TOPIC 1 ‘THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS Objectives: Describe the construction of three phase transformers i)Primary windings i)secondary windings iidjiron ype b)Explain the principle of operation of three phase transformer i)Current and voliage itu ratio ifi)relationship berween primary and secondary values iv)Transjormer E.M.F equation v)Star-delta/Delta -star connections Explain the three phase transformers itransformeron load ‘efficiency test iii)Open circuit test and short circuit test )State applications of three phase transformers REF: ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT THEORY and TECHNOLOGY BY JOHN BIRD INTRODUCTION A transformer- is a device which uses the phenomenon of mutual induction to change the values of alternating voltages and currents. ‘A transformer consist of two electrical circuit linked by a common ferromagnetic core. One coil is termed the Primary winding which is connected. to the supply of electricity, and the other, the secondary winding which may be connected to oad. A circuit diagram symbol for a transformer. ‘When the secondary is an open- circuit and an alternating voltage V, is applied to the primary ‘winding. a small current ~ called the no load current Ip = flows, which sets up a magnetic flux in the cove. This alternating flux Hnks,with both primary and secondary coils and induces in them emf of &; and 2 respectively by mutual induction, ‘The induced e.m.{E in a coil of N tumsis given by: Be wi? = voles Where % = is the rate of change of flux. ‘NOTE: In an ideal transformer, the rate of change Of flux is the same for both primary and secondary land therefore the transformer equation Ration: Voltage nsec _ Naof turns nsec In ideal transformer, losses are negligible nd neglected and therefore the transformer is ‘considered to be 100% efficient. Hence for ideal transformer. Input power = output power Vil = Vala a ‘Combining the above transformer equations gives ‘No. of tums in primary Jz = Current in secondary 4, =current in primary NOTE: The transformer rating is stated in terms of the Volt-Ampere. ‘Transformer on No-Load phasor diagram 5 « ‘The core flux is common to both primary and ‘secondary windings in a transformer and is thus taken as a reference phasor diagram, ‘On no load, the primary windings takes a small no load current [, and since , with losses neglected,the primary windings is a pure inductor. this lag the ‘applied voltage V, by 90°. In the phasor diagram, ‘assuming np losses, current J, produces the flux ‘and is drawn in phase with flax. The primary induced emf E,; is in phase opposition to V, and ‘equal in magnitude. ‘Ano-load phasor diagram practical transformer, is ‘as shown below. If current flows then losses will ‘occur. When losses are considered then the no- load current /, is the phasor sum of two the magnetizing component, in phase with the flux and ‘Youage tern Noof carnsin pri ‘the core loss component (supplying the eo hysteresis and eddy current losses) aT im 75|Page NOTES BY ENG ODIPO 0729692775 risdaumnrisawition EY studocu Downloaded by Peter Kathuwvih peterkathuvih @ gmail.com)te Power factor on no-load = Cos By “Total core losses (iron losses)= V,I,Cos 0, SQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF ‘The figure above shows the equivalent circuit of a transformer. R, and R, represent the resistance of primary and secondary windings X, and X2 represent the reactances of the primary and secondary windings, due to leakage flux. ‘The core losses due to hysteresis and eddy currents are allowed for by resistance R which takes current /;. The core loss component of the primary current. Reaciance X takes the magnetizing component I. Irisoften convenient to assume that all of the resistance and reactance as being on one side of the transformer. U_____. Resistance R inthe figure above, can be replaced by inserting an additional resistance inthe primary circuit such that the power absorbed in Ry ‘when carrying the primary current is equa to that in R, due to the secondary current ie PyR, =P Ry From which, R’, = Ro (#2) = R, (#2 Tc tote pte ene me py Sos nese pay ol scoy counter wagueetane tose, Beams BCG) by sin sing equa reatance Remy cen ase XeXy+ Xp wy ‘The equivalent impedance Z, of the primary and ‘conn grt py en 2. = [Ry + X2, tf, Se pinscangl beeen, andthe voll topne 76|Page NOTES BY: z ‘The simplified equivalent circuit of a transformer is as shown below: oJ L__. Fxample: ‘Attransformer has 600 primary turns and 150 ‘secondary turns. The primary and secondary resistance are 0.250 and 0.010 respectively and ‘corresponding leakage reactance are 1.0Qand 0.04 O respectively. Determine: a)The equivalent resistance referred to the tytheoqevalnt reactance reir to the ne Keh+ u(y Xe= 10+ 00s(S8)° = L640 ‘othe equivalent impedance referred to the 2, = UA FLEE = 1.690. ‘ithe phase angle of the impedance Sh 0, = Cos-*( 84) = 75.96? Regulation of «transformer {Wen te sscondary of transformer is loaded the secondary terminal vllag, Valls Ashe power fatordecrens thi cop increase. Thins known ‘the regulation of the transformer and it Iseully expressed sa percaage ofthe Secondary abled ola, £,> For fll oad cendiions. Voltage regulation: = (=) vollage, (Ez V2) incamed by the resistance and reactance ofthe windings, ‘Typical vais ofvllge regulation ae about 3% intmal tansfrmes and abut 1% inlargs tnasfrmers ENG ODIPO 0729692775 Downloaded by Peter Kathuvih peterkathuvih @ gmail.com)(CONNECTIONS OF THREE PHASE ‘TRANSFORMERS For large scale electrical power generation and transmission of high voltages of L10KV, 132Kv.275KV. 400 and 750kV. Three phase transformers are necessary to step up transmission voltages to the level of uansmission voltages and at the load centres, they are again required to step down voltages to that of distribution voltages. EE LA ‘THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER, CONNECTIONS )Star-Star or Y ~Y connections b)Delta Delta or A— A connection )WyerDelta or YA Connection d)Delta/Wye or AVY connection Star or V~ V connections Starstar connection is generally used for small, high-voltage transformers. Because of star connection, number of required tums/phase is reduced hence, Phase voltage Y= of the line Voluge Le V, = VV, 77|Page NOTES BY: + The ratio of line voltages on the primary side and the secondary side is equal to the ‘transformation ratio of the transformers. Only works where the load is balanced. “Fle ort | se 0° Angular Displacement Advantages ‘Applicable for balanced loads Eliminates distortion in the secondary voltage Delta or_A ~A connection € c ‘ | . l : B b A a ic c 0° Angular Displacement “This connection is generally used for large, low- voltage transformers. Number of required phase/turns is relatively ‘greater than tha for star-star connection. = The Line voltage is equal to phase voltage vy, ENG ODIPO 0729692775 risdaumnrisawition EY studocu Downloaded by Peter Kathuwvih peterkathuvih @ gmail.com)Advantages Can be used even for unbalanced loading. -Even if one transformer is disabled, system can continue to operate in open delta connection but ‘with reduced available capacity. QWye/Delta oF ¥/A Connection “Sie 7 Tall Toe CAN 30° Angular Displacement ~The primary winding is star (Y) connected with ‘grounded neutral and the secondary winding is delta connected. “This connection is maisly used in step down transformer at the substation end of the transmission line. “The ratio of secondary to primary line voltage is 1/3 times the transformation ratio. There is 30° shift between the primary and secondary line voltages. ana ran . le ‘ | , ‘ | ‘ Ba b — ea = © 30° Angular Displacement Fig. 33.7 The primary winding is connected in delta and the secondary winding is connected in star with neutral 78|Page NOTES BY: grounded. Thus it can be used to provide S-phase 4+ “This type of connection is mainly used in step-up transformer atthe beginning of transmission line. ~The ratio of secondary to primary line voinge is V3 times the transformation ratio. There is 30° shi between the primary and secondary lie vltages. Above transformer connection, configurations are shown in the following figure. Example ‘A3-phaseSOFz transformer has adelta ~ connected primary and star connected secondary, the line voltage being 22000V and 40OV respectively. The secondary has a star ‘connected balanced load at 0.8 power factor lagging. The line current on the primary side is 5A. Determine the current in each coil of the primary and in each secondary line. What is the ‘output of the transformer in KW Sn, ae Lhe oe ov Oupu power P= VBV,1, Cos 8 P= V3 (400) x (275)x 0.8 = 15.244 Example ‘Atthree phase transformer has 500 primary ‘turns and 50 secondary turns. I the supply ‘voltage is .AKV find the secondary line vatage ‘on no- load when the windings are connected. aStar-delta Didelta ~star Ska a) Star -Delta Fora star~ connection, V, Primary phase voltage , Vps = "= = For delta connection , Vi = Vo $8 for which seconiry voltage, ENG ODIPO 0729692775 Downloaded by Peter Kathuvih peterkathuvih @ gmail.com)‘b)Delta -Star Fora dela connection = Vp Fens primary pase voltage Vp, = 2480 aay Sony pln lage, Yr = Vos (2) 2400 (22) =240 vor For star connection, V, = V3Vp Hence the secondary ine voltage =/3 (240) ‘Transformer Losses and Effi There are two sources of losses in transformers on load, these being copper losses and iron losses. a)Copper losses D)lron Losses + Hysteresis loss + Eddy Current Loss 1) Copper losses- are available and result in a heating of the conductors due to the fact that they posses resistance 2)fron Losses Are constant for a given value of frequency and flux density and are two types— hysteresis loss and eddy current loss. ‘Hysteresis loss: is the heating of the core as a result of the internal molecular structure reversal ‘which occurs as the magnetic flux alternates/cuts the core. ii) Fady current loss ~ is the heating ofthe core due to e.m.f being induced not only in the ‘ansformer windings but also in the core. These induced e.m_f sets up circulating currents called. eddy currents. ‘SUMMARY OF TRANSFORMER LOSES ‘AND HOW TO MINIMIZE THE LOSS TYPEOF | CAUSE HOW TO ‘MINIMISE Due to heating | Use thicker of the copper | conductors, coilsturns “Los of Using Acore energy in form | of asoftiron of which magnetising — | magnetize and and demagnetising | demagnetize easily addy current | Heat generated | Laminating Loss in the soft iron | the core with coreas the | shin sheers of ‘magnetic flux | insulated soft cuts the core __| iron plates Losses input power @ Note: It is usually expressed as a percentage. Itis not uncommon for power transformer to have efficiencies of between 95% and 98% Output power = V21;Cos 0 Total losses = copper loss + iron losses Input power = output power + loses Example ‘A200 kVA rated transformer has afullload ‘copper loss of 15 KW and an Iron loss of 1kW. Determine althe transformer efficiency af full ad and 0.8 power factor. sia i output Power Efficiency 0 = “pur Power = lout powernfosies “Taput pwe? s/s Input Power Full- Load Output power = VICos® (200) 0.85) = 170kW 15-4 1.0=2.5kW Output power + Losses Total losses Input power Efficiency 9 2 1-252 1- 0.01449 00.9855 or 98.55% The transformer efficiency at halfload and 0.85 power factor. sia Half fill-oad power output = =(200)(0.85) =85kW Copper toss (or FR loss is proportional to curren squared nce he copper loss at hal fulloadis #4500) = 275 Tron tosses 1000W (constant) Total New losses =575 + 1000 = 1375W or 13758W ‘ou power at half allload = Output power at haf load + Losses 09-4 1.575 = 80.873 kW = 0.9841 or BAI% Example 400 kVA transformer has a primary winding resistance of 0.5 Qand secondary winding resistance of 0.001 (2. The iron loss is 2.5 kW and the primary and secondary voltage are SkV ‘and 320V respectively. Ifthe power factor of the load is 0.85, determine the efficiency of the transformer on: Rating = 400KVA = Vsly = ViVe Hence, primary current, I, = 92! NOTES BY: ENG ODIPO 0729692775 risdaumnrisawition EY studocu Downloaded by Peter Kathuvih (peterkathuvih @ gmail.com)And secondary current ,, Total Copper Loss = ,? Ry+ 1,2Ry Where R, = 0.58tand Ry = 0.001 Total Copper Loss = (80) (0.5}+ (1250)*(0.001) fall load, total loss = Copper loss + tron Loss 762.5W + 2500W 7262.5W = 7.2625kW Total ouput power on full load = Vil,Cos = (400.x 10")(0.85) = 340kW Input power = ouput power + Losses = 340kW + 7.2625kW Efficiency 9 *L-Sl 7.91% b)half load Since the copper loss varies as the square of the current, then total copper loss on half load = (7047625) = 190.5250 Hence total loss on half load = 1190.625 + 2500 = 3690.025W or 3.691 kW (Output power on half full Toad Ww 5 (340) = 170 Input power on half full load = outpat power + Losses {TOKW + 3691kW 73.691kW Hence efficiency at haf full load: Efficiency =1-—22_ bt ~ sm = 97.87% ‘Maximum efficiency, Ie may be shown that the efficiency of a transformer is maximum when the variable copper loss (/?4Rs + /7222) is equal tothe constant iron losses. Example ‘A.500 kVA transformer has full-Load copper loss of 4kW and iron loss of 2.5 kW. Determine: )The output KVA at which the effeeiciency of transformer is maximum. Sin Let x be the fraction full oad EVA at which the efficiency is a maximum. The corresponding total copper toss = (4kW)x") At maximum efficiency, copper loss = iron loss Hence, (ABW) x2) = 2.5K NOTES BY: Hence, the output KVA at maximum efficiency = 0.79] « 500 = 305.5kVA b)Phe maximum efficiency, assuming the power factor of the load is 0.75 Sh Total loss at maximum efficiency = 2 x 2.5 = kW ‘A 12OKVA, 600/400 V , Y/Y 3-phase transformer has an iron loss of 1600W. The maximum efficiency occurs at % full load. Find the efficiencies of the transformer at i)Full “load and 0.8 pf Half ~load and unity power factor {Since maximum efficiency occurs ull ~ Toad, Cu ont falbtoad equa 0 ls of 1e00w Cu loss ar% FL = 16000 Cu losies ot PL = 1600% (9? = 2845 FL output at 0.8 p.f = 120k x 0.8 = 96000W Total loss = 16000 + 2845 = 4445 W 1 = spat F100 = 95.57% )Cu loss at % full-load: Total toss 710 + 1000 = 2310W Outpui at % FLand unity power factor is = 60kW = 60000W ie 1 of I20KVA = 6OKW n= pettth x 100 = 96.57% it) Maximum efficiency oceurs at % full load when iron loss equals Cit loss. Total loss +x 1600 = 3200W Output at wp.f = %x 1200k = 93200W = et x 100 = 95.57% Example ASKVA, 200V/400V, single -phase transformer hhas a secondary voltage of 387.6 volts when loaded. Determine the regulation of the ‘transformer. Sin Voltage regulation: (ee oteedssondary stage Voltage reulaon:= (22 Votiage regulation: = (S22) 100% = 11% ENG ODIPO 0729692775 minal voltage on: Downloaded by Peter Kathuvih peterkathuvih @ gmail.com)Example ‘The open cirenit voltage of a transformer i 240V.-A tap changing device is set to operation ‘when the percentage regulation drops below 2.5¢e. determine the load voltage at which the ‘mechanics operates. sin Voltage regulation: Vz = 240-6 = 234 Volts EME cquation of transformer Tet, be the mavimum valu of the cand f be the equency ofthe supply. The time fr | eyee of te alernang fxs periodic me Twhere T= 7 seconds ‘he fx rses sunoidaly from Zao toits ttaimem vaie in eyle andthe tine for Seyte is 2 seconds Hence the average rte of change of x= 22 7 fq, Wois AAnd'sine | Wo/s= 1 vot, the average eam. induced in each tm = 470 Volts [Ashe fle © varies sinseldal,then a sinusoidal ant wil be induce in each un of Both prinary tad secondary windings Fora sine wave, fom fator= —PM2*#— 11 Hence rms value = form factor x average value = LL x average value 1.11 x 4f, volts AAMO, Volts Hence the rm value of e.mf induced in primary Ey=4AMDy, Nyvolts ‘Hence the rms value of e.mf induced in secondary E,=4.44f0,, Navolts ‘Transformer on ~ Load phasor diagram IF the voltage drop in the windings of atransformer are assumed negligible.then the terminal voltage V2 is the same as the induced emf Ey in the secondary. Similarly V, = E,. Assuming an equal number of turns on primary and secondary windings, then V, E, and let the load have a lagging phase angle 0 Inthe phasor diagram above, current ly lags Vp By angle @. When a load is connected across the secondary windings a current flows in the secondary winding. The resulting secondary e.m.f ‘acts so a8 to tend to reduce the core flux. However this does not happen since reduction of the flux reduces to Ey, hence reflected increase in primary ‘current /,' occurs which providesa restoring mmf. Hence at all loads, primary and secondary mmf's ‘are equal, but in opposition, and the core flux remains constant. [' is sometimes called the “balancing’ current and is equal, but in the opposite direction. to current [2 as shown above. at a phase angle 09 to V, is the no load current of the twansformer ‘The phasor sum of I', and Ig gives the supply ‘current /, and the phase angle between V, and ly is shownas 0 Example A single phase S00V/100V SOF transformer has ‘a maximum core flux of 1.ST and an effective ‘core cross-section area of 50cm*. Detrmine the ‘number of primary and secondary turns Sin The emf equation of transformer ix A4fOyN volts A= (1.5504 10-*) = 75x 10-* Wo z 500 ~ EMO, ~ T44GOVSx 10-4) 300 turns 444fp, Nevolts 6 = N E, 0 > Tat GO OSx 10) TRANSFORMER TEST ‘Oven and Short Circuit Test of T ‘Open and short circuit tests are performed on a ‘transformer to determine the: 1. Equivalent circuit of transformer 2. Voltage regulation of transformer 3. Efficiency of transformer ‘The power required for open circuit tests and short circuit tests on a transformer is equal to the ‘power loss occurring in the transformer. 81/Page NOTES BY risdaumnrisawition EY studocu Downloaded by Peter Kathuwvih peterkathuvih @ gmail.com) ENG ODIPO 0729692775‘Open Circuit Test on Transformer Open Circuit Test on Transformer ‘The connection diagram for open cireuit test on transformer is shown in the figure aboxe. A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are ‘connected in LV side ofthe transformer as shown. ‘The voltage at rated frequency is applied to that LLY side withthe help of a variac of variable ratio auto transformer, ‘The HV side ofthe transformer is kept open. Now with the help of varie, applied voltage gets slowly increased until the vollmeter gives reading equal to the rated voltage of the LV side. After reaching rated LV side voltage, we record all the three instruments reading (Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings). NOTE: 1)The ammeter reading gives the no load current I. As no load current |, is quite smell compared to rated current of the transformer, the voltage drops dve to this current that can be taken as, negligible. 2) wattmeter reading indicates the input power during the test. As the transformer is open circuited, there is no output, hence the input power here consists of core losses in transformer and copper loss in transformer during no load condition. Since the no-load current in the transformer is quite small compared to the full load ccurrent so, we can neglect the copper loss due to the no-load current. Hence, can take the wattmeter reading as equal to the core lesses in the transformer. Let us consider wattmeter reading is Po. Where, Rm is shunt branch resistance of tamformer. If, Zy is shunt branch impedance of transformer. Then, Zn = — de ‘Therefore, if shunt branch reactance of transformer isXm rm (-) = (2) Ct) ‘These values are referred to the LV side of the transformer due to the tests being conducted on the 82|Page NOTES BY: LLY side of transformer. These values could easily bbe referred to HV side by multiplying these values, ‘with square of transformation ratio. Importance of Open Circuit test ‘Therefore. itis seen that the open circuit test on transformer is used to determine core losses in ‘ansformer and parameters of the shunt branch of ‘the equivalent circuit of the transformer. byShort Circuit Test on Transformer “The connection diagram for the shor circuit test on the transformer is shown inthe figure below. A voltmeter, wattmeter, and anammeter ace connected in HV sie ofthe transformer ss shown. ‘Alow voltage of around 5-10% i applied io that HV side with the heip ofa warine 2 variable ratio auto transformer). We short-circuit the LV. of the transformer, Now withthe help of ‘variac applied voltage is slowly increased until the aratineter, and an gmmseter gives reading equal to the rated current ofthe HV side. ‘After reaching the rated current ofthe HV side, we recordall te tree insirument readings (Goltmeter, Ammeter and Watt-meter readings). “The ammeter reading gives the primary equivalent of full load current IL. As the voliage applied for fall load curren in a chor circuit test on the transformer is quite small compared tothe rated primary voltage ofthe transformer, the core losses “nthe transformer ean be taken as negligible here. Short Circuit Test on Transformer Let's say, voltmeter reading is Vx. The wattemeter reading indicates the input power during the test. ‘As wehave short-circuited the transformer, there is no output; hence the input power here consists of ‘copper losses in the transformer. Since the applied ‘voltage V.cis short circuit voltage in the ‘transformer and hence itis quite small compared to the rated voltage, so, we can neglect the core loss ‘due to the small applied volisse, Hence the ‘wattmeter reading can be taken as equal to copper losses in the transformer. Let us consider wattmeter reading is Py. ENG ODIPO 0729692775 Downloaded by Peter Kathuvih peterkathuvih @ gmail.com)Pro = Rel Where, Reis oguivalet resistance of tansfomner. If, Z. is equivalent impedance of transformer. Then, Z, =~" Ih ‘Therefore, if equivalent reactance of transformer is. Xe. Then, X; = Z, Re ‘These values are referred to the HV side ofthe transformer a the tests conducted on the HV side ofthe transformer. These values could exsily be converted tothe LV side by dividing these values with the square of transformation ratio. used to determine copper losses in the transformer at full load. Its also used to obtain the parameters to approximate the equivalent circuit of a transformer. 83|Page NOTES BY ENG ODIPO 0729692775 risdaumnrisawition EY studocu Downloaded by Peter Kathuwvih peterkathuvih @ gmail.com)