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Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons, with the atomic number defining the element's identity. Electrons are arranged in shells, and their configuration influences chemical behavior and reactivity. The Bohr model and quantum mechanical model provide different representations of electron arrangements.

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30 views1 page

Untitled Document

Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons, with the atomic number defining the element's identity. Electrons are arranged in shells, and their configuration influences chemical behavior and reactivity. The Bohr model and quantum mechanical model provide different representations of electron arrangements.

Uploaded by

unknown.33
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Atomic Structure

Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter. Each atom consists of three primary subatomic
particles:

●​ Protons: Positively charged (+1), located in the nucleus.​

●​ Neutrons: No charge, also in the nucleus.​

●​ Electrons: Negatively charged (–1), orbiting the nucleus in energy levels or shells.​

The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom, which determines its identity (e.g.,
Carbon has 6 protons). The mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons. Isotopes are
atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons, e.g., Carbon-12 and Carbon-14.

Electrons are arranged in shells or energy levels:

●​ First shell: up to 2 electrons​

●​ Second shell: up to 8​

●​ Third shell: up to 18 (but often stable with 8 in outer shells, following the octet rule)​

The Bohr model shows electrons in orbits, while the quantum mechanical model uses
orbitals (s, p, d, f) to describe probable locations.

Understanding electron configurations (e.g., 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ for Neon) is crucial for predicting
chemical behavior. The valence electrons (outermost shell electrons) determine an element's
reactivity.

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