Page 1: Introduction to Magnetic Fields and Forces

 Magnetic Field (B):

o A region of space where a magnetic force can be detected.

o The notes mention it's a "field due to magnetic dipole," which is one common source
(like a bar magnet).

 Intensity of Magnetic Field (B):

o Unit: Tesla (T).

o It's analogous to the Electric Field (E).

 Uniform Magnetic Field:

o Represented by equally spaced parallel lines.

o x x x x (crosses) indicate the field is directed into the page.

o o o o o (dots) indicate the field is directed out of the page.

o Arrows (→ → →) indicate the field is in the plane of the page.

 Magnetic Force (F_m) on a Moving Charge:

o Formula: F_m = q (v x B) (Lorentz Force)

 q = charge of the particle

 v = velocity of the particle

 B = magnetic field

 x denotes the cross product.

o Magnitude: F_m = |q|vBsinθ

 θ is the angle between velocity (v) and magnetic field (B).

 The constant K (from F_m = K|q|vBsinθ) is 1 in SI units.

o Direction of F_m:

 Given by the Right-Hand Rule for a positive charge (+q):

1. Point fingers of your right hand in the direction of v.

2. Curl your fingers towards the direction of B.

3. Your thumb will point in the direction of F_m.

 If q is negative (-q), the force F_m = -q(v x B) is in the opposite

direction to that found by the Right-Hand Rule.

o Key Property: F_m is always perpendicular (⊥) to both v and B.

 This means F_m ⋅ v = 0 and F_m ⋅ B = 0.

  Since the force is always perpendicular to the velocity, the magnetic force
does no work on the charged particle (W = F⋅d = Fvcos(90°)dt = 0). This
implies the kinetic energy and speed of the particle do not change due to
the magnetic force alone.

 Example (Implicit):

o The diagram shows a charge moving with velocity v in a magnetic field B. The force
F_m is shown perpendicular to the plane containing v and B.

o If q and -q are moving in the same v and B, they experience forces of the same
magnitude but in opposite directions.

 Lorentz Force (General Form):

o If both electric (E) and magnetic (B) fields are present, the total force on a charge q is
F = qE + q(v x B). The notes only show the magnetic part here.

Page 2: More on Magnetic Force and its Direction

 Top Left Diagram: Shows v_⊥ = v sinθ, which is the component of velocity
perpendicular to B. So, F_m = Bq(v_⊥).

 Direction of F_m - Right-Hand Palm Rule:

1. Stretch your thumb and fingers of your right hand such that they are perpendicular.

2. Fingers point towards the direction of the Magnetic Field (B).

3. Thumb points in the direction of velocity (v) of the positive charge (+q).

4. The direction in which your palm faces gives the direction of the magnetic force
(F_m).

 Fleming's Left-Hand Rule (often used for motors):

1. Stretch thumb, forefinger, and middle finger of your left hand mutually
perpendicular to each other.

2. Forefinger points in the direction of the Field (B).

3. Middle finger points in the direction of the Current (I) (or velocity of +q).

4. Thumb points in the direction of the Force (F_m).

o Note: For -ve charge, use the rule as if it's a +ve charge, then reverse the direction of
the force.

 Example 1:

o Given: A positive charge (+ve) is directed vertically up (v is ↑). The field (B) is
directed towards East (B is →).

o To find: Direction of F_m.

o Solution (using Right-Hand Palm Rule):

  Thumb (v) upwards.

 Fingers (B) towards East.

 Palm faces North.

o Result: F_m is directed towards North. (Diagram shows N, S, E, W axes).

 Example 2:

o Given: A negative charge (-ve) is directed South (v is ↓). The field (B) is directed
towards West (B is ←).

o To find: Direction of F_m.

o Solution (using Right-Hand Palm Rule for +q, then reverse):

 Thumb (v) downwards.

 Fingers (B) towards West.

 Palm faces Out of the page (or Upwards if considering a 3D setup where S-W
plane is horizontal). The diagram implies Upwards relative to the plane.

o Correction for -ve charge: Reverse the direction. So, if it was Upwards for +q, it's
Downwards for -q. The diagram says "Fm is directed upwards." Let's re-check with
standard coordinates:

 V = (0, -v, 0) (South)

 B = (-B, 0, 0) (West)

 V x B = (0, -v, 0) x (-B, 0, 0) = (0, 0, -vB) (which is into the page or Down if N-E
is up-right on page)

 For -q, F_m = -q(V x B) = (0, 0, qvB) (which is out of the page or Up).

o Result: F_m is directed Upwards (out of the plane of N-S-E-W).

 Notes on F_m = Bvq sinθ:

o a) F_m is maximum when sinθ = 1 (θ = 90°), so v ⊥ B. Then

F_m,max = Bvq.

o b) F_m is minimum (zero) when sinθ = 0 (θ = 0° or 180°), so v || B or v

anti-|| B.

o c) If B=0, or v=0 (particle at rest), or q=0 (uncharged particle), then F_m =

0.

o d) Magnetic force acts only when the charged particle is in motion.

 Work Done by F_m:

o Work done is zero because F_m ⊥ v.

o By Work-Energy Theorem (W = ΔKE), if W=0, then ΔKE = 0.

 o So, Kinetic Energy (KE) of the particle is constant.

o Speed (magnitude of velocity, |v|) is constant.

o Velocity (vector v) may or may not be constant (direction can change).

 Path Traced by Charged Particle (when θ = 0° or 180°):

o If v || B or v anti-|| B, then sinθ = 0, so F_m = 0.

o The particle continues to move in a straight line with constant velocity (if no other
forces act).

Page 3: Circular Motion in a Magnetic Field

 Condition: θ = 90° (v ⊥ B)

o F_m = Bvq (since sin90° = 1).

o This force is always perpendicular to v, causing uniform circular motion (UCM).

o The magnetic force provides the necessary centripetal force (F_c =

mv²/r).

o So, Bqv = mv²/r

 Derivations for UCM:

o Radius (r): r = mv / Bq

 Also, p (momentum) = mv, so r = p / Bq.

 Also, KE = ½mv² = p²/2m, so p = √(2mKE). Thus, r = √(2mKE) / Bq.

 If particle is accelerated by Potential Difference V (not velocity), then KE =

qV. So, r = √(2mqV) / Bq.

o Angular Velocity (ω): ω = v/r = v / (mv/Bq) = Bq / m (This is the cyclotron frequency).

o Time Period (T): T = 2π/ω = 2πm / Bq.

 Important Note: T and ω are independent of speed (v) and radius (r).

o Frequency (f): f = 1/T = Bq / 2πm.

 Deviation Example:

o A particle enters a region of uniform magnetic field (directed into the page x) of
width x. It enters perpendicularly.

o It will trace a circular arc of radius r = mv/Bq.

o Deviation (θ): If the particle exits the field region.

 From the diagram, sinθ = (width of field, d or x in the diagram) / (radius of

path, r).
  So, θ = sin⁻¹(d/r).

 The diagram shows x < r.

o Time spent in field: Δt = (arc length) / v = (rθ) / v. Since ω = v/r, θ = ωΔt, so Δt = θ/ω
= θm/Bq.

 Specific Charge (α or q/m):

o α = charge / mass.

o From r = mv/Bq ⇒ r = v / (B(q/m)) ⇒ r ∝ 1/α (if v, B are same).

o From ω = Bq/m ⇒ ω = Bα ⇒ ω ∝ α.

o From T = 2πm/Bq ⇒ T = 2π/(Bα) ⇒ T ∝ 1/α.

 Example with Proton, Deuteron, Alpha Particle (comparing r, ω, T for same B, v):

o Proton (p): mass m, charge q

o Deuteron (d): mass 2m, charge q

o Alpha (α): mass 4m, charge 2q

o This means they will have different radii, angular velocities, and time periods if
entering the same B field with the same v.

Page 4: More on Paths in Magnetic Fields

 Case 1: x > r (Width of field is greater than radius of circular path)

o The particle completes a semicircle within the field.

o Deviation (θ): 180° or π radians.

o Time spent in field (Δt): T/2 = πm / Bq.

o The diagram (labeled x > r) shows this. PQ = 2r is the diameter.

 Case 2: Particle's Path through a region (Diagram labeled 4, "Path is ¼ circle")

o The diagram seems to indicate entry and exit points such that the path is a quarter
circle.

o Deviation (θ): 90° or π/2 radians.

o Time spent in field (Δt): T/4 = (πm/Bq)/2 = πm / 2Bq.

o The value "PQ = 2r" in the "deviation: 2θ" section might be a typo or a different
scenario. If deviation is 2θ, and PQ = 2r (diameter), it's a semicircle, deviation 180°. If
PQ is a chord, it's more complex.

 Finding Position Vector r(t) and Velocity Vector v(t):

o Particle originates from origin, enters B field (e.g., B_z). Initial velocity
v₀ (e.g., v_0x).
 o It undergoes UCM. ω = Bq/m. Radius r = mv₀/Bq.

o If it starts moving in +x direction and B is into the page, it curves upwards.

o Center of circle would be at (0, r).

o Position: x(t) = r sin(ωt), y(t) = r - r cos(ωt) = r(1-cos(ωt)).

 r(t) = r sin(ωt) i + r(1-cos(ωt)) j (if B is in z, v₀ in x)

o Velocity: v_x(t) = v₀ cos(ωt), v_y(t) =

v₀ sin(ωt).

 v(t) = v₀ cos(ωt) i + v₀ sin(ωt) j

o The notes use θ instead of ωt. x = r sinθ, y = r(1-cosθ). v = v cosθ i + v sinθ j. (This
assumes θ=0 at y-axis tangent, moving right).

 At what distance particle crosses y-axis?

o This means x becomes 0 again after starting at x=0 (if it completes half or full circle).

o If it makes a semicircle and crosses the y-axis again (other than origin), distance is 2r.
So y = 2r = 2mv/Bq.

 Condition for particle to pass through the center of its circular path (if field region allows):

o This is only possible if the entry point is at the circumference and the field extends to
cover the center. The question might be about passing through a specific point.

o The diagram shows a circular field region of radius R. Particle enters at distance d
from the center of the field.

o To pass through the center of the circular B-field region: The trajectory must intersect
(0,0).

o The example sin(θ/2) = R / (2r_particle) or d/r_particle seems to be about a chord

length.

o The diagram with sin(θ/2) = d/R is for a particle entering a circular field of radius R at
its edge, and d is the radius of the particle's path. For it to pass through the center,
the path must curve towards the center.

 Deviation Angle Geometry (bottom right):

o A particle enters a field region, travels a chord of length 2x in its circular path of
radius R.

o The angle subtended by the chord at the center of the particle's circular path is θ.

o sin(θ/2) = x/R. The total deviation is θ.

o tan(θ/2) = R/y (from a different triangle, possibly related to impact parameter, this
part is less clear without context).

Page 5: Helical Motion and Force on Current-Carrying Conductor

 Helical Motion (when v is at an angle θ ≠ 0°, 90°, 180° to B):

o Resolve velocity v into two components:

 v_|| = v cosθ (parallel to B)

 v_⊥ = v sinθ (perpendicular to B)

o v_|| component: No magnetic force. Particle moves with constant

velocity v_|| along B.

o v_⊥ component: Causes circular motion in the plane perpendicular to B.

 Radius of helix (r_H): r_H = mv_⊥ / Bq =

mv sinθ / Bq.

o Combined motion: The particle moves in a helix (spiral) around the magnetic field
lines.

o Axis of helix: Along the direction of B.

o Time period of revolution (T): T = 2πm / Bq (depends only on m, q, B, not on v or θ).

o Pitch of the helix (P): Distance moved along B in one revolution.

 P = v_|| * T = (v cosθ) * (2πm / Bq).

 Force Experienced by a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field:

o A current consists of moving charges.

o Consider a small element of length dl carrying current i.

o Charge dq flows in time dt. i = dq/dt.

o Velocity of charges v = dl/dt. So, dq v = (i dt) (dl/dt) = i dl.

o Force on this element d**F** = dq (**v** x **B**) = i (**dl** x **B**).

o For a straight conductor of length L in a uniform field B:

 F = i (L x B)

 Magnitude: F = iLB sinθ, where θ is the angle between vector L (direction of

current) and B.

o Direction: Given by Right-Hand Rule (L replaces v).

 Force on an irregular shaped conductor:

o F = i ∫ (dl x B)

o If B is uniform: F = i (∫ dl) x B.

o ∫dl is the vector L' connecting the start point to the end point of the conductor.

o So, F = i (L' x B). (Often written as PQ in notes).

 Force on a Closed Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field:

 o For a closed loop, ∫ dl = 0 (vector sum of elements is zero).

o Therefore, F_net = 0 on a closed current-carrying loop in a uniform

magnetic field.

o The loop may experience a torque, but no net translational force.

Page 6: Examples of Forces on Conductors

 Top Left Diagram (Circular loop expanding/contracting in B field x):

o If loop expands, area increases, flux changes, inducing current (Lenz's Law).

o The force F = iLB on segments will then interact.

o The note "But the loop exp no force" refers to a rigid closed loop in a uniform field. If
it's expanding or contracting, or the field is non-uniform, there can be net forces.

 Example 1 (Ring under tension from magnetic forces):

o A circular loop of radius r carries current i in a uniform B field perpendicular to its

plane.

o Consider a small element dl = r dφ. Force dF = i (dl) B = iBr dφ.

o The diagram shows forces trying to expand the loop. The tension T in the wire
balances this.

o For an element subtending 2sinθ at center (chord length 2rsinθ), dF_m =

2Tsinθ.

o This leads to Bi(dl) = 2Tsin(dφ/2) ≈ Tdφ. So Bi r dφ = T dφ => T = BiR. (Tension = BIR).

 Example 2 (Wire on an incline):

o Given: Wire of mass m, length L, current i. Incline angle θ. B field is horizontal,

perpendicular to current direction along wire.

o Forces:

 Weight mg (downwards). Component along incline: mg sinθ.

 Magnetic force F_m = BiL. Its direction depends on i and B.

 If B is horizontal and i is into/out of page, F_m is vertical.

 If B is horizontal and i is along incline, F_m is perpendicular to incline.

o The diagram shows B horizontal, current i along the wire. So L is along the incline.

 Angle between L and B is θ (if B is perpendicular to the line of greatest slope)

or 90-θ or 90.

 The "side view" shows B making an angle θ with the horizontal if the wire is
horizontal.
  More clearly: The diagram shows B horizontal, wire horizontal (L). So L ⊥ B.
F_m = BiL.

 ma = mg sinθ - BiL cosθ. This is if F_m is directed up the incline.

 For equilibrium (a=0): mg sinθ = BiL cosθ => i = (mg/BL) tanθ.

 Example 3 (Wire hanging from two springs in B field):

o Given: Wire mass m, current i, length L. Springs constant k. B field horizontal.

o Equilibrium without B: 2kx₀ = mg.

o With B field (e.g., causing downward force F_m = BiL): 2k(x₀+x) = mg +

BiL.

o If displaced by x from this new equilibrium, restoring force F_res = -2kx. ma = -2kx =>
SHM. ω = √(2k/m).

o The diagram shows 2kx₀ = mg + Bil (equilibrium). Then F_r = 2k(x+x₀) - mg - Bil. ma =
-2kx.

 Example 4 (Equilibrium of parallel wires):

o Middle wire i₂ between two fixed wires i₁ (same direction).

o Force per unit length between two parallel wires: F/L = μ₀i₁i₂ / (2πd).

o The diagram implies F_m = 2f = Bil. Not related to parallel wires. It implies a single
wire balanced by two other forces f.

 Example 5 (Sliding wire on rails):

o Wire of length L, current i, in B field (e.g., vertical).

o F_m = BiL (horizontal).

o If F_ext is applied, and friction f_k = μ_k N.

o ma = F_ext - BiL - f_k (depending on directions).

o The notes show scenarios:

 If F_ext > Bil + f_s (static friction): moves. F = Bil + f.

 If Bil > F_ext + f_s: moves other way. f = -Bil + F_ext ≤ μN.

 F ≤ μmg + Bil.

Page 7: Magnetic Moment and Torque

 Initial equations seem to be from a mechanics problem involving EM force:

o ∫ dVy = (Bq/m) ∫ x dx suggests a_y = (Bq/m) v_x integrated.

o xm = √(2mVo/Bq) looks like a radius or a characteristic length.

o mdVx/dt = -BqVy, mdVy/dt = BqVx are components of Lorentz force if B is in z-dir.

  Magnetic Moment (M or μ):

o Bar Magnet: M = m_pole * 2l (where m_pole is pole

strength, 2l is magnetic length). Directed from S to N pole.

o Current Carrying Loop: M = iA

 i = current

 A = area vector (magnitude is area, direction is ⊥ to loop plane, given by

Right-Hand Curl Rule: curl fingers in direction of current, thumb gives A).

o Analogous to electric dipole moment p = q(2l).

 Torque (τ) on a Magnetic Dipole in a Uniform B Field:

o τ=MxB

o Magnitude: τ = MB sinθ (where θ is angle between M and B).

o Torque is max when θ = 90° (M ⊥ B), τ_max = MB.

o Torque is min (zero) when θ = 0° or 180° (M || B or M anti-|| B).

 Potential Energy (U) of a Magnetic Dipole in B Field:

o U = -M ⋅ B = -MB cosθ.

o Stable equilibrium: θ = 0° (M || B), U_min = -MB.

o Unstable equilibrium: θ = 180° (M anti-|| B), U_max = +MB.

o If slightly displaced from stable equilibrium, it undergoes Angular SHM. Time period
T = 2π√(I/MB) where I is moment of inertia.

 Work Done (W) in Rotating a Dipole from θ₁ to θ₂:

o W = ΔU = U₂ - U₁ = -MBcosθ₂ - (-MBcosθ₁) = MB(cosθ₁ - cosθ₂).

Page 8: Examples of Magnetic Moments for Loops

 "A Current Carrying Loop Behaves Like a Bar Magnet."

 M = iA (single turn). For N turns, M = NiA. Direction of M is along A.

 Right-Hand Thumb Rule for M: Curl fingers of right hand in direction of current flow in the
loop. The thumb points in the direction of M (and A).

 Example 1 (Circular Loop):

o Radius R, current i. Area A = πR².

o M = i(πR²) k (if loop in xy-plane, current CCW viewed from +z).

 Example 2 (Square Loop):

o Side length l, current i. Area A = l².

 o Diagram shows current flowing such that M is in -i direction. M = il² (-i).

 Example 3 (Rectangular Loop):

o Sides l and b, current i. Area A = lb.

o Diagram shows M = ilb (-j).

 Example 4 (Semi-circular loop):

o Current i, radius R. Area A = πR²/2.

o Diagram shows M = i (πR²/2) (-i). The straight part closes the loop, but its M would be
zero if considered as a line. The question is about the moment of the loop area
bounded by the semi-circle and diameter.

 Example 5 (Three mutually perpendicular square loops forming corner of a cube):

o Side a (or l in diagram), current i.

o M_x = ia² i (from loop in yz plane)

o M_y = ia² j (from loop in xz plane)

o M_z = ia² k (from loop in xy plane)

o M_total = M_x + M_y + M_z = ia²(i + j

+ k).

o The notes say M = il²(j+k+j) = il²(2j+k). This corresponds to a specific configuration,

perhaps two loops in xz plane and one in xy plane.

 Note on vector area of a polygon: For any planar loop, the vector sum of areas of triangles
formed by connecting vertices to an origin and then edges in sequence gives the area vector.
For a projected area on planes:

o M = i (Area_yz i + Area_zx j + Area_xy k).

Page 9: Magnetic Moment of Distributed/Rotating Charges

 Example 1 (Charge q moving in circular path of radius r with frequency f or angular speed
ω):

o Current i = q/T = qf = qω/(2π).

o Area A = πr².

o M = iA = (qω/2π) * πr² = ½ qωr².

 Example 2 (Rotating Disc with uniform surface charge density σ):

o Consider an elemental ring of radius x and thickness dx.

o Charge on ring dq = σ * (Area of ring) = σ * (2πx dx).

o Current due to this ring di = dq/T = dq * (ω/2π) = (σ 2πx dx) * (ω/2π) = σωx dx.
 o Area of this ring (as a loop) A_ring = πx².

o Magnetic moment of this ring dM = di * A_ring = (σωx dx) * (πx²) = σωπx³ dx.

o Total M = ∫ dM from x=0 to R: M = σωπ ∫₀^R x³ dx = σωπ

[x⁴/4]₀^R = ¼ σωπR⁴.

 General Relation for Rotating Body: M/L = q/(2m_obj)

o M = magnetic moment, L = angular momentum, q = total charge, m_obj

= total mass. (Gyromagnetic Ratio for classical systems).

o For a disc rotating about its axis, L = Iω = (½ m_objR²)ω.

o M = (q / (2m_obj)) * (½ m_objR²)ω = ¼ qωR².

o If q = σ(πR²), then M = ¼ (σπR²)ωR² = ¼ σωπR⁴. (Matches above).

o The note M = QωR²/3 is for a uniformly charged solid sphere.

o The note M = (4/3)πσωR⁴ is if σ is volume charge density for a sphere of radius R. Q =

(4/3)πR³σ. Then M = (1/2m) Q L = (1/2m) Q (2/5 mR²ω) = (1/5)QR²ω. This seems
different. Let's re-derive for solid sphere.

 Example 3 (Spiral with N turns):

o Inner radius a, outer radius b. Current i.

o Number of turns per unit radius dN/dx = N/(b-a).

o Consider a thin strip of dx at radius x. Number of turns in it dN = (N/(b-a)) dx.

o Current in these turns dI_effective = i * dN = i (N/(b-a)) dx.

o Area of these turns A_x = πx².

o dM = dI_effective * A_x = i (N/(b-a)) πx² dx.

o M = ∫_a^b i (N/(b-a)) πx² dx = [iNπ/(b-a)]

[x³/3]_a^b = iNπ(b³-a³)/(3(b-a)).

o M = iNπ(b²+ab+a²)/3.

 Example 4 (Half Toroid):

o N turns over length πR (mean circumference of half toroid). Tube diameter d_tube.

o Number of turns per unit angle dN/dθ = N/π. In angle dθ, dN = (N/π)dθ.

o Current effectively dI = i (N/π)dθ.

o Area of one small loop (cross-section of toroid tube) A_small =

π(d_tube/2)² = πd_tube²/4.

o dM = dI * A_small = i (N/π)dθ * (πd_tube²/4) = iN(d_tube²/4)

dθ.

o This dM is the moment of the turns in dθ.

 o This needs careful interpretation. It is likely asking for the magnetic moment of the
half-toroid structure itself.

 Example 5 (Rotating Cone):

o Uniformly charged cone, charge Q, radius R, height h. Rotating with ω.

o This usually involves integrating magnetic moments of elemental discs making up the
cone.

o The result M_x = M_total cos α (where α is semi-vertical

angle) is a component if M_total is along the cone's axis.

o M = (1/10) QωR² for a solid cone if total charge Q is uniformly distributed.

Page 10: Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields

 Net Force (Lorentz Force): F_net = qE + q(v x B)

 Velocity Selector (Condition for undeflected particle):

o If E, B, and v are mutually perpendicular.

o For no deflection, F_e + F_m = 0 => qE = -q(v x B).

o Magnitudes: qE = qvB => v = E/B.

o The particle must be projected with this specific speed to pass undeflected.

 Example: Particle projected with specific charge α, initial velocity v = v₀i -

v₀k, Field B = -B₀k. (This seems different from diagram.)

o The diagram shows: Particle with specific charge α (q/m) projected from origin with v
= v₀i.

o Fields are E = E₀j, B = B₀k.

o F_e = qE₀j.

o F_m = q(v x B) = q [(v_xi + v_yj + v_zk)

x (B₀k)] = q [v_xB₀(i x k) +
v_yB₀(j x k)] = q [-v_xB₀j +
v_yB₀i].

o Equations of motion:

 ma_x = qv_yB₀

 ma_y = qE₀ - qv_xB₀

 ma_z = 0 (so v_z = 0 if initially 0).

o This describes motion in the xy-plane. It's a cycloidal path.

o The notes say "Path is helix." This happens if E || B, and v has a component
perpendicular to both.
 o The sub-example "Ex: E || B and particle velocity is ⊥ to both":

 E = E₀j, B = B₀j. v = v₀i.

 F_e = qE₀j.

 F_m = q(v₀i x B₀j) =

qv₀B₀k.

 Particle accelerates along y (due to E) and also moves in a circle in xz plane

(due to v₀ and B). This is a helix with increasing pitch.

 The notes show v_y = (qE_0/m)t, y = ½ (qE_0/m)t². This is the accelerated

motion along y.

 The circular path radius in xz plane is r = mv_0 / B_0q.

 Rate of Work done by E-field (Power): P_e = F_e ⋅ v = qE ⋅ v.

Page 11: More Combined Fields (Cycloidal Motion)

 E ⊥ B, particle starts from rest. E = E₀i, B = B₀j.

o Initial velocity v=0.

o F_net = qE₀i + q(v x B₀j).

o v = v_xi + v_zk (motion will be in xz plane since B is along y).

o v x B = (v_xi + v_zk) x B₀j =

v_xB₀(i x j) + v_zB₀(k x j) =
v_xB₀k - v_zB₀i.

o Equations of motion:

 ma_x = qE₀ - qv_zB₀ =>

dv_x/dt = (q/m)E₀ -
(qB₀/m)v_z

 ma_z = qv_xB₀ => dv_z/dt =

(qB₀/m)v_x

o This is a standard cycloidal motion problem.

o Solutions (from notes, where ω = qB₀/m):

 v_x = (E₀/B₀) sin(ωt) (or

V_msin(ωt) where V_m =
E₀/B₀)

 x = (E₀/B₀ω) (1 - cos(ωt))

 v_z = (E₀/B₀) (1 - cos(ωt)) (derived

from dv_z/dt = ωv_x)

 z = (E₀/B₀ω) (ωt - sin(ωt))

 o The path is a cycloid in the xz-plane.

 Example: Torque on a rotating disc in perpendicular B field (B along axis of rotation).

o Disc rotating with ω. B field along the axis of rotation.

o dτ = dμ B. If μ is aligned with B (due to rotation generating μ along axis), then sinθ=0,

so τ=0.

o The example dτ = dμ B implies B is perpendicular to dμ.

o If B is in the plane of the disc (⊥ to ω and μ), then dμ (from a ring) is along ω. Then τ
= μB.

o Using μ = ¼ σωπR⁴ (from page 9), τ = (¼ σωπR⁴) B.

o The image shows B perpendicular to the axis (dr, dμ drawn).

 Magnetic moment of an elemental ring dμ = di A = (σ ω r dr) (πr²) = σωπr³ dr.

 Torque on this element dτ = dμ B sin(90°) = σωπBr³ dr.

 Total torque τ = ∫₀^R σωπBr³ dr = ¼ σωπBR⁴.

Page 12: Applications and Further Examples

 Example 1: Uniform E and B along y-axis. Particle leaves origin with v₀ along x-
axis.

o E = E_yj, B = B_yj. Initial velocity v = v₀i.

o F_e = qE_yj.

o F_m = q(v x B) = q [(v_xi + v_yj + v_zk)

x (B_yj)] = q [v_xB_y(i x j) +
v_zB_y(k x j)] = q [v_xB_yk -
v_zB_yi].

o Equations of motion:

 ma_x = -qv_zB_y

 ma_y = qE_y

 ma_z = qv_xB_y

o Along y-axis: Accelerated motion: v_y = (qE_y/m)t, y =

½(qE_y/m)t².

o In xz-plane: Circular motion with radius r = mv₀/qB_y and T

= 2πm/qB_y.

o Combined path: Helix with increasing pitch along y-axis.

o y-coordinate when it crosses y-axis for n^th time:

  This means the projection in xz plane has returned to origin (completed n
circles).

 Time taken T_n = n * (2πm/qB_y).

 y_n = ½ (qE_y/m) T_n² = ½

(qE_y/m) [n * 2πm/qB_y]².

 y_n = ½ (qE_y/m) (n² * 4π²m²/q²B_y²) =

(2π²mn²E_y) / (qB_y²).

o Angle between v and y-axis: tanθ = v_⊥ / v_y where

v_⊥ is speed in xz plane (=v₀).

 Example 2 (Impulse on conductor):

o A conductor of length L is in B field. A charge Q passes through it suddenly (current

pulse).

o Impulse J = ∫ F dt = ∫ (BiL) dt = BL ∫ i dt = BLQ.

o Impulse J = Δp = mv (if starts from rest).

o So, mv = BLQ => v = BLQ/m.

o If this velocity causes it to rise to height H: ½mv² = mgH => v = √(2gH).

o So, Q = m√(2gH) / BL.

 Example 3 (Rotating disc with charge σ):

o This is magnetic moment M calculation again.

o dM = di A = (dq/T) πr² = (dq ω/2π) πr² = (σ 2πr dr ω/2π) πr² = σωπr³ dr.

o M = ∫σωπr³ dr = σωπR⁴/4. The notes have R⁵/5, this is for a different scenario or a
typo. (It should be R⁴/4).

 Example 4 (Current loop in equilibrium - torque balance):

o A circular loop (radius R, mass m_ring) pivoted, carrying current i, in B field.

o Magnetic torque τ_B = MBsinθ = i(πR²)Bsinθ.

o Gravitational torque τ_mg = (m_ringg)R_cmsinθ.

If pivoted at edge, R_cm = R.

o For equilibrium, τ_B = τ_mg.

o The notes show MgR = iπR²B (assuming sinθ cancels or θ=90° for max torque
application).

o i = Mg / (πRB).

Page 13: Complex Equilibrium and Motion

 Example 1 (Bent wire in B field):

 o A wire with a segment of length l in B field, and another segment of length x outside,
making an angle.

o Equation BiL = mg + Bix sin30° (or similar) is a force balance.

o Bi(l-x) = mg: This could be for a sliding part, where (l-x) is the length in the field.

 Example 2 (Equilateral triangular frame):

o Side l. Current i. Suspended in B field.

o Forces on sides are Bil. Need to sum them vectorially or balance torques.

o 2Fsin30° = mg likely refers to two upward force components balancing weight. F here
is the tension or magnetic force on a side component.

o 2(Bi(l-x)) ½ = mg. This seems like x is a portion not in the field. (l-x) is in field.

 Example 3 (Rod/Frame (side view) in B field):

o Forces F (likely magnetic) acting on ends of a rod.

o Resolving components. Bcosθ, Bsinθ.

o This is likely about finding conditions for equilibrium (net force = 0, net torque = 0).

 Example 4 (Ring translating/rotating in B field):

o τ = Iα. Magnetic torque MB = i(πR²)B.

o Moment of Inertia of ring I = mR².

o iπR²B = mR²α => α = iπB/m. (Angular acceleration).

 Example 5 (Particle on a rough plane with B field):

o Initial velocity V₀. Rough plane, coefficient of friction μ.

o Frictional force f = μN. If plane is horizontal, N = mg. So f = μmg.

o Deceleration a = f/m = μg.

o Velocity at time t: V(t) = V₀ - μgt.

o Magnetic force F_m = BqV(t) = Bq(V₀ - μgt).

o Radius of path r(t) = mV(t)/Bq = m(V₀ - μgt)/Bq.

o The particle spirals inwards with decreasing speed and decreasing radius.

Page 14: Particle with Drag and Complex Motion

 Example 1 (Particle with opposing force F = -αv in B field):

o Magnetic force provides centripetal acceleration: Bqv = mv²/R => R = mv/Bq.

o Drag force causes deceleration: m(dv/dt) = -αv.

 o ∫ dv/v = -∫ (α/m)dt => ln(v/v₀) = -αt/m => v(t) = v₀e^-
αt/m.

o Radius as a function of time: R(t) = (m/Bq) v₀e^-αt/m.

o The particle spirals inwards, landing at the center as t → ∞.

 Example 2 (Particle on rough horizontal surface with E and B fields):

o B field B₀k (vertical). E field E₀j (horizontal). Particle on xy plane.

o Normal force N: If E field is vertical and qE₀ acts downwards, N = mg + qE₀. If qE₀ acts
upwards, N = mg - qE₀. Assuming E field is such that it presses particle onto surface
or doesn't lift it.

o Frictional force f = μN = μ(mg + qE₀). (Assuming E field is horizontal, this qE_o in N

term is likely a misinterpretation or specific setup where E has vertical component or
induced vertical force).

o Let's assume E is horizontal, so N=mg. Friction f = μmg.

o The diagram shows B₀ vertical, E₀ horizontal.

o Force f = μ(mg+qE₀) suggests E₀ is vertical (or component).

o If a = μ(mg+qE₀)/m is deceleration of speed for spiral.

o v = v₀ - at. Time to stop t = v₀/a.

o R = mv/Bq. dR = (m/Bq)dv. dv = -adt.

o dR = -(m/Bq)a dt.

o R(t) = R₀ - (ma/Bq)t = R₀ - (m/Bq)[μ(mg+qE₀)/m]t = R₀ - [μ(mg+qE₀)/Bq]t.

o Time for R to become 0: t = R₀Bq / [μ(mg+qE₀)]. Where R₀ = mv₀/Bq.

o t = (mv₀/Bq) Bq / [μ(mg+qE₀)] = mv₀ / [μ(mg+qE₀)]. This matches t=v₀/a.