Biological classification

 Animalia - holozoic and heterotrophic

 5 kingdom classification based on :
Cell structure, Body organisation, Mode of nutrition, Reproduction and Phylogenetic relationships
 Carl woose - 3 domain classification
 Whittaker 5 kingdom - 1969
 Chlamydomonas,chlorella,spirogyra (find the kingdoms )

Monera
 Sole member - Bacteria
 Types : mycoplasma, eubacteria, methanogens, archaebacteria
 Mycoplasma - anaerobic smallest living cell and it doesn’t have cell wall
 Rep. In bacteria - fission,spore formation(unfavorable cond.),conjugation
 Archae.B - hot springs (thermoacidophiles)

Eubacteria -3 types (posses Cell wall )

1. Photosynthetic autotrophic bac.
 [Link] or bga (nostoc and anabena {they hv heterocyst} )
 BGA posses chl A ( similar to plants)
 n2 fixing
 posses cartenoids and chlorophyll
 they are unicellular, filamentous or colonial and body is covered by a mucilaginous sheath.

2. Chemosynthetic autotrophs
 help in recycling of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, iron and sulphur.
 get the energy for atp production by oxidation of nitrate,ammonia,nitrite

3. Heterotrophs ( most common in bacteria )

 Decomposers
 Eg for pathogenic hetero- Citrus canker, tetanus, typhoid, cholera.
 help in n2 fixing ,curd and antibody production

Protista
 Unicellular eukaryote
 Primarily aquatic
 Protists reproduce asexually and sexually by a process involving cell fusion and zygote
formation.
 Protista - link between plants and animals and fungi
 Types - protozoan, slime moulds, chrysophytes, dinoflagellates and euglenoids
[Link]

 Desmids( golden algae) and diatoms

 Diatoms - Chief producers
 Mostly photosynthetic
 indestructible cell wall made up of silica
 Cell wall makes two thin overlapping shell
 Diatomaceous earth is the deposit of the cell wall that gets accumulated for over billion years.
Being gritty this soil used for filtration and polishing.

[Link]

 Photosynthetic and marine

 They are found in many colours like yellow, green, red, blue, brown, based on pigment
present.
 Cell wall has stiff cellulose plates
 Two flagella; one lies longitudinally and the other transversely
 They multiply rapidly and cause red tide( By Gonyaulax)
 Many dinoflagellates emit blue-green light and are bioluminescent
 Toxins released by such large numbers may even kill other marine animals such as fishes.

3. Euglenoids ( Both auto and hetero)

 Photosynthetic, flagellated, Freshwater,Lack cell wall

 Link between plants and animals
 Presence of pellicle (Protein rich layer). This makes them flexible
 Two flagella, a short and a long one.
 The pigments of euglenoids are identical to those present in higher plants.
 In the absence of sunlight, they feed on small organisms and behave as a heterotrophs

[Link] moulds

 Saprophytic
 Aggregation of slime moulds : Plasmodium ( Formed under [Link])
 Plasmodium forms fruiting bodies containing spores at its tips (During [Link])
 The spores possess true [Link] are extremely resistant and survive for many years,even
under adverse conditions. The spores are dispersed by air currents.

[Link]

 Contains all the unicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs, which are parasites or predators.
 Types of protozoan : Amoeboid,Flagellated,Ciliated,Sporozoan

 Amoeboid - [Link] histolytica ( amoebic dysentery)

 Live in fresh water, Sea water or moist soil
 Marine forms have silica shells on their surface.

 Flagellated - [Link] (sleeping sickness)

  Ciliated - [Link]
 Aquatic
 The coordinated movement of cilia helps in steering the water having food into the
gullet(body cavity, that opens outside the body surface)

 Sporozoans - [Link] ( malaria )

Fungi

 Their mode of nutrition is saprophytic, parasitic or symbiotic

 Main food reserve - glycogen
 Grow in warm and humid places
 Fungi are filamentous
 Their bodies consist of long, slender thread-like structures called hyphae. The network of
hyphae is known as mycelium. Some hypha are continuous tubes filled with multinucleated
cytoplasm – these are called coenocytic hyphae. Others have septae or cross walls in their
hyphae.
 Types : phycomy.,Ascomy.,Basidiomy.,Deuteromy
 [Link] - Fragmentation, budding ot fission
[Link]- conidia,zoospores ,sporangiospores
[Link] - Sexual reproduction is by oospore, ascospore or basidiospore formation in distinct
fruiting bodies. And Also by plasmogamy and then karyogamy

(i) Fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes

called plasmogamy.
(ii) Fusion of two nuclei called karyogamy.
(iii) Meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores.

When a fungus reproduces sexually, two haploid hyphae of compatible mating types come together and
fuse. In some fungi the fusion of two haploid cells immediately results in diploid cells (2n).But in other
fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes), dikaryotic stage (n + n, i.e., two nuclei per cell) occurs; such a
condition is called a dikaryon and the phase is called dikaryophase of fungus. Later, the parental nuclei
fuse and the cells become diploid. The fungi form fruiting bodies in which reduction division occurs,
leading to formation of haploid spores.

 In basidiomycetes and ascomycetes, plasmogamy is not immediately followed by karyogamy,

resulting in a distinct dikaryon (n+n) cell having 2 nuclei per cell

Uses of fungi:
 Penicillium- antibiotics source
 Puccinia- causes wheat rust
 Ustilago- causes smut disease
 Symbionts- Lichens (symbiotic association of fungi with algae), Mycorrhiza (symbiotic
association of fungi with roots of green plants)
 Rhizopus- the bread mould
  Albugo- the parasitic fungi on mustard
 Neurospora- extensively used in genetic and biochemical work
 Truffles and Morels- edible
 Agaricus- edible as well as poisonous species

Plantae
 Insectivorous (Venus flytrap, Bladderwort) Parasitic (Cuscuta)
 Types : Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
 Posses cell wall

Animalia
 Lack cell wall

Virus
 Non cellular and characterized by inert crystalline structure
 Virus means poison or venom
 Tmv is Smaller than bacteria
 Dmitri Ivanowsky(1892) - Found tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
 M.W Beijerinek[1898] - Called the fluid extracted from diseased plants of tobacco as
“Contagium vivum fluidum” ( infectious to healthy plants)
 M.W Beijerinek – coined virus
 W.M Stanley[1935] - Crystallised TMV for the first time and found that they are mostly
proteins
 They are acellular containing nucleic acid core (either DNA or RNA), which is surrounded
by a protein coat called the capsid. The smaller units of capsid is called capsomeres ( to
protect nucleic acid )
 Capsid - either helical or polyhedral forms
 No Virus contains both dna and rna
 Virus - nucleoprotein
 Virus infecting plants - single stranded rna ( mostly )
 Virus infecting animals - single or double stranded rna or double stranded dna
 Viruses use the host machinery to multiply inside the host cell, they exist in a crystalline
form outside the host cell
 They are obligate parasite
(obligate parasite or holoparasite - parasitic organism that cannot complete its life-cycle without
exploiting a suitable host)
 Cause diseases e.g. common cold, AIDS, mumps, small pox,herpes,influenza etc. in
animals and various mosaic diseases in plants such as tobacco, cucumber, tomato, etc.
leaf curling or rolling , yellowing and clearing of vein, stunt growth etc.
 Bacteriophages - Double-stranded DNA
 Bacteriophage - virus that infect bacteria
Viriods ( Discovered by - T.O Diener)(1971)

 They consist of nucleic acid but lack a protein coat

 Smaller than virus
  It is a free rna
 Causes Potato spindle tuber disease
 Diener discovered viroids as a causative agent of potato spindle tuber disease.
 It has lower [Link] of rna

Prions

 They contain abnormally folded proteins and have a size similar to viruses
 They can change the shape of normal proteins by transmitting their misfolded proteins
 They cause many neurodegenerative diseases(as a agent), e.g. bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE) or mad cow disease in cattle and Cr-Jacob disease (CJD) in
humans.

Lichens

 They are a symbiotic, mutually beneficial association of algae (phycobiont) and fungi
(mycobiont) that is autotrophic or heterotrophic.
 The alga is autotrophic and provides food, whereas the fungus provides protection and
shelter and absorb mineral and gives water to partner
 Lichen- Good pollution Indicator