1.
Which Supreme Court decision upheld racial segregation and diminished the political gains
African Americans made during Reconstruction?
A. Brown v. Board of Education
B. Dred Scott v. Sandford
C. Plessy v. Ferguson
D. Marbury v. Madison
2. What economic model is described as a system where laborers work land they do not own in
exchange for a share of the crops?
A. Capitalism
B. Feudalism
C. Socialism
D. Sharecropping
3. Which of the following was NOT a result of the Plessy v. Ferguson decision?
A. Increased industrialization in the South
B. Implementation of Jim Crow Laws
C. Segregation in public facilities
D. A wave of lynchings in the 1890s
4. What stance did Booker T. Washington take regarding the fight for black equality?
A. Immediate and total integration
B. Economic self-sufficiency leading to political power
C. Migration back to Africa
D. Violent resistance to segregation
5. What was a significant barrier to the sustainability of Henry Turner's migration initiative to
Liberia?
A. Political instability in Liberia
B. Insufficient interest among black Americans
C. Lack of transportation resources
D. Economic challenges and diseases in Africa
6. What was Ida B. Wells' primary method of fighting against lynching and Jim Crow Laws?
A. Armed resistance
B. Legal challenges in courts
C. Political lobbying in Washington, D.C.
D. Editorial campaigns in her newspaper
7. What was the primary effect of the expansion of railroads in the United States during the
Gilded Age?
A. Decrease in urban population
B. Increase in manual labor jobs
C. Creation of a national market
D. Reduction in manufacturing output
8. Which technological advancement directly enhanced the production capacity of steel in the
19th century?
A. The invention of the telegraph
B. The development of electrical engineering
C. The use of anthracite coal
D. The Bessemer Process
9. How did the federal government contribute to the expansion of railroad networks in the United
States?
A. By increasing taxes on imported goods
B. By providing land grants and loan subsidies
C. By imposing tariffs on steel
D. By regulating railroad operations
10. Which of the following innovations most significantly impacted communication during the
Gilded Age?
A. The steam engine
B. The telephone
C. The light bulb
D. The automobile
11. The laying of the trans-Atlantic cable facilitated which of the following in the Gilded Age?
A. A decline in telegraph use
B. Increased isolationism in U.S. foreign policy
C. An international market for basic goods
D. The end of the industrial revolution
12. Which of the following was a direct result of the mass production of goods in the United
States during the Gilded Age?
A. Reduced variety of consumer goods
B. Increased self-sufficiency of local economies
C. Expansion of global trade networks
D. Decrease in urbanization rates
13. How did technological advances in transportation specifically benefit the United States
economy during the Gilded Age?
A. By reducing the cost and time of transportation
B. By limiting the growth of urban areas
C. By discouraging technological innovation
D. By increasing the cost of living
14. Which resource surpassed coal as the main fuel of industry and later automobiles?
A. Wind
B. Oil
C. Solar
D. Biomass
15. What term describes the period in American history marked by rapid industrialization and
economic expansion in the late 1800s?
A. The Progressive Era
B. The Reconstruction Era
C. The Antebellum Period
D. The Gilded Age
16. What does the economic term "horizontal integration" refer to?
A. A business buying out its suppliers
B. A business acquiring competitors in the same industry
C. A business expanding into international markets
D. A business diversifying its product offerings
17. Which of the following best represents an example of "vertical integration"?
A. A company controls the production, distribution, and retailing of its product
B. A company merges with another company producing unrelated goods
C. A company outsources production to foreign countries
D. A company splits into smaller independent units
18. John D. Rockefeller was primarily associated with which industry?
A. Steel
B. Railroad
C. Oil
D. Banking
19. The use of underpaid labor such as immigrants, women, and children during the Gilded Age
was facilitated by:
A. High tariffs on imported goods
B. Laissez-faire government policies
C. Strict labor laws
D. The implementation of income taxes
20. What ideological concept did some industrial leaders use to justify the accumulation of
wealth during the Gilded Age?
A. Manifest Destiny
B. Utopianism
C. Social Darwinism
D. Realism
21. The expansion of American businesses into markets in the Pacific Rim, Asia, and Latin
America was driven by:
A. The need for new labor markets
B. Government assignments
C. The collapse of European competition
D. The desire for new consumer markets and resources
22. The "Gospel of Wealth" advocated by Carnegie suggested that wealthy individuals should:
A. Invest in government bonds
B. Reinvest their wealth into their businesses
C. Use their wealth for public philanthropy
D. Secure their wealth for future generations
23. During the late 1800s, what role did immigrants often play in the American economy?
A. They primarily worked in skilled trades.
B. They often took on agricultural roles.
C. They frequently filled unskilled industrial jobs.
D. They were mainly entrepreneurs.
24. Which term coined by Thornstein Veblen describes the behavior of wealthy business owners
displaying their wealth prominently during the Gilded Age?
A. Conspicuous consumption
B. Laissez-faire
C. Social Darwinism
D. Gilded wealth
25. What was the main impact of the Panic of 1873 and the Panic of 1893 on the working class?
A. Increased investment opportunities
B. Improvement in living standards
C. Sudden wage reductions
D. Rise in employment
26. Which of the following best describes the term "mass production" as it was utilized in the
Gilded Age?
A. A decrease in product variety
B. Increased handmade goods
C. Reduction in the use of machinery
D. Production of goods in large quantities
27. What was a primary function of labor unions during the Gilded Age?
A. Promoting investment in stocks
B. Ensuring the continuation of child labor
C. Negotiating better wages and working conditions
D. Decreasing the number of working hours for management
28. How did the federal government respond to the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?
A. By lowering taxes
B. By sending federal troops to restore order
C. By subsidizing railroad companies
D. By implementing wage controls
29. What tactic did railroad and train car owners use to break the Pullman Strike?
A. They attached Pullman cars to trains carrying federal mail
B. They increased wages temporarily
C. They offered stock options to workers
D. They surrendered to union leaders’ demands
30. What primarily motivated many European immigrants to move to the United States during
the Gilded Age?
A. Political unrest
B. Religious freedom
C. Economic opportunities and social mobility
D. Climate change
31. What role did ethnic enclaves play in the lives of immigrants during the Gilded Age?
A. They discouraged cultural assimilation.
B. They facilitated access to industrial jobs.
C. They provided a sense of community and helped preserve cultural practices.
D. They limited economic opportunities.
32. What were common conditions in the tenements where many immigrants lived during the
Gilded Age?
A. Spacious and well-ventilated
B. Poorly constructed and overcrowded
C. Isolated and rural
D. Luxurious and modern
33. During the Gilded Age, the middle and upper classes in cities typically:
A. Migrated away from urban centers
B. Moved closer to industrial areas
C. Integrated with lower-class neighborhoods
D. Built tenements for immigrants
34. What was the primary concern of nativists during the Gilded Age in response to
immigration?
A. The economic impact of new technological inventions
B. The preservation of American culture and interests
C. The improvement of factory working conditions
D. The expansion of urban development
35. Which law specifically targeted Chinese immigrants by barring them from entering the
United States?
A. The Immigration Act of 1924
B. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
C. The Alien and Sedition Acts
D. The Emergency Quota Act
36. How did Jane Addams assist immigrants in the Gilded Age?
A. By lobbying for immigrant rights in Congress
B. By funding immigrant businesses
C. By providing legal representation in court
D. By establishing settlement houses like Hull House
37. What was one of the primary functions of settlement houses in the Gilded Age?
A. To serve as legal advocacy centers for immigrants
B. To provide housing and employment exclusively to native-born citizens
C. To assist immigrants with assimilation and accessing social opportunities
D. To promote nativist ideologies among immigrant communities
38. What term is used to describe the managerial and clerical workers who did not engage in
manual labor?
A. White-collar workers
B. Blue-collar workers
C. Skilled artisans
D. Industrial workers
39. What technological advancement significantly increased the roles of women in the workforce
during the Gilded Age?
A. The steam engine
B. The electric light
C. The typewriter
D. The Bessemer process
40. What was a major social effect of the rise of the middle class in terms of leisure?
A. Decreased interest in public spectacles
B. Increase in leisure time and activities
C. Decline in urban amusement parks
D. Rise in rural retreats
41. Which of the following is NOT a leisure activity that gained popularity among the middle
class during the Gilded Age?
A. Attending opera performances
B. Visiting Coney Island
C. Watching baseball games
D. Participating in manual labor
42. Which organization was founded by women in 1874 to advocate for temperance?
A. NAWSA
B. Daughters of the American Revolution
C. Anti-Saloon League
D. Women’s Christian Temperance Union
43. Which significant union leader also ran for president on the Socialist Party ticket?
A. John L. Lewis
B. Samuel Gompers
C. Eugene V. Debs
D. William Green
44. Which historical figure used a hatchet to protest against alcohol consumption?
A. Susan B. Anthony
B. Clara Barton
C. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
D. Carrie Nation
45. What was a common argument against government regulation during the Gilded Age?
A. It discouraged healthy competition.
B. It supported only the wealthy business leaders.
C. It prevented economic recessions.
D. It ensured fair trade practices.
46. Which event did laissez-faire capitalists support that led to new markets for American
products?
A. The establishment of the Federal Reserve
B. The construction of the Panama Canal
C. The signing of the Treaty of Paris
D. The overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy
47. Which of the following is a true statement about Adam Smith's view on economics?
A. He believed in strong government control of industry.
B. He thought economies thrive under the "invisible hand" of the market.
C. He supported the idea of monopolies to stabilize economies.
D. He was a proponent of high tariffs to protect domestic industries.
48. Which act was passed by Congress to reform the patronage system following President
Garfield's assassination?
A. Sherman Antitrust Act
B. Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
C. Clayton Antitrust Act
D. Morrill Land-Grant Acts
49. What economic belief did the Democrats and Republicans contend over during the Gilded
Age?
A. Corporate taxation levels
B. Immigration policies
C. Regulation of monopolies
D. Currency and tariff issues
50. What led to the rise of the Populist Party during the Gilded Age?
A. Urbanization and the growth of cities
B. Economic hardships faced by agrarian communities
C. The success of prohibition movements
D. The expansion of slave trade
51. What was the primary function of the gold standard in the U.S. economy?
A. To prevent inflation by ensuring currency value was tied to gold
B. To encourage unlimited coinage of silver
C. To reduce federal revenue from tariffs
D. To increase governmental control over banks
52. Why was the purchase of Alaska initially called "Seward's Folly"?
A. It was seen as a waste of money for a barren land.
B. It was purchased from Great Britain.
C. It led to immediate conflict with Russia.
D. It had no strategic military value.
53. Which event changed public perception about the value of Alaska?
A. The discovery of oil
B. The construction of a naval base
C. The discovery of gold
D. The establishment of a major city
54. What concept did Frederick Jackson Turner introduce that influenced American imperialism?
A. Manifest Destiny
B. The Monroe Doctrine
C. The Closing of the Frontier
D. The White Man's Burden
55. What was one of the main motivations for American industrialists and politicians to expand
an American empire in the late 19th century?
A. To support European imperial efforts
B. To acquire territories like Cuba
C. To promote global peace
D. To reduce military expenditures
56. What event in 1895 intensified the desire for the U.S. to intervene in Cuba?
A. The Cuban nationalists' renewed struggle against Spain
B. The sinking of the Lusitania
C. The annexation of the Philippines
D. The declaration of the Open Door Policy
57. Which group of journalists contributed to the public's outcry for intervention in Cuba through
sensational reporting?
A. Muckrakers
B. Yellow Journalists
C. War Correspondents
D. Investigative Journalists
58. What was the immediate American public reaction to the explosion of the U.S.S. Maine in
Havana Harbor?
A. Sympathy for Spanish casualties
B. Calls for increased diplomatic efforts
C. Support for Cuban independence
D. Outrage and blame directed towards Spain
59. What was one significant outcome of the Spanish-American War for the United States?
A. The establishment of permanent peace in the Caribbean
B. The U.S. acquisition of island territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific
C. The decline of U.S. military power
D. The reduction of U.S. involvement in Asia
60. What was the Filipino reaction to the American annexation of the Philippines?
A. Acceptance of U.S. rule
B. A demand for Filipino representation in Congress
C. Resistance and a prolonged conflict
D. An alliance with another European power
61. Who led the Filipino resistance against American rule?
A. José Martí
B. Emilio Aguinaldo
C. Theodore Roosevelt
D. John Hay
62. Which two territories did the U.S. acquire as a result of the Spanish-American War?
A. Alaska and Hawaii
B. Cuba and Puerto Rico
C. Puerto Rico and the Philippines
D. Guam and Samoa
63. Which event significantly influenced the Progressive movement by highlighting the need for
economic reform?
A. The Great Depression
B. The Panic of 1893
C. The Dust Bowl
D. World War I
64. Who were the journalists that exposed corruption and social injustices during the Progressive
Era?
A. Yellow journalists
B. Muckrakers
C. Sensationalists
D. War correspondents
65. Which muckraker exposed the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry?
A. Jacob Riis
B. Lincoln Steffens
C. Ida Tarbell
D. Upton Sinclair
66. Which Progressive reform aimed to make voting more private and reduce political machine
influence?
A. Direct primary
B. Secret ballot
C. Initiative
D. Recall
67. What was the primary goal of the NAACP during the Progressive Era?
A. Promoting women's suffrage
B. Regulating child labor
C. Prohibiting the sale of alcohol
D. Expanding educational opportunities for African Americans
68. Which Progressive president was known for his "Square Deal" policy?
A. William Taft
B. Woodrow Wilson
C. Theodore Roosevelt
D. Herbert Hoover
69. Which amendment granted women the right to vote?
A. 16th Amendment
B. 17th Amendment
C. 18th Amendment
D. 19th Amendment
70. What event triggered the start of World War I in Europe in 1914?
A. The sinking of the Lusitania
B. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
C. The interception of the Zimmermann Telegram
D. Germany's declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare
71. Which countries made up the Triple Entente, also known as the Allied Powers during World
War I?
A. Britain, Russia, and France
B. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
C. United States, Britain, and France
D. Germany, Russia, and Italy
72. Why did the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915 anger the American public?
A. It was a German military ship.
B. It had no Americans on board.
C. It was a passenger ship with 128 Americans on board who were killed.
D. It was sunk by British forces.
73. What was the Zimmermann Telegram?
A. A message from Germany to Britain asking for peace negotiations
B. A German proposal to Mexico to join the war against the U.S.
C. A British warning to the U.S. about German submarine warfare
D. A message from Austria-Hungary to Germany about military strategy
74. When did the United States officially declare war on Germany in World War I?
A. May 7, 1915
B. January 16, 1917
C. April 2, 1917
D. November 11, 1918
75. What was one of President Woodrow Wilson's primary reasons for entering World War I?
A. To gain territory
B. To support the Central Powers
C. To avenge the Lusitania
D. To make the world safe for democracy
76. When did World War I officially end?
A. April 2, 1917
B. May 7, 1915
C. November 11, 1918
D. January 16, 1917
77. What was the primary goal of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points?
A. To punish Germany severely
B. To establish lasting peace and prevent future wars
C. To annex new territories for the United States
D. To support the Central Powers
78. Which significant international organization was proposed by Wilson in his Fourteen Points?
A. The United Nations
B. The League of Nations
C. The European Union
D. NATO
79. Which country was not a member of the Central Powers during World War I?
A. Germany
B. Austria-Hungary
C. Italy
D. Russia
80. What was the primary purpose of the War Industries Board established during World War I?
A. To manage food production
B. To oversee military strategies
C. To coordinate labor and management for war production
D. To suppress dissent against the war
81 .Which acts were passed to restrict civil liberties and silence dissent during World War I?
A. Alien and Sedition Acts
B. Espionage and Sedition Acts
C. Patriot and Freedom Acts
D. War Powers and Emergency Acts
82. Why did the federal government suppress reports on the Spanish Flu during World War I?
A. To prevent public panic
B. To maintain wartime morale
C. To avoid economic collapse
D. To conceal medical advancements
83. What was the primary cause of the Tulsa Race Riots (Tulsa Massacre)?
A. Economic competition between racial groups
B. Political disputes over voting rights
C. A false accusation of assault by a black man
D. Labor strikes and union disputes
84. Which of the following best describes the term "total war" as it applied to World War I?
A. A war involving only military forces
B. A diplomatic conflict resolved through negotiation
C. A limited conflict with minimal societal impact
D. A war requiring complete civilian support and resource mobilization
85. Why did many Americans move to urban centers during World War I?
A. To escape military conscription
B. To avoid wartime rationing
C. To find jobs in war-related industries
D. To join anti-war protests
86. Which innovation is Henry Ford most associated with?
A. The invention of the automobile
B. The assembly line
C. The creation of mass media
D. The development of consumer appliances
87. What was one of the key principles behind Frederick Taylor’s scientific management?
A. Maximizing efficiency through time management
B. Increasing worker pay
C. Reducing worker hours
D. Introducing new communication technologies
88. What significant cultural movement was influenced by the limited depiction of black
experiences in mainstream media?
A. The Great Migration
B. The Black Power Movement
C. The Civil Rights Movement
D. The Harlem Renaissance
89. How did the widespread adoption of automobiles affect American cities in the 1920s?
A. Roads became dominant urban features
B. Public transportation systems expanded
C. Cities became more pedestrian-friendly
D. Urban populations declined
90. What cultural symbol represented women's liberation during the 1920s?
A. Suffragettes
B. Housewives
C. Flappers
D. Socialists
91. What was a common fear among nativists regarding immigrants in the 1920s?
A. Immigrants would enhance the economy.
B. Immigrants would integrate smoothly into society.
C. Immigrants would work for lower wages, threatening native-born workers' jobs.
D. Immigrants would improve cultural diversity.
92. What was the Harlem Renaissance?
A. A revival of African American arts and intellectual pursuits in the 1920s.
B. An economic reform movement.
C. A movement promoting white supremacist ideas.
D. A political campaign for urban development.
93. What was the main point of contention in the Scopes Monkey Trial?
A. The teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution in schools.
B. The legality of alcohol prohibition.
C. The right to vote for women.
D. The establishment of immigration quotas.
94. What was a primary cause of the Great Migration during the 1920s?
A. Industrial job opportunities in the North and Midwest.
B. Agricultural failures in the South.
C. Immigration restrictions.
D. Urban overcrowding.
95. Which event is widely recognized as the start of the Great Depression?
A. The signing of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff
B. The election of Franklin D. Roosevelt
C. The stock market crash on Black Tuesday
D. The creation of the Social Security Act
96. What was one of the main goals of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff signed by President Hoover?
A. To encourage international trade
B. To increase government intervention in the economy
C. To protect American industries by raising tariffs
D. To reduce government spending
97. What was President Herbert Hoover's initial response to the Great Depression?
A. Heavy government intervention
B. Laissez-faire economic policies
C. Creation of the FDIC
D. Implementation of the New Deal
98. What was the purpose of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal?
A. To reduce the size of the federal government
B. To provide relief, recovery, and reform
C. To eliminate social security
D. To decrease government spending
99. Which New Deal program was designed to regulate the stock market?
A. Public Works Administration (PWA)
B. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
C. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
D. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
100. What was the primary goal of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)?
A. To manage soil conservation and forestry projects
B. To provide old-age pensions
C. To regulate the banking industry
D. To build electric power plants
101. Which New Deal program aimed to provide income for workers over the age of 65?
A. Works Progress Administration
B. Public Works Administration
C. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
D. Social Security Act
102. What was a major criticism of the New Deal from conservatives?
A. It didn't do enough for big businesses
B. It represented extreme federal overreach
C. It failed to address unemployment
D. It reduced the size of the federal government
103. Which of the following best describes American foreign policy immediately after World
War I?
A. Expansionist
B. Neutral
C. Interventionist
D. Isolationist
104. What campaign promise helped Warren G. Harding win the presidency in 1920?
A. "A New Deal for America"
B. "A Great Society"
C. "A Return to Normalcy"
D. "An Era of Good Feelings"
105. What was the main goal of the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
A. To form a military alliance against Germany
B. To promote free trade among signatory nations
C. To renounce war as a means of resolving disputes
D. To establish the League of Nations
106. Which event marked the beginning of World War II in Europe?
A. The German annexation of Austria
B. Germany's occupation of the Rhineland
C. Germany's invasion of Poland
D. Italy's invasion of Ethiopia
107. Which program allowed belligerent nations to purchase armaments from the U.S. as long as
they paid cash and used their own ships?
A. Lend-Lease Act
B. Destroyers for Bases Agreement
C. Cash and Carry Program
D. Neutrality Act of 1939
108. Which nation’s aggressive actions in the early 1930s included the invasion of Manchuria?
A. Italy
B. Germany
C. Japan
D. Soviet Union
109. How did President Franklin D. Roosevelt assist the Allies before the U.S. officially entered
WWII?
A. By sending American troops to Europe
B. By maintaining strict neutrality
C. By providing financial and military aid through programs like Lend-Lease
D. By signing a formal alliance with Britain
110. Which event ended American isolationism and led to its direct involvement in World War
II?
A. The Great Depression
B. The invasion of Poland
C. The signing of the Treaty of Versailles
D. The bombing of Pearl Harbor
111. What was the primary economic effect of American mobilization for World War II?
A. Increased unemployment rates
B. Reduction in federal spending
C. Significant increase in GDP
D. Decrease in industrial production
112. What was the Double V Campaign?
A. A movement for civil rights and victory in war
B. A campaign for women's suffrage
C. A strategy for economic recovery
D. A military strategy used in the Pacific Theater
113. Which group of American soldiers gained recognition for their combat missions during
World War II?
A. The Tuskegee Airmen
B. The Buffalo Soldiers
C. The Flying Tigers
D. The Harlem Hellfighters
Short Essay: (CHOOSE 3)
What were the main causes of U.S. involvement in World War I, and how did they reflect
broader American interests at the time? How did World War I change the role of women
and African Americans in American society?
How did President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal programs aim to address the
economic crisis? Were they successful? Compare and contrast the responses of Herbert
Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt to the Great Depression.
How did industrialization and the rise of big business during the Gilded Age affect
American workers and urban life?
What were the causes and consequences of Prohibition in the United States?
To what extent did the Temperance Movement represent the influence of women in social
reform during the Progressive Era?
How did Social Darwinism justify economic inequality in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries?
