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Street Light Intensity Control

Technical Report · May 2021

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31757.72167

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STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL 2020-21

REPORT ON MINI PROJECT 2 (19EI6PWMP2)

ON

“STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL”

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by

S AJAY SHENOY (1BM18EI039)

CHANDAN KUMAR (1BM18EI014)
MANISH S DHARAMDAS (1BM18EI024)

Submitted towards the fulfilment of requirements for completion of

Mini Project - 2 (19EI6PWMP2)
IN
ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

Under the Guidance of

PROF. KRISHNAMURTHY K T
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

B. M. S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Autonomous Institution under VTU)
BENGALURU-560019
2020-2021

Dept. of EIE, BMSCE

STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL 2020-21

“STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL”

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by,
S AJAY SHENOY (1BM18EI039)
CHANDAN KUMAR (1BM18EI014)
MANISH S DHARAMDAS (1BM18EI024)

Submitted towards the fulfilment of requirements for completion of

Mini Project - 2 (19EI6PWMP2)
in
ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING
BMS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Under the guidance of
PROF. KRISHNAMURTHY K T
Assistant Professor
BMS College of Engineering
Bengaluru-560019

Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

BMS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Bull Temple Road, Bengaluru – 560019
2020-21

Dept. of EIE, BMSCE

STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL 2020-21

B.M.S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Autonomous College Under VTU)

Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report titled, “STREET LIGHT INTENSITY
CONTROL” is a bona-fide work carried out by S Ajay Shenoy (1BM18EI039),
Chandan Kumar (1BM18EI014), Manish S Dharamdas (1BM18EI024), in Submitted
towards the fulfilment of requirements for completion of Mini Project 2 (19EI6PWMP2)
during the academic year 2020-2021.

Prof. Krishnamurthy K T Dr. Veena N Hegde Dr. B V Ravishankar

Project Guide Professor & H.O.D Principal, BMSCE
Assistant Professor Department of EIE, BMSCE
Department of EIE, BMSCE

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Dept. of EIE, BMSCE

STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL 2020-21

CERTIFICATE FROM THE GUIDES

Department: Electronic and Instrumentation Engineering

Candidates Degree Registered For: B.E
Name of the Guide: Prof. Krishnamurthy K T
CANDIDATE DETAILS
SL. NO Student Name USN Student Signature

1 S AJAY SHENOY 1BM18EI039

2 CHANDAN KUMAR 1BM18EI014
3 MANISH S DHARAMDAS 1BM18EI024

Certified that this project titled “STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL” the
candidates have carried out the project to my satisfaction. This 3rd year (6th semester academic
year 2020-21) dissertation report was thoroughly scrutinized and corrected by me.
All corrections are incorporated by the students. The work is original and the project
report is the final one and of high standard. I duly certify the same.

SL Guide Name Dept/Organization/Designation Signature

NO
1 Prof. Krishnamurthy K T Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and
Instrumentation
BMS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Bull Temple Road, Bengaluru-560019

Date:

Seal:

Dept. of EIE, BMSCE

STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL 2020-21

Guide’s Approval Certificate for Incorporating All Corrections in The

Project Report
We S Ajay Shenoy, Chandan Kumar, Manish S Dharamdas students of 6th Sem
B.E in Electronics and Instrumentation, BMSCE, Bengaluru, hereby declare that the
project work entitled “Street Light Intensity Control” has been carried out under
supervision of Prof. Krishnamurthy K T of Electronics and Instrumentation
Department towards the fulfilment of requirements for the completion of Mini
Project- 2.

S AJAY SHENOY

CHANDAN KUMAR

MANISH S DHARAMDAS

Guide Signature:

Prof. KRISHNAMURTHY K T

HOD Signature:

Dr. VEENA N. HEGDE

Dept. of EIE, BMSCE

STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL 2020-21

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion of this undertaking could not have been possible without the assistance and
participation of so many people. Their contributions are sincerely appreciated and greatly
acknowledged. The team would like to express their deep appreciation particularly to the
following people.
We extend our heartfelt thanks to the principal Dr. Ravishankar B. V. and the management and
staff of BMSCE for providing us with necessary infrastructure that enables us to implement
anything our engineering minds desire.
Words cannot describe our gratitude to Dr. Veena N Hegde, HOD, Department of EIE, BMSCE
for her constant support throughout this journey.
We wish to express our sincere acknowledgement to our guide Prof. Krishnamurthy K T,
Assistant Professor, Department of EIE, BMSCE for his valuable suggestions and guidance
throughout the course of our project. We are grateful for his belief in us for the implementation
of our project. We are truly grateful for his constant support and for allowing us to work flexibly
which enabled us to set our own deadlines and objectives.

A large amount of material has been obtained from online journals, textbooks and numerous
other scholarly and voluminous sources. We thank all those unseen faces for their invaluable
contribution to our venture.

We thank our beloved parents on whose blessings we live and thrive. It is their prayers that have
helped us translate our efforts into fruitful achievements.

We confirm that this project is our own personal work and that all materials other than our own
are properly referenced.

Dept. of EIE, BMSCE

STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL 2020-21

ABSTRACT

Currently around a number of cities that the street light is one of the huge expenses in a city.
The cost spent is huge that all the sodium vapor lamps consume more power. The expense
spent on the street light can be used for other development of the nation. A manual system is
used where the light will be made to switched on or off that is the light will be made to
switch on in the evening and switched off in the morning. Hence there is a lot of wastage of
energy between the on or off. The solution to the above stated problem is to create a system
which does not consist of any expensive hardware which if fails could be easier to replace.
Another solution is to make a system which senses the brightness in the environment and
adjusts the intensity as per the same. It should eliminate time slot as there would not be any
need as the intensity would be according to the environment. Just the time to switch off the
lights needs to be specified. The principle used to decide the intensity of the street light is the
brightness in the surrounding environment. Sensors are affixed to sense the luminosity. The
system uses Arduino, LDRs sensor based to find the surroundings light and drive circuit for
controlling intensity. A cluster of LEDs acts as a streetlight. HID lamps will be replaced by
LEDs same as in an available time slot-based system. There is a LED cluster brightening has
gotten consideration as of late as a vitality decreasing light source. Driven street brightening
requires around 33% to one portion of the electric force required for HID lighting. The life
cycle of an LED can be more than three times the length of a HID light. Driven brightening
could lessen the measure of time expected to trade damaged apparatuses and it is normal that
an LED framework would be nearly support free.

II

Dept. of EIE, BMSCE

STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL 2020-21

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3

3 SYSTEM DESIGN AND 4

IMPLEMENTATION

4 HARDWARE 5

5 SOFTWARE 7

6 OBSERVATIONS 16

7 RESULTS 17

8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 19

9 REFRENCES 20

III

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STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL 2020-21

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Name of Figure Page No.

3.1.1. Block diagram 4

3.1.2. Circuit 4

4.1. Arduino Uno 5

4.2. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) 6

4.3. RTC Module (DS323) 6

7.1. RTC Mode and LED ON 17

7.2. RTC Mode and LED OFF 17

7.3. RTC Mode and LDR Mode ON 18

IV

Dept. of EIE, BMSCE

STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL 2020-21

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The 21st century is striving hard to save electrical energy. We see automatic things everywhere
nowadays because we are leading towards the development. For a developing country energy
conservation is the main need. But we are wasting energy through many means Street lights are
essential, but expensive and it is difficult to change all the lights hence through this paper we are
proposing a system which is very economical and requires less time to change the current
system. Therefore, there is a need to optimize the system in a way that it is affordable and
efficiently conserves energy. Manually controlling the street lights is a time taking and tedious
process. Working in such a manner could sometimes result in large disasters and destruction. On
Indian streets the lights used are of Sodium Vapour which all are of high wattage. It is difficult to
change all the lights hence through this paper we are proposing a system which is very
economical and requires less time to change the current system. The traditional light system has
been limited to two options: ON and OFF only, which are not efficient because these kinds of
operations meant power loss due to continuing to work on maximum voltage. With the
negligence of the operator or by some other technical problems, streetlights are continuously
kept ‘ON’, even when there is no light required on the streets and this leads to the wastage of
electricity. Hence, the wastage of power from street lights is one of the noticeable power losses,
but with the use of automation, it leads to many new methods of energy and money saving. Thus,
Automation systems comes into place and have the advantage over the manual systems because
it increases the productivity, efficiency and reliability, and minimizes the usage of resources to
save energy, and reduce the operating cost etc. Streetlights play a vital role in our environment
and also play a critical role in providing light for safety during night-time travel. In this scenario,
when the streetlights are in a working position over the whole night, which consumes much
energy and reduce the lifetime of the electrical appliances such as a light-emitting diode (LED)
lamp, incandescent light bulb, gas discharge lamp, and high intensity discharge lamps. Especially
in cities’ streetlights, it is a severe power consuming factor and also the most significant energy
expenses for a city. In this regard, an automation system is required to control the lights
according to needs. we are proposing a system which is very economical and require less time to
change the current system. In this system, LEDs are powered by the solar energy and
conventional energy and arduino is connected to LDR for the input, LDR will give input to the
analog terminal of the arduino and then according to our code Arduino gives the proper output.
This is a simple and economical system which helps us to conserve electricity. The main motive
of this system is to save electricity of our country as well as the man power.

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STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL 2020-21

1.1. Problem Statement

Currently around a number of cities that the street light is one of the huge expenses in a city. The
cost spent is huge that all the sodium vapor lamps consume more power. The expense spent on
the street light can be used for other development of the nation. A manual system is used where
the light will be made to switched on or off that is the light will be made to switch on in the
evening and switched off in the morning. Hence there is a lot of wastage of energy between the
on or off. This is one of the major causes of shifting to the proposed automatic system, since
there is less wastage of power and thus saving a lot of monetary expenses.

1.2. Objective
The objective of this project is to make an automated system which can control the intensity of
street lights depending on the ambient light in the surroundings in order to reduce the
consumption of power. The system uses Arduino, LDRs sensor based to find the surroundings
light and drive circuit for controlling intensity. A cluster of LEDs acts as a streetlight. HID lamps
will be replaced by LEDs same as in an available time slot-based system. There is a LED cluster
brightening has gotten consideration as of late as a vitality decreasing light source. Driven street
brightening requires around 33% to one portion of the electric force required for HID lighting.
The life cycle of an LED can be more than three times the length of a HID light. Driven
brightening could lessen the measure of time expected to trade damaged apparatuses and it is
normal that an LED framework would be nearly support free. With the help of all these sensors
available in the market; we should have 100% control over the street for the safety and security
of lives in the streets along with a flexible transportation system. This system will save electricity
of our country as well as the man power.

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STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL 2020-21

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Light control system using LDR and arduino is a whole new idea in the world of street lights. In
the wake of experiencing numerous exploration papers which were found on the lighting system
were only based on their working and not on the consumption of energy or electricity the main
thought process of doing this extend make another diagram system for the road lights that don't
eat up massive measure of energy and light up tremendous zone with high force. Savvy Street
lights system is a basic bit of the making shrewd city which speaks to 10-45% of total power
uses which is a segregating mindfulness toward general society powers utilization. So, it is key
and profitable essentialness method for progressions to be executed for fiscal and standardized
savings that too a large portion of the papers are based on the infrared collectors and very few of
them are based on the working of LDR and LED by clock method or by the human. Some were
found to be controlled by the remote GSM/GUI systems which will likewise devour heaps of
energy. Programmed Street light is the winged animal from Flintstones which will naturally kill
on and all the road lights without daylight and turn it off within the sight of daylight so it will
expend heaps of energy. Worldwide Journal of Engineering Research and General Science
Volume 4, Issue 2, March-April, 2016 ISSN 2091-2730 785 www.ieee.org Ancient Lighting
framework have been kept to two alternatives on and off, because of its own offer of hindrance.
This sort of activity implied vitality misfortune because of constant task greatest voltage however
genuine necessity may be less relying outwardly condition whether light is required or not. Gong
Siliang describes a remote streetlight monitoring system based on wireless sensor network that
means this system runs in an automatic mode. In this the controlling of streetlight was done
based on the intensity of sunlight along with the Sunrise and Sunset Algorithm. This system not
only monitors the streetlight in Real- time but also the temperature and humidity of surrounding.
So, the system integrates a digital temperature-humidity sensor by working like this. A. C.
Kalaiarasandeals about a solar energy-based street light with auto-tracking system for
maximizing power output from a solar system is desirable to increase the efficiency. As such a
means of tracking the sun is required. It has been estimated that instead of using a stationary
array, if we use a tracking system in solar panel the yield from solar panels can be increased by
30% - 60%. The most straightforward answer to it is by adjusting lights as indicated by the
outside condition. This is the thing that we are expecting to do in our savvy lighting framework.

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STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL 2020-21

CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

Introduction
In this chapter the design of the system is shown in the form of a block diagram and a circuit
which have been explained in section 3.1. The implementation and working of the system are
based on how these blocks work together efficiently and is explained in detail in section 3.2.

3.1. Block Diagram and Circuit

Fig. 3.1.1. Block diagram Fig. 3.1.2. Circuit

3.2. Working
The project operates in two modes i.e., RTC Mode and LDR Mode. In RTC Mode, the street
lights turn on automatically based on the on time set in the code and turn off based on the off
time. In the LDR Mode, the street lights have an intensity control based on the ambient light near
the LDR. After the code is uploaded the project runs in RTC Mode. There are two times set in
the code, i.e., the on time and the off time. Arduino compares the on time with the time from
RTC Module and when they match, the LED is turned on. After this, the Arduino waits for the
OFF time and once the time from RTC Module reaches the off time, the LED is turned off.
When the RTC mode is on and led is on of this operation, the Arduino enters LDR Mode. In this
mode, the Arduino reads the value of the LDR on the basis of the quantity of light falling on
LDR, then it adjusts the intensity of the LED. Using the PWM signal generated by the pin 11 of
Arduino, the led intensity is adjusted.

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STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL 2020-21

CHAPTER 4

HARDWARE
Introduction
The components that have been used in the construction of this project have been listed below
with their brief explanations. The main components are namely Arduino Uno board, LDR sensor
(Light Dependent Resistor) and the RTC module (Real Time Clock). The diagrams of these
components have also been attached for reference.

Arduino Uno
The Arduino Uno used here has a microcontroller ATmega328p which is removable. The code
which is written in Embedded C is being dumped into ATmega328p using Arduino Uno. We just
use the microcontroller and eliminate the usage of Arduino finally after dumping the code.
Arduino board is removed after the code being dumped using necessary connections by placing
the removable microcontroller, ATmega328p on the breadboard.

Fig 4.1. Arduino Uno

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STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL 2020-21

LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)

A Light Dependent Resistor (also known as a photoresistor or LDR) is a device whose resistivity
is a function of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Hence, they are light-sensitive devices.
They are also called as photoconductors, photoconductive cells or simply photocells.

Fig 4.2. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

RTC Module (DS323)

RTC stands for Real Time Clock. RTC modules are simply TIME and DATE remembering
systems which have battery setup which in the absence of external power keeps the module
running. This keeps the TIME and DATE up to date. So accurate TIME and DATE can be
obtained from the RTC whenever required.

Fig 4.3. RTC Module (DS323)

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STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL 2020-21

CHAPTER 5

SOFTWARE
Introduction
In this chapter the software used in the project along with the code have been explained in detail.
In section 5.1. the Arduino IDE software used for the Arduino board has been given a brief
introduction to. In section 5.2. the program which is used to make this automated system for
intensity control of street lights is displayed.

5.1. Arduino IDE

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application that is
written in features from C and C++. It is used to put in writing and add packages to Arduino well
suited boards, however additionally, with the assist of third-celebration cores, different supplier
improvement boards. The supply code for the IDE is launched below the GNU General Public
License, model 2. The Arduino IDE helps the languages C and C++ the usage of unique
regulations of code structuring. The Arduino IDE materials a software program library from the
Wiring project, which gives many not unusual places enter and output procedures. User-written
code best calls for fundamental features, for beginning the cartoon and the primary application
loop, which are compiled and related with an application stub main() into an executable cyclic
executive application with the GNU toolchain, additionally protected with the IDE distribution.

5.2. Programs/Code
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#include "RTClib.h"
#define ON 0
#define OFF 1
DateTime now;
RTC_DS3231 rtc;
LiquidCrystal lcd(8,7, 6, 5, 4, 3 ); // (rs, e, d4, d5, d6, d7)
const int led=11;

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STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL 2020-21

int nob = A1;

int val = 0;
int check=1;
int on_hour=2;
int on_minute=01;
int on_second=00;
int off_hour=1;
int off_minute=59;
int off_second=10;
int c_hour=00;
int c_minute=00;
int c_second=00;
int onOrOffFlag = ON;
void showTime(void);
void loadHandler(int, int , int , int , int , int , int , int , int );
typedef struct userTime
{
int temp_hour;
int temp_minute;
int temp_second;
}userTime_t;
unsigned char checkLessThanOrEqual(userTime_t , userTime_t);
void setup ()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16,2);
pinMode(led,OUTPUT);
if (! rtc.begin())

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STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL 2020-21

{
Serial.println("Couldn't find RTC Module");
while (1);
}
if (rtc.lostPower())
{
Serial.println("RTC lost power, lets set the time!");
rtc.adjust(DateTime(F( DATE ), F( TIME )));
}
rtc.adjust(DateTime(F( DATE ), F( TIME )));
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" RTC ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" MODE ON ");
delay(500);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" LDR ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" MODE ON");
delay(500);
now = rtc.now();
showTime();
c_hour=now.hour();
c_minute=now.minute();
c_second=now.second();
loadHandler( on_hour, on_minute, on_second, off_hour, off_minute, off_second, c_hour,
c_minute,
c_second);
}

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void loop ()
{
if (check==0)
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" ");
now = rtc.now();
showTime();
c_hour=now.hour();
c_minute=now.minute();
c_second=now.second();
loadHandler( on_hour, on_minute, on_second, off_hour, off_minute, off_second, c_hour,
c_minute, c_second);
analogWrite(led,0);
}
else
{
val = analogRead(nob);
if(val>300 && val<450)
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("25% ");
analogWrite(led, 400);
}
else if(val>450 && val<600)
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("50% ");
analogWrite(led, 600);

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}
else if(val>600 && val<750 )
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("75% ");;
analogWrite(led, 800);
}
else if(val < 150&& val<300)
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("0% ");
analogWrite(led, 1020);
}
else if(val>800)
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("100% ");
analogWrite(led, 0);
}
}
now = rtc.now();
showTime();
c_hour=now.hour();
c_minute=now.minute();
c_second=now.second();
loadHandler( on_hour, on_minute, on_second, off_hour, off_minute, off_second, c_hour,
c_minute,
c_second);
}

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void showTime()
{
lcd.setCursor(4,0);
lcd.print("Time:");
lcd.print(now.hour());
lcd.print(':');
lcd.print(now.minute());
lcd.print(':');
lcd.print(now.second());
lcd.print(" ");
}
unsigned char checkLessThanOrEqual(userTime_t a, userTime_t b)
{
if(a.temp_hour < b.temp_hour)
return true;
else if ((a.temp_hour == b.temp_hour) && (a.temp_minute < b.temp_minute))
return true;
else if(a.temp_hour > b.temp_hour)
return false;
else if((a.temp_minute == b.temp_minute) && (a.temp_second < b.temp_second))
return true;
else if(a.temp_minute > b.temp_minute)
return false;
else if(a.temp_second == b.temp_second)
return true;
else
return false;
}

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void loadHandler(int onTimeHr, int onTimeMin, int onTimeSec, int offTimeHr, int offTimeMin,
int
offTimeSec, int rtcTimeHr, int rtcTimeMin, int rtcTimeSec)
{
userTime_t in1 = {onTimeHr, onTimeMin, onTimeSec}, in2 = {offTimeHr, offTimeMin,
offTimeSec}, rtc_hr = {rtcTimeHr, rtcTimeMin, rtcTimeSec}, a = {}, b = {};
if(checkLessThanOrEqual(in1, in2))
{
onOrOffFlag = ON;
memcpy(&a, &in1, sizeof(userTime_t));
memcpy(&b, &in2, sizeof(userTime_t));
}
else
{
onOrOffFlag = OFF;
memcpy(&a, &in2, sizeof(userTime_t));
memcpy(&b, &in1, sizeof(userTime_t));
}
if((checkLessThanOrEqual(a, rtc_hr)) && (checkLessThanOrEqual(rtc_hr, b)))
{
if(onOrOffFlag == ON)
{
// Switch on the load
lcd.setCursor(1,2);
lcd.print("OffTime:");
lcd.print(off_hour);
lcd.print(':');
lcd.print(off_minute);
lcd.print(':');

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lcd.print(off_second);
check=1;
}
else
{
// Switch off the load
lcd.setCursor(1,2);
lcd.print(" OnTime:");
lcd.print(on_hour);
lcd.print(':');
lcd.print(on_minute);
lcd.print(':');
lcd.print(on_second);
check=0;
}
}
else
{
if(onOrOffFlag == ON)
{
// Switch off the load
lcd.setCursor(1,2);
lcd.print(" OnTime:");
lcd.print(on_hour);
lcd.print(':');
lcd.print(on_minute);
lcd.print(':');
lcd.print(on_second);

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check=0;
}
else
{
// Switch on the load
lcd.setCursor(1,2);
lcd.print("OffTime:");
lcd.print(off_hour);
lcd.print(':');
lcd.print(off_minute);
lcd.print(':');
lcd.print(off_second);
check=1;
}
}
}

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CHAPTER 6

OBSERVATIONS

6.1. Assumptions and Calculations

For a comparative study we have to take the following assumptions:
The timing of switching the street lights of Indian streets ON is 6:00 pm to 07:00 am generally.
But we don’t need lights when there is sunlight. Hence this automatic system will switch the
light according to the sunlight. Calculations for the amount of energy to be saved by using this
system is shown below. Consider only 2 hours per day each street light is kept on as a wastage.
As per a survey conducted, the street lights used on the Indian streets are of Sodium Vapour. The
Sodium Vapour lights are of 400 Watts each. Assume there are 50 street lights.
Bulbs= 50
Wattage= 400/bulb
Wasted Hours= 2 Hours/day
Energy Wasted per day
= 50 x 400x 2
= 40,000 WH/day
= 40 KWH/day
Energy Wasted Per Month
= Energy Wasted Per Day *30
= 1200 KWH/month
Energy Wasted Per Year = 1200*12
= 14,400 KWH/Year
This amount of energy can be saved only by automating 50 lights.

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CHAPTER 7
RESULTS

RTC Mode and LED on

When RTC mode is on and LED is on. LCD displays the current time and off time which is the
next operation of the Arduino.

Fig. 7.1. RTC Mode and LED On

RTC Mode and LED off

When the RTC mode is on and off time is set, the led switches off. The LCD displays the ON
time in the LCD which is the next operation of the Arduino.

Fig. 7.2. RTC Mode and LED Off

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STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL 2020-21

RTC Mode and LDR Mode ON

Fig. 7.3. RTC and LDR Mode On
a) 100% surrounding brightness b) 60% surrounding brightness

c) 30% surrounding brightness d) 0% surrounding brightness

From the above figures, we can see that the intensity of LED increases proportional to the
surrounding light. When there is no light in the surroundings, LCD display 0% brightness and
LED glows with full intensity. When surrounding intensity is at 100% brightness, the LED light
didn't glow. Thus, we made discrete intervals of 4 using if-else statements thus we can check
surrounding light from the surrounding through the LDR sensor which is converted using the
Arduino pin of A1 which converts analog to digital which are used in the if-else statements.
Thus, we can adjust the intensity of LED using PWM of amplitude to LED.

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STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL 2020-21

CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

Introduction
This chapter is divided into two sections. The first next section 8.1. gives the conclusion of the
project and the one after that section 8.2. explains the future scope of the project and how it can
be taken further with the help of innovative ideas and designs.

8.1. Conclusion
This project is for the development of Smart Street lighting control framework circuit. The
circuit meets expectations appropriately to turn road light ON/OFF. LDR sensor and the RTC are
the two fundamental conditions in living up to expectations of the circuit. On the off chance that
the two conditions have been fulfilled the circuit will do the wanted work as indicated by the
particular system. The road lights have been effectively controlled by Arduino UNO. With
orders from the controller, the lights will be ON according to the brightness in the environment.
With the help of this system, we will conserve energy and the circuit can be utilized as a part of a
long roadway between the urban areas as well as the rural areas which indirectly leads our
country to development. This system is economical and easy to implement and can possibly have
the potential to replace the current system.
Advantages of proposed system on current system:
There is no need of any manual operator as the system is fully automatic. Switching time
changes according to the climate i.e., in summer lights were switched on at 7:00 pm and
switched off at 6:00 am and timing also changes in winter and rainy season, hence as it is a
closed loop system output will change accordingly. Energy is Conserved.

8.2. Future Scope

 Can be added to the Smart Grid for monitoring all the light and also for energy backup
purpose.
 Machine learning model for vehicle and pedestrian detection to control the intensity of
light.
 Harness Solar Energy during the day and use it for the lights at night.
 Can be implement with improvements using more sensors for additional features even in
Railway Stations.

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CHAPTER 9

REFERENCES

1. Automatic Street Lights On/Off Application Using IoT”, International Journal of

Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET) Volume 8, Issue 8, August 2017, pp.
38– 47, Article ID: IJMET_08_08_005
2. Farah Ramadhani, and Kamalrulnizam Abu Bakar, and Muham-Mad Gary Shafer.
“Optimisation Of Standalone Street Light System with Consideration Of Lighting
Control”, IEEE, 2013.
3. ViswanathNaik.S, S.PushpaBai, Rajesh.P and Mallikarjuna Naik.B, IoT Based Green
House Monitoring System International Journal of Electronics and Communication
Engineering & Technology (IJECET), Volume 6, Issue 6, June (2015), pp. 45-47
4. Dr. Kavitha, C. Ramesh Gorrepotu and NarendraSwaroop, “Advanced Domestic Alarms
with IOT”, International Journal of Electronics & Communication Engineering and
Technology 7(5), 2016, pp. 77–85.
5. KeniPrashanthet. “Automated street lighting system using IoT”. International Journal of
Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology
6. Cho,S.K., and Dhingra, V. (2008). “Street Lighting Control Based on Lon Works Power
Line Communication”, IEEE International Symposium on Power Line Communications
and Its Applications, Jeju City, 2-4 April 2008, pp. 396- 398.
7. “Analysis of solar energy-based street light with auto tracking system”, International
journal1, 2012.
8. Schwab R N, Walton N E, Mounce J M and Rosenbaum M J. Synthesis of safety research
related to traffic control and roadway elements. Volume 2, Chapter 12, Highway
Lighting. Report No. FHWA- TS-82233. Federal Highway Administration, 1982.
9. Sharath Patil G S, Rudresh S M, Kallendrachari K, Vani H V. Design and
implementation of automatic street light control using sensors and solar panel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 5(6):97-100, 2015.

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