and iron. 1 4
Classification of steel: Steels are classified on the basis of percentage of
carbon.
1) Mild or low carbon steel: It contains 0.05 to 0.3 % carbon ½+½
2) Medium carbon steel: It contains 0.3 to 0.6 % carbon ½+½
3) High carbon steel: It contains 0.6 to 1.5 % carbon
½+½
Metal Cladding: Metal cladding involves bonding firmly and permanently, a
b) dense, homogeneous layer of a metal to the base metal on one or both sides.
Process: In this method the base metal to be protected from corrosion is 4
sandwiched or cladded between the two sheets of coating metal. Then it is 2
passed through two heavy rollers at high temperature. The coated metal is
cathodic with respect to base metal so that electrolytic protection is provided.
Metals used for cladding are like copper, nickel, silver, platinum, and alloys like
stainless steel, nickel alloy, lead alloy. The base metals are aluminium, copper,
nickel etc.
Application: This method is used in aircraft industryfor making
‘alclad’ sheets.
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
______________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER – 2012 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12014Model Answer Page No: 6/8
Section-II (Applied chemistry)
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
6. c) Difference between galvanizing & tinning: 4
Galvanizing Tinning
1) A process of covering iron or steel A process of covering steel with a
with a thin coat of zinc to prevent it thin coat of tin to prevent it from
from rusting. corrosion.
1
2) Zinc protects the iron sacrificially Tin protects base metal iron from mark
since it is more electropositive than corrosion due to its noble nature i.e. each
iron and does not permit iron to less electropositive than iron and
pass into the outside solution. higher corrosion resistant.
3) In galvanizing articles zinc In tin coated articles, tin is non-toxic
continues to protect the underlying and protects the underlying iron till
iron by galvanic cell action even if the coating is perfect. Any break in
coating of zinc is punctured or coating cause rapid corrosion of
broken at some places. iron.
4) Galvanized containers cannot be Tin coated containers and utensils
used for storing acidic foodstuff. can be used for storing any
Since zinc reacts with acids in food, foodstuff. Since tin is non-toxic and
forming zinc compounds which are protects the metal from corrosion
highly toxic i.e. poisonous. and avoids any food poisoning.
d) Factors affecting the rate of electrochemical corrosion:(consider any 4 4
points)
The factors affecting corrosion are
i) Position of metal in electrochemical series
ii) pH value
iii) Solubility of corrosion product
iv) Differential aeration
v) Physical difference of the metallic surface
vi) Hydrogen over voltage
i) Position of metal in electrochemical series
The position of the metal in the electrochemical series affects corrosion to
large extent. A more electropositive metal displaces a less electropositive
metal from the solution of its salt. 1
Metals having positive potential have a great tendency to go in solution as
mark
positive metallic ions and hence they get corroded. The metals having negative
potentials have less tendency to get corroded.
each
ii) pH value
The pH value of the solution indicates acidity or alkalinity in numbers from 0 to
14. When the concentration of the hydrogen and hydroxyl ions are equal, the
sample of water under test is exactly neutral. If the concentration of H+ ion is
more than 10 -7, the solution is acidic. When it is less than 10 -7, then it is
alkaline. The corrosion of metal is more in highly acidic and alkaline solution.
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
______________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER – 2012 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12014Model Answer Page No: 7/8
Section-II (Applied chemistry)
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
iii) Solubility of corrosion product
During the process of corrosion of metal, a film of oxide is formed on the metal
surface. The corrosion film may be soluble or insoluble. If it is soluble it gets
easily removed thus leaving free surface of metal for exposure. If the film
formed is insoluble or slightly soluble, it sticks to the metal surface and so
resists further corrosion to some extent. In case the film is porous, corrosion
goes on but its rate gets decreases after some time.
iv)Differential aeration
This occurs when one part of the metal is exposed toa different air
concentration than the other. It has been found that poor or least oxygenated
part is anodic to the remaining part of the metal and it is corroded. In other
words corrosion occurs where oxygen access is least. This is known as
differential aeration principle.
e)
Lubrication: The process of reducing frictional resistance between moving or
sliding surfaces, by the introduction of lubricants in between them, is called 1 4
lubrication.
Fluid –film lubrication:
Process:It is carried out by introducing the liquid lubricants in between the
moving or sliding surfaces. The lubricant film covers the irregularities of the
sliding or moving surfaces and the lubricant forms a thin layer in between 1
them. Thin layer of lubricant avoids metal to metal contact and reduces wear
and friction.The resistance to movement of moving parts is only due to the
internal resistance between the particles of the lubricant moving over each
other.
Application:This type of lubrication is provided in case of delicate instruments
and light machines like watches, clocks, guns, etc.where The lubricant chosen
should have the minimum viscosity under working conditions and at the same 1
time it should remain in place and separate the surfaces.
1
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Subject Code: 12014Model Answer Page No: 8/8
Section-II (Applied chemistry)
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
f) i) Viscosity and viscosity index: 4
Viscosity: ‘It is defined as the force in dynes required to move 1 cm. sq. of the
liquid over another surface with a velocity of 1 cm per second’. 1
Unit of viscosity is poise. It is a measure of internal resistance of the fluid
because of which it can flow slowly or quickly. Less viscous liquids are
preferred for bearings under light load and high speed whereas highly viscous
liquids are used for low speed and high pressure bearings.
Viscosity index: ‘The rate of change of viscosity of a liquid with the change of
temperature is known as viscosity index. 1
A good lubricant is that whose viscosity does not change much with
temperature. A good lubricant should possess minimum viscosity index.
Therefore, during the selection of a particular lubricant for a particular
machine, its viscosity and viscosity index should be properly assessed.
ii) Flash point and fire points:
Flash point: ‘Flash point of oil is the lowest temperature at which the oil
1
begins to give enough vapors which give momentary flash of light when a
flame is applied to it’.
The vapors do not burn continuously, but only for a moment when flame is
brought near it.
Fire point: ‘Fire point is the minimum temperature at which the oil gives
enough vapors which catch fire and burn continuously at least for five seconds
when flame is applied to it’. 1
A lubricant having low flash and fire point is not safe. Because due to rubbing
of machine parts in contact, some heat is produced even if the lubricant has
been applied in between them. So the temperature increases and can catch
fire which may cause damage to life and property in a factory.
Therefore, good lubricant should have high flash and fire points.
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