UNIT- I (Introduction): Definition of cloud, characteristics of cloud, historical

developments & challenges ahead, the vision of cloud computing, Driving factors towards cloud,
Comparing grid with utility computing, cloud computing and other computing systems, types of
workload patterns for the cloud, IT as a service, Applications of cloud computing.

Overview of CC

CC Definitions & Concepts:

Cloud computing is a virtualization-based technology that allows us to create, configure, and
customize applications via an internet connection. The cloud technology includes a development
platform, hard disk, software application, and database.

The term cloud refers to a network or the internet. It is a technology that uses remote servers on
the internet to store, manage, and access data online rather than local drives. The data can be
anything such as files, images, documents, audio, video, and more.

There are the following operations that we can do using cloud computing:

o Developing new applications and services

o Storage, back up, and recovery of data

o Hosting blogs and websites

o Delivery of software on demand

o Analysis of data

o Streaming videos and audios

Cloud Computing is a new discovered computing platform in which everything from computing
infrastructure and computing power like access rights, softwares, servers, technology, databases
are delivered to a user over the internet as a service without having the need for the user to own
this entire infrastructure.

This computing infrastructure is owned by a third party who allows multiple users to use this
facility and earns revenue depending upon the usage of each individual user.
Why Cloud Computing?
Small as well as large IT companies, follow the traditional methods to provide the IT
infrastructure. That means for any IT company, we need a Server Room that is the basic need
of IT companies.

In that server room, there should be a database server, mail server, networking, firewalls, routers,
modem, switches, QPS (Query Per Second means how much queries or load will be handled by
the server), configurable system, high net speed, and the maintenance engineers.

To establish such IT infrastructure, we need to spend lots of money. To overcome all these
problems and to reduce the IT infrastructure cost, Cloud Computing comes into existence.
Characteristics of Cloud Computing:-
The characteristics of cloud computing are given below:

1) Agility

The cloud works in a distributed computing environment. It shares resources among users and
works very fast.

2) High availability and reliability

The availability of servers is high and more reliable because the chances of infrastructure failure
are minimum.

3) High Scalability

Cloud offers "on-demand" provisioning of resources on a large scale, without having engineers
for peak loads.

4) Multi-Sharing/ Resource Pooling

With the help of cloud computing, multiple users and applications can work more efficiently with
cost reductions by sharing common infrastructure.

5) Device and Location Independence (Broad n/w access)

Cloud computing enables the users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location
or what device they use e.g. PC, mobile phone, etc. As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided
by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect from anywhere.

6) Maintenance

Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, since they do not need to be installed on
each user's computer and can be accessed from different places. So, it reduces the cost also.

7) Low Cost

By using cloud computing, the cost will be reduced because to take the services of cloud
computing, IT company need not to set its own infrastructure and pay-as-per usage of resources.

8) Services in the pay-per-use mode (on demand self service)

Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are provided to the users so that they can access
services on the cloud by using these APIs and pay the charges as per the usage of services.
How does cloud computing work?
Cloud computing is possible because of a technology called virtualization. Virtualization
allows for the creation of a simulated, digital-only "virtual" computer that behaves as if it were a
physical computer with its own hardware. The technical term for such a computer is virtual
machine. When properly implemented, virtual machines on the same host machine are
sandboxed from one another, so they don't interact with each other at all, and the files and
applications from one virtual machine aren't visible to the other virtual machines even though
they're on the same physical machine.

Virtual machines also make more efficient use of the hardware hosting them. By running
many virtual machines at once, one server becomes many servers, and a data center becomes a
whole host of data centers, able to serve many organizations. Thus, cloud providers can offer the
use of their servers to far more customers at once than they would be able to otherwise, and they
can do so at a low cost.

Even if individual servers go down, cloud servers in general should be always online and
always available. Cloud vendors generally back up their services on multiple machines and
across multiple regions.

Users access cloud services either through a browser or through an app, connecting to the
cloud over the Internet – that is, through many interconnected networks – regardless of what
device they're using.
Advantages of Cloud Computing:-

1) Back-up and restore data

Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is easier to get back-up and restore that data using the cloud.

2) Improved collaboration
Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing groups of people to quickly and easily share
information in the cloud via shared storage.

3) Excellent accessibility
Cloud allows us to quickly and easily access store information anywhere, anytime in the whole
world, using an internet connection. An internet cloud infrastructure increases organization
productivity and efficiency by ensuring that our data is always accessible.

4) Low maintenance cost

Cloud computing reduces both hardware and software maintenance costs for organizations.

5) Mobility
Cloud computing allows us to easily access all cloud data via mobile.
6) IServices in the pay-per-use model
Cloud computing offers Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to the users for access services
on the cloud and pays the charges as per the usage of service.

7) Unlimited storage capacity

Cloud offers us a huge amount of storing capacity for storing our important data such as documents,
images, audio, video, etc. in one place.

8) Data security
Data security is one of the biggest advantages of cloud computing. Cloud offers many advanced
features related to security and ensures that data is securely stored and handled.
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing:-
A list of the disadvantage of cloud computing is given below -

1) Internet Connectivity
As you know, in cloud computing, every data (image, audio, video, etc.) is stored on the cloud,
and we access these data through the cloud by using the internet connection. If you do not have
good internet connectivity, you cannot access these data. However, we have no any other way to
access data from the cloud.

2) Vendor lock-in
Vendor lock-in refers to a situation where the cost of switching to a different vendor is so high
that the customer is essentially stuck with the original vendor.

Vendor lock-in is the biggest disadvantage of cloud computing. Organizations may face
problems when transferring their services from one vendor to another. As different vendors
provide different platforms, that can cause difficulty moving from one cloud to another.

3) Limited Control
As we know, cloud infrastructure is completely owned, managed, and monitored by the service
provider, so the cloud users have less control over the function and execution of services within a
cloud infrastructure.

4) Security
Although cloud service providers implement the best security standards to store important
information. But, before adopting cloud technology, you should be aware that you will be
sending all your organization's sensitive information to a third party, i.e., a cloud computing
service provider. While sending the data on the cloud, there may be a chance that your
organization's information is hacked by Hackers.
History of Cloud Computing:-
Before emerging the cloud computing, there was Client/Server computing which
is basically a centralized storage in which all the software applications, all the
data and all the controls are resided on the server side.

If a single user wants to access specific data or run a program, he/she need to
connect to the server and then gain appropriate access, and then he/she can do
his/her business.

Then after, distributed computing came into picture, where all the computers
are networked together and share their resources when needed.

On the basis of above computing, there was emerged of cloud computing

concepts that later implemented.

At around in 1961, John MacCharty suggested in a speech at MIT that

computing can be sold like a utility, just like a water or electricity. It was a
brilliant idea, but like all brilliant ideas, it was ahead if its time, as for the next
few decades, despite interest in the model, the technology simply was not ready
for it.

But of course time has passed and the technology caught that idea and after
few years we mentioned that:

In 1999, Salesforce.com started delivering of applications to users using a

simple website. The applications were delivered to enterprises over the
Internet, and this way the dream of computing sold as utility were true.

In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services, providing services like

storage, computation and even human intelligence. However, only starting with
the launch of the Elastic Compute Cloud in 2006 a truly commercial service
open to everybody existed.

In 2009, Google Apps also started to provide cloud computing enterprise

applications.

Of course, all the big players are present in the cloud computing evolution,
some were earlier, some were later. In 2009, Microsoft launched Windows
Azure, and companies like Oracle and HP have all joined the game. This proves
that today, cloud computing has become mainstream.
EARLY 1960S
The computer scientist John McCarthy, come up with concept of timesharing, and
enabling Organization to simultaneously use an expensive mainframe. This
computing is described as a significant contribution to the development of the
Internet, and a pioneer of Cloud computing.
IN 1969
The idea of an “Intergalactic Computer Network” or “Galactic Network” (a
computer networking concept similar to today’s Internet) was introduced by J.C.R.
Licklider, who was responsible for enabling the development of ARPANET
(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). His vision was for everyone on
the globe to be interconnected and being able to access programs and data at any
site, from anywhere.
IN 1970
Using virtualization software like VMware. It become possible to run more than
one Operating System simultaneously in an isolated environment. It was possible
to run a completely different Computer (virtual machine) inside a different
Operating System.
IN 1997
The first known definition of the term “Cloud Computing” seems to be by Prof.
Ramnath Chellappa in Dallas in 1997 – “A computing paradigm where the
boundaries of computing will be determined by economic rationale rather than
technical limits alone.”
IN 1999
The arrival of Salesforce.com in 1999 pioneered the concept of delivering
enterprise applications via simple website. The services firm covered the way for
both specialist and mainstream software firms to deliver applications over the
Internet.
IN 2003
The first public release of Xen, which creates a Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM)
also known as a hypervisor, a software system that allows the execution of
multiple virtual guest operating systems simultaneously on a single machine.
IN 2006
In 2006, Amazon expanded its cloud services. First was its Elastic Compute cloud
(EC2), which allowed people to access computers and run their own applications
on them, all on the cloud. Then they brought out Simple Storage Service (S3). This
introduced the pay-as-you-go model to both users and the industry as a whole, and
it has basically become standard practice now.
IN 2013
The Worldwide Public Cloud Services Market totalled £78bn, up 18.5 per cent on
2012, with IaaS (infrastructure-as-a-service) the fastest growing market service.
IN 2014

In 2014, global business spending for infrastructure and services related to the
cloud will reach an estimated £103.8bn, up 20% from the amount spent in 2013
(Constellation Research).
Risk & Challenges of Cloud Computing
Here, is the list of all risk and challenges of Cloud Computing:
 Security & Privacy
 Interoperability & Portability
 Reliable and flexible
 Cost
 Downtime
 Lack of resources
 Management of Multi-Cloud Environment

i. Security and Privacy of Cloud

The data store in the cloud must secure and provide full confidentiality. The
customers rely on the cloud provider so much. This means that the cloud provider
should take necessary security measures to secure the data of the customers.
Securities are also the responsibility of the customer as they should provide a
strong password, should not share the password with anyone, and regularly change
the password when we did. If the data is outside the firewall there may be some
issues which can eliminate by the cloud provider. Hacking and malware are also
one of the major problems as it can affect multiple customers. Hacking can lead to
data loss; disrupt the encrypted file system and many other problems.
ii. Interoperability and Portability
The customer must be provided with the services of migration in and out of the
cloud. There should be no bond period as it can create a hindrance for the
customers. The cloud should have the ability to provide facilities on the premises.
One of the Cloud challenges is remote access which can eliminate by the cloud
provider so that the customer can access the cloud from anywhere security.

iii. Reliable and Flexible

Reliability and flexibility are also one of the challenges of cloud customers and it
can eliminate in a way that the data provided to the cloud should not leak and the
host should provide the reliability to the customers. To eliminate this challenge the
services provided by the third party should be monitored and supervision should be
done on performance, robustness and business dependency.
iv. Cost
Cloud computing is affordable but modifying the cloud to the customer’s
demand can be sometimes expensive. Moreover, it can cause hindrance to the
small-scale organization is modifying the cloud as per their demand can
sometimes cost more. In addition, transferring of data from the Cloud to the
premises can also sometimes be costly.
v. Downtime
Downtime is the common challenges of cloud computing as no cloud
provider guarantees a platform that is free from downtime. Internet
connection also plays an important role as if a company has an untrustworthy
internet connection then there may be a problem as they can face downtime.

vi. Lack of resources

Lack of resources and expertise is also one of the major challenges faced by
the cloud industry and many companies are hoping to overcome this
challenge by hiring more workers which are more experienced. These
workers will not only help to eliminate the challenges of the companies but
also they will train existing staff to benefit the company. Today many IT
workers are working to boost the cloud computing expertise and CEO of the
company is finding it difficult as the workers are not much skilled. It believes
that workers with knowledge of the latest development and the
technologies related to it will become more valuable in business.
vii. Management of Multi-Cloud Environment
Companies nowadays do not use a single cloud instead they are using
multiple clouds. On an average company are using 4.8 different public and
private clouds due to which their management is hindered. When a company
uses multi-cloud there are so many complexities faced by the IT team. This
Cloud challenge can eliminate by training employees, utilization of proper
tools, and doing research.
Vision of Cloud Computing :-
In Simplest terms, cloud computing means storing and accessing the data
and programs on remote servers that are hosted on internet instead of
computer’s hard drive or local server. Cloud computing is also referred as
Internet based computing.

These are following Vision of Cloud Computing:-

1. Cloud computing provides the facility to provision virtual hardware, runtime

environment and services to a person having money.
2. These all things can be used as long as they are needed by the user.
3. The whole collection of computing system is transformed into collection of
utilities, which can be provisioned and composed together to deploy systems
in hours rather than days, with no maintenance cost.
4. The long term vision of a cloud computing is that IT services are traded as
utilities in an open market without technological and legal barriers.
5. In the future, we can imagine that it will be possible to find the solution that
matches with our requirements by simply entering out request in a global
digital market that trades with cloud computing services.
6. The existence of such market will enable the automation of discovery
process and its integration into its existing software systems.
7. Due to the existence of a global platform for trading cloud services will also
help service providers to potentially increase their revenue.
8. A cloud provider can also become a consumer of a competition service in
order to fulfil its promises to customers.
9. In the near future we can imagine a solution that suits our needs by simply
applying our application to the global digital market for cloud computing
services.
10. The presence of this market will enable the acquisition process to
automatically integrate with its integration into its existing software
applications. The availability of a global cloud trading platform will also
help service providers to increase their revenue.
11. A cloud provider can also be a buyer of a competitive service to fulfill its
promises to customers.
Grid Computing :-
• Grid Computing is a subset of distributed computing.
• Many computers are connected together and made to work as 1
computer.
• Work is divided among computers.
• Non-interactive Workload.
• Links computers resources together, i.e., sharing resources.
• Example:- used in ATMS’s.

Grid Computing Architecture

Comparing grid with utility computing :-
The basic principle used in utility computing and grid computing is identical
-- providing computing resources as a service. The difference lies in the
actual application of this principle.

It is noteworthy that the nomenclature of both grid and utility computing is

derived from the electricity system.

• “The Grid: Blueprint for a new computing infrastructure” (2004), as

a metaphor for making computer power as easy to access as an electric
power grid.

• “Utility computing” originates from the process of making IT

infrastructure and resources available as a metered service similar
to a traditional public utility like electricity.

1. Grid Computing :
Grid Computing, as name suggests, is a type of computing that
combine resources from various administrative domains to achieve
common goal. Its main goal to virtualized resources to simply solve
problems or issues and apply resources of several computers in
network to single problem at same time to solve technical or scientific
problem.

2. Utility Computing :
Utility Computing, as name suggests, is a type of computing that
provide services and computing resources to customers. It is basically
a facility that is being provided to users on their demand and charge
them for specific usage. It is similar to cloud computing and therefore
requires cloud-like infrastructure.
 Grid Computing Utility Computing

It is a process architecture that combines It is process architecture that provides on-

different computing resources from multiple demand computing resources and
locations to achieve desired and common infrastructure on basis of pay per use
goal. method.

It distributes workload across multiple It allows organization to allocate and

systems and allow computers to contribute segregate computing resources and
their individual resources to common goal. infrastructure to various users on basis of
their requirements.
It makes better use of existing resources, It simply reduces IT costs, easier to
address rapid fluctuations in customer manage, provide greater flexibility,
demands, improve computational compatibility, provide more convenience,
capabilities, provide flexibility, etc. etc.

It mainly focuses on sharing computing It mainly focuses on acquiring computing

resources. resources.

It is of three types i.e., computational grid, It is of two type i.e., Internal and external
data grid, and collaborative grid. utility.

It is used in ATMs, back-end It is used in large organizations such as

infrastructures, marketing research, etc. Amazon, Google, etc., where they
establish their own utility services for
computing storage and applications.
Its main purpose is to integrate usage of Its main purpose is to make computing
computer resources from cooperating resources and infrastructure management
partners in form of VO (Virtual available to customer as per their need,
Organizations). and charge them for specific usage rather
than flat rate.

Its characteristics include resource Its characteristics include scalability,

coordination, transparent access, demand pricing, standardized utility
dependable access, etc. computing services, automation, etc.
Difference between Cloud Computing and Grid
Computing :-
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing uses a client-server architecture to deliver computing resources
such as servers, storage, databases, and software over the cloud (Internet) with pay-
as-you-go pricing.

Cloud computing becomes a very popular option for organizations by providing

various advantages, including cost-saving, increased productivity, efficiency,
performance, data back-ups, disaster recovery, and security.

Grid Computing
Grid computing is also called as "distributed computing." It links multiple
computing resources (PC's, workstations, servers, and storage elements) together
and provides a mechanism to access them.

The main advantages of grid computing are that it increases user productivity by
providing transparent access to resources, and work can be completed more
quickly.
 Cloud Computing Grid Computing

Cloud Computing follows client-server computing Grid computing follows a distributed computing
architecture. architecture.

Scalability is high. Scalability is normal.

Cloud Computing is more flexible than grid Grid Computing is less flexible than cloud
computing. computing.

Cloud operates as a centralized management system. Grid operates as a decentralized management

system.

In cloud computing, cloud servers are owned by In Grid computing, grids are owned and managed by
infrastructure providers. the organization.

Cloud computing uses services like Iaas, PaaS, and Grid computing uses systems like distributed
SaaS. computing, distributed information, and distributed
pervasive.
Cloud Computing is Service-oriented. Grid Computing is Application-oriented.

It is accessible through standard web protocols. It is accessible through grid middleware.

Cloud Computing Applications

1. Art Applications
Cloud computing offers various art applications for quickly and easily design attractive cards,
booklets, and images.

2. Business Applications
Business applications are based on cloud service providers. Today, every organization requires
the cloud business application to grow their business. It also ensures that business applications
are 24*7 available to users.

3. Data Storage and Backup Applications

Cloud computing allows us to store information (data, files, images, audios, and videos) on the
cloud and access this information using an internet connection. As the cloud provider is
responsible for providing security, so they offer various backup recovery application for
retrieving the lost data.
4. Education Applications
Cloud computing in the education sector becomes very popular. It offers various online distance
learning platforms and student information portals to the students. The advantage of using cloud
in the field of education is that it offers strong virtual classroom environments, Ease of
accessibility, secure data storage, scalability, greater reach for the students, and minimal
hardware requirements for the applications.

i. Google Apps for Education

ii. Chromebooks for Education
iii. Tablets with Google Play for Education
iv. AWS in Education

5. Entertainment Applications
Entertainment industries use a multi-cloud strategy to interact with the target audience. Cloud
computing offers various entertainment applications such as online games and video
conferencing.

6. Management Applications
Cloud computing offers various cloud management tools which help admins to manage all types
of cloud activities, such as resource deployment, data integration, and disaster recovery. These
management tools also provide administrative control over the platforms, applications, and
infrastructure.

7. Social Applications
Social cloud applications allow a large number of users to connect with each other using social
networking applications such as Facebook, Twitter, Linkedln, etc.
Types of workload patterns for the cloud :-
• A cloud workload is a specific application, service, capability or a specific
amount of work that can be run on a cloud resource.
• Virtual machines, databases, containers, Hadoop nodes and applications are
all considered cloud workloads.
• Example, the number of requests, server load etc.

1. Static Workload

• IT resources with an equal utilization over time experience Static Workload.

• flat utilization profile over time

2. Periodic Workload

• IT resources with a peaking utilization at reoccurring time intervals experience

periodic workload.
• the important work which arrives time to time and in different types.

3. Once-in-a-lifetime Workload

• IT resources with an equal utilization over time disturbed by a strong peak occurring
only once experience Once-in-a-lifetime Workload.
• This shows any most important changes you have to change one time only after that all
managing will be done by cloud hosting providers.

4. Unpredictable Workload

• Unpredictable Workload IT resources with a random and unforeseeable utilization over

time experience unpredictable workload.
• You never confirm how much work you will have assign in future. Cloud computing is
more flexible to solve that types of problems.
 5. Continuously Changing Workload

• IT resources with a utilization that grows or shrinks constantly over time experience
Continuously Changing Workload.
• Continuously changing in workload is show business your growing up or down. You can
manage it by cloud computing.
•

IT as a Service (ITaaS)
IT as a Service (ITaaS) is a technology-delivery method that
treats IT (information technology) as a commodity, providing an enterprise
with exactly the amount of hardware, software, and support that it needs for
an agreed-on monthly fee. In this context, IT encompasses all of the
technologies for creating, storing, exchanging, and using business data.

According to its proponents, ITaaS has numerous and diverse benefits

including:

 Minimal upfront IT investment

 Regular, predictable expenses

 Financial transparency

 Tax advantages

 Continuous monitoring of services

 Expert technical support

 Scalability

 Regular software upgrades and patches

 Guarantee of up-to-date hardware

What is ITaaS?

In the same ways as cloud computing services, enterprise IT

expertise and services offered by the internal IT department can be
consumed “as a service”. This doesn’t mean we’ve simply shifted IT
service offerings to the cloud—not at all.

IT as a Service (ITaaS) can be seen as a transformative

operational model that allows a line of business or user to consume
Information Technology as a managed service. The services are
cataloged, allowing users to consume and pay only for the services
they require. This operating model can be adopted by internal IT
departments or external vendors.

From a user perspective, the experience of consuming ITaaS is

similar to that of visiting a high-end restaurant specialized in a
variety of cuisine. A rich selection of menu items is well cataloged
with exact details on pricing and ingredients. The ordered items are
delivered in an exact quantity within reasonable time. The guest is
only responsible for consuming the food items, and the associated
end-to-end services from procuring raw items to cleaning the table
for next guests is managed by the service provider, the restaurant.

ITaaS works follows a similar approach: a variety of services,

configuration settings, framework guidelines and technologies are
made available to address the unique demands of each user and line
of business. Consumers have a variety of choices and can employ IT
solutions prepared to meet the specific demands, which have already
been assessed and prepared for, but the ITaaS service provider.
They are no longer the tech folks focused on putting out the fire
when an end-user fails to employ a required IT service. Instead, it’s
focused on addressing the unique requirements of internal
consumers, allowing them the options to choose the best available
resources and solutions, along with managing the entire experience
lifecycle associated with it.

Driving Factors Behind Cloud Computing :-

1. Improved IT Agility

As recently as a few years ago, it took far too long for many IT departments to
respond to increasing demand for computing capacity. Too much paperwork, too
many approvals, and a reliance on hard-to-deploy physical servers meant that IT
was often slow to respond to variable organizational needs. Virtualization helped
that situation immensely, and the arrival of cloud computing gives IT organizations
even more of an ability to easily (and cost-effectively) expand and reduce
computing resources to meet fluctuating demands.

2. Cost Savings and ROI

Cloud computing isn’t a panacea, but there are clear-cut cases where moving part
of your IT infrastructure to the cloud makes solid operational and financial sense.
Here at Penton Media we recently moved from a cumbersome
legacy email newsletter tool—developed in house—that required an ongoing (and
expensive) commitment in terms of user training and application maintenance to a
new cloud-based email newsletter solution. If you have
legacy software applications in your own organization, are they really worth the
time, expense, and human capital needed to keep them running when superior
cloud-based alternatives are available?

3. Private Cloud vs. Public Cloud

The concept of the private cloud has gathered steam over the past 12 months.
Public cloud computing services generally rely on having your data on someone
else’s infrastructure. That can be a non-starter for many IT administrators,
especially if your organization operates under tricky auditing, compliance, or data
location requirements. That’s where the private cloud steps in: Leveraging
virtualization and commodity hardware, the private cloud can provide some of the
elastic benefits of public cloud computing without some of the inherent risks that
public cloud computing still needs to address.

4. Cloud-Savvy IT Staff

A new breed of IT professionals is stepping into leadership positions in

many organizations. Some fear that cloud computing could mean the end of their
careers, but savvy IT pros realize that someone in the organization has to take the
lead in selecting what IT platforms and services are moved to the cloud while
simultaneously educating management and the rest of the organization why other
elements aren’t good candidates for cloud computing treatment.

Many organizations are eagerly recruiting skilled IT professionals who not

only have a grasp of the technical aspects of in-house IT, but can also champion
and facilitate the adoption of cloud computing products and services. I’ve heard
firsthand that IT professionals who can simultaneously balance IT and tech needs
while meeting the strategic needs of the business are a hot commodity, and
business leaders should make every effort to retain and reward qualified staff and
spend the necessary capital to train and reward the next generation of IT
leadership.