ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:
Basics of electricity
Building electricals – Classification
a) AC and DC Supply
b) single phase and poly phase supply
c) HT and LT Supply
d) Single line diagram - Incoming feeder, Transformer, switching yard,
electrical sub station, Main supply board (main panel), sub panels, power
control centre and Motor control centre.
e) Captive power- Diesel generator and Emergency Diesel generator set.
Check list for Inspection of Electrical installation in a building.
Electrical safety.
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY:
AC, DC power, CURRENT, VOLTAGE, RESISTANCE, OHMS LAW, CAPACITOR,
INDUCTION COIL.
AC; ALTERNATING POWER SUPPLY
DC: DIRECT POWER SUPPLY.
Current = rate of charge . Charge in columbs/ time.
Voltage = Potential difference at the terminal
Resistance = Voltage / current ( ohms law) ( this is applied to the path ie. Conductor
carrying the charge ie. Current)
Capacitance = an element or component in a circuit to store the charge
Inductance = an element or component in a circuit for inducting the current to the
secondary coil.
Transformer= a electrical eqpt or gadget for changing the voltage.
Power transformer, distribution transformer etc.
SUPPLY: SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE SUPPLY
Power in single phase= V X I X COS O ( VI KVA, VI X COSPHIE is in KW)
Power in three phase supply = sq.root 3 x Vp x Ip x cos o
Phase current in 3 phase star = line current
Phase current in 3 phase Delta = Line current / 1.732
Power ( KW) = KVA X Power Factor ( PF) = HP x 746 / 1000 x efficiency of Machine.
= Line amps x Line volts x 1.732 x PF / 1000 ( IN 3 PHASE SUPPLY)
KVA = KW / PF OR KW= KVA X COS PHI.
Line current in amps for three phase circuit = kw x 1000 / line volts x 1.732 x PF
= KVA X 1000/ LINE VOLTS X 1.732
Line current in amps for a single phase circuit =
HP x 746 x 100 / line voltsx PF x efficiency
Voltage Drop in 3 phase circuit = 1.732 x line amps x Resistance of 1 core.
Units of Measurement in Electricals:
1 watt = 1 Joule / second
1 Kilo watt = 1000 watts = 1.341 HP
1 kilo watt = 44.240 feet lb/ minute.
1 HP = 746 WATTS
1 HP = 33,000 FEET LB/ Minute.
1 KG METER = 7.327 feet lbs.
Power transmission of shaft = HP X TORQUE ( FT-LB) X RPM / 5250
Power to drive pumps = HP X GALLONS PER MINUTE X TOTAL HEAD (FT)
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3960 X EFFICIENCY OF PUMP
T otal head includes friction head and friction head to be taken as 0.02 of pipe total
length.
Efficiency of pump varies from 0.5 to 0.85
Power to Hoist a load =
HP = wt in lbs x hoist speed in feet per minute x sine theta/ 33000
Theta is the angle of hoist line with the horizontal.
Power to drive fans =
HP = Cu feet of gas or air/ min. x water gauge pr (inch)/ 6350 x efficincy
POWER FOR ELEVATORS OR LIFTS
HP = UNBALANCE LOAD(LBS) X SPEED IN FT PER MINUTE/ 33000 X EFFICIENCY .
Efficincy assume approx 0.5.
APPROXIMATE POWER CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRICAL APPARATUS:
Kettles:
1 litre = 1000 watts.
Electric iron:
3 lbs = 250 watt
20 lbs = 750 to 850 watts.
Small motors.
For drilling 9/16 inch hole = 250 watts.
For drilling 1 inch hole= 750 watts.
Hair drier : 550 watts.
Electric bathroom geyser 25 L = 1500 watts.
Toaster : 1 slice bread = 550 watts
Oven = 14x14x12 inch inside = 1500 watts.
Vaccume cleaner = 600 watts.
Fans ceiling= 60 watts.
CFL = 20 WATTS.
Refrigerator 165 litre = 600 watts.
Norms:
Upto 3 kw - single phase supply
Above 3 kw upto 10 kw – three phase supply All connection above 50 kw load needs to
be regulated with transformer.
Loads upto 50 kw for domestic application has single or one part tariff. The charges are
based on units consumed. Incoming supply is 400 or 440 volts.
Load upto 75 HP ( 56 kw) is LT lines
Classification of electrical loads.
1) LT less than 75 HP – mainly used for DOMESTIC, COMMERCIAL
APPLICATION AND RESTAURANTS.
2 part tariff applied to Big malls and Big Hotels which are falling in this range.
2) HT above 75 HP and above exclusively given to Industrial application
Tariff is 2 part , first part is fixed one based on energy consumed and the second is
based on an agreed demand ( the demand has to be fixed based on loading and penalty
for lower demand and surcharge for higher demand figure.)
Measured by Trivector meter for Units in Kw and Demand in KVA.
Incomer supply for HT is from 11000 Volt source.
Application for Small scale industry.
3) HT lines of 1500 to 5000 kva for this incomers if from a 33000 KVA source
Application for Medium scale industry
4) EHT Extra High Tension consumer greater than 5000 KVA
Application for Heavy Industry , incomer feeder supply from substation
110000/132000 volatage substation.
Power Factor: to be maintained at 0.9 ( a factor for considering the lagging of
current with voltage.
There is a penality for not maintaining power factor in an installation.
ELECTRICAL METER RATING:
For domestic a) single phase – 10, 16 amps
b) Three phase – 10,16,20 amps
For commercial: a) 3 phase = 30 amps.
DOMESTIC SOCKETS RATING
5 AMP, 10 AMP, 15 AMP, 26 AMPS THIS IS BASED ON THE ELECTRICAL
GADJET RATING AND LOAD.
ELECTRICAL ITEMS:
CABLES
SWITCHES
SOCKETS
ISOLATORS
MOULDED CASE CIRCUIT BRAKER
ELECTRICAL LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER
FUSES OF VARIOUS TYPES.
MCBs with thermal settings. For current. Ie. Relays.
Timers
Auto switching, group switching
Sensors- light and thermal.
Check list for Inspection of Electrical Installations
While inspecting a Building or facility for electrical installation the
following needs to checked.
- Connection and Identification of conductors
- Selection of conductors for current carrying capacity and voltage
drop.
- Provision of single pole devices for protection or switching in phase
conductors.
- Correct connection of socket outlets and lamp holders.
- Provision of Fire barriers between floor of building for isolating fires
due to electrical shorting and thermal effects.
- Safe distances to be maintained in live conductors of different voltage
against electrical shocks when in contact.
- Adequacy of insulation – measuring insulation resistance.
- Choice and setting of protective and monitoring devices.
- Labelling of circuits: ie. Fuses, switches and terminals.
- Selection of equipment ( Motors, transformers,capacitors etc.) and
protective measures ( motor controls, transformer protection etc.)
- Lock out and tag out fixtures in place for safety isolation of
equipment.
- Adequacy of electrical earthing ( neutral and body).
- Electrical warning notices.
- Single line diagrams, operating instructions and safety instructions.
