TEJAS CIVILS

INDEX
1. Previous Year Questions
2. National Parks in India
3. National Parks in Uttar Pradesh
4. Wildlife Sanctuaries in Uttar Pradesh
5. Bird Sanctuaries in Uttar Pradesh
6. Ramsar Site (Wetlands) in India
7. Ramsar Sites in Uttar Pradesh
8. Tiger and Tiger Census in India
9. Tiger Reserves in India
10. Tiger Reserves in Uttar Pradesh
11. Biosphere Reserves in India
12. Environmental Legislations in India
13. Environmental Institutions in India
14. International Environmental Agreements
15. Environmental Movements in India
16. Research Institutes in India

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Previous Years Questions

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NATIONAL PARKS IN INDIA

State/Union Territory National Parks Name

Andaman & Nicobar ★ Campbell Bay National Park
Islands ★ Galathea Bay National Park
★ Mahatma Gandhi Marine (Wandoor) National Park
★ Middle Button Island National Park
★ Mount Harriet National Park
★ North Button Island National Park
★ Rani Jhansi Marine National Park
★ Saddle Peak National Park
★ South Button Island National Park

Andhra Pradesh ★ Papikonda National Park

★ Rajiv Gandhi (Rameswaram) National Park
★ Sri Venkateswara National Park

Arunachal Pradesh ★ Mouling National Park

★ Namdapha National Park

Assam ★ Dibru-Saikhowa National Park

★ Kaziranga National Park [ hosts 2/3rd of the world’s one horned rhino
population; one of the highest density of tigers] [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2006]
★ Manas National Park [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2018]
★ Nameri National Park
★ Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park
★ Dihing Patkai NP
★ Raimona NP

Bihar ★ Valmiki National Park

Chhattisgarh ★ Guru Ghasidas (Sanjay) National Park

★ Indravati (Kutru) National Park [U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Pre) 2016]
★ Kanger Valley National Park

Goa ★ Mollem National Park [U.P.P.S.C. (Pre) 2020]

Gujarat ★ Vansda National Park

★ Blackbuck (Velavadar) National Park
★ Gir National Park [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2006]
★ Marine (Gulf of Kachchh) National Park [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013,2016]

Haryana ★ Kalesar National Park [U.P.P.S.C. (Pre) 2020]

★ Sultanpur National Park

Himachal Pradesh ★ Great Himalayan National Park [ located in Kullu region of Himachal
Pradesh; added to UNESCO’S list of World Heritage sites under
“outstanding significance of biodiversity conservation”] [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2009]
★ Inderkilla National Park

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★ Khirganga National Park
★ Pin Valley National Park [situated in the desert of the Spiti Valley which lies
within the Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve.] [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2016]
★ Simbalbara National Park

Jammu and Kashmir ★ City Forest (Salim Ali) National Park

★ Dachigam National Park [ yellow throated marten, wild goat like the
Markhor and ibex.] [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2018]
★ Kishtwar National Park

Jharkhand ★ Betla National Park [U.P. R.O. (Pre) 2017]

Karnataka ★ Anshi National Park [U.P.R.O. 2016]

★ Bandipur National Park [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2018]
★ Bannerghatta National Park
★ Kudremukh National Park [UPPCS Pre 2005, 2022, M 2011, UPLDA 2010]
Nagarahole (Rajiv Gandhi) National Park

Kerala ★ Anamudi Shola National Park

★ Eravikulam National Park
★ Mathikettan Shola National Park
★ Pampadum Shola National Park
★ Periyar National Park [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2014]
★ Silent Valley National Park [U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2003]

Madhya Pradesh ★ Bandhavgarh National Park [U.P.R.O. 2021]

★ Fossil National Park
★ Dinosaur Fossils National Park
★ Indira Priyadarshini Pench National Park
★ Kanha National Park
★ Madhav National Park
★ Panna National Park
★ Sanjay National Park
★ Satpura National Park
★ Van Vihar National Park

Maharashtra ★ Chandoli National Park

★ Gugamal National Park
★ Navegaon National Park
★ Pench (Jawaharlal Nehru) National Park [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2008]
★ Sanjay Gandhi (Borivali) National Park
★ Tadoba National Park

Manipur ★ Keibul-Lamjao National Park [Located in Bishnupur district of Manipur;

world’s largest floating park; integral component of Loktak lake (Largest
freshwater lake of NE India)]

Meghalaya ★ Balphakram National Park

★ Nokrek Ridge National Park [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2013]

Mizoram ★ Murlen National Park

★ Phawngpui Blue Mountain National Park

Nagaland ★ Intanki National Park [U.P. R.O. 2017]

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Odisha ★ Bhitarkanika National Park
★ Simlipal National Park [U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2009]

Rajasthan ★ Mukundra Hills National Park

★ Desert National Park
★ Keoladeo Ghana National Park [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2014]
★ Ranthambore National Park [northern most limit of the distribution range of
Bengal tiger]
★ Sariska National Park [Located in the Aravalli Ranges denuded over
centuries, it consists of small hills and rocky landscape.] [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre)
2015, M 2012]

Sikkim ★ Khangchendzonga National Park

Tamil Nadu ★ Guindy National Park [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]

★ Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) (Re. Exam) 2015]
★ Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) National Park
★ Mudumalai National Park
★ Mukurthi National Park

Ladakh ★ Hemis National Park [It is only NP of India north of Himalayas; largest
protected area of India, largest national park in India]

Telangana ★ Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park

★ Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park
★ Mrugavani National Park

Tripura ★ Clouded Leopard National Park

★ Bison (Rajbari) National Park

Uttar Pradesh ★ Dudhwa National Park [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2004]

Uttarakhand ★ Corbett National Park [ It is the first national park in India; established in
1936 as Hailey national park to protect Bengal Tiger; first park under
Project Tiger initiative.] [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2017]
★ Gangotri National Park
★ Govind National Park
★ Nanda Devi National Park [Declared World Heritage site by UNESCO in
1988; Valley of flowers and Nanda Devi are encompassed in Nanda Devi
Biosphere reserve.]
★ Rajaji National Park [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]
★ Valley of Flowers National Park [U.P.R.O. 2016]

West Bengal ★ Buxa National Park [U.P.P.C.S. 2010, 2012]

★ Gorumara National Park
★ Jaldapara National Park
★ Neora Valley National Park
★ Singalila National Park
★ Sunderban National Park

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National Park In Uttar Pradesh

Dudhwa National Park:
★ Forest area between Mohana and Suhaili river was declared as a reserved forest in 1861. In
1977 Government declared 614 sq KM area of district Lakhimpur- Kheri as Dudhwa National
Park. Dudhwa National Park is known as the 1st National Park of the state after the formation
of Uttarakhand. dudhwa tiger reserve area= 818 sq
★ Two most incredible sanctuaries of the area kmnamely, Kishanpur and Katerniaghat Wildlife
Sanctuaries to represent the excellent natural forests and greenery along the Terai region.
★ The Sharda River (Kali or Mahakali River) separates Dudhwa National Park from Kishanpur
Wildlife Sanctuary. The Ghaghara River separates Dudhwa National Park from Katarniaghat
Wildlife Sanctuary.
★ Indian rhinoceros was reintroduced into Dudhwa from Pobitora Sanctuary (Assam).

Butterfly Parks in Uttar Pradesh:

1. Lucknow
2. Kanpur

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Uttar Pradesh

The largest wildlife sanctuary in the state is Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary and the smallest is
Mahavir Swami Wildlife Sanctuary.

Chandraprabha Wildlife ★ Established: In 1957 in Chandauli district of UP.

Sanctuary ★ Location: Sanctuary is situated about 70 km from the historic city of Varanasi.
The Karmanasa River, a tributary of the Ganges, flows through the sanctuary,
as does the Chandraprabha River, a tributary of the Karamnasa.

Katarniaghat Wildlife ★ Established: It was established in 1975 in Bahraich district. It is a protected

Sanctuary area in the Upper Gangetic plain in Uttar Pradesh.
★ In 1987, it was brought under the purview of the ‘Project Tiger’, and together
with the Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary and the Dudhwa National Park it
forms the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve.
★ It provides strategic connectivity between tiger habitats National Park In Uttar
Pradesh Wildlife Sanctuaries in Uttar Pradesh of Dudhwa and Kishanpur in
India and the Bardia National Park in Nepal.

National Chambal ★ Established: In 1979, located on the Chambal river near the tripoint of
Sanctuary Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. It is also called National
Chambal Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary.
★ Protection: The last bastion for some of the country's most endangered
wildlife like the Gharial, Muggar, Turtles, Otter and the freshwater Dolphin, the
Chambal region also boasts of a wide variety of aquatic and terrestrial birds.

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Hastinapur Wildlife ★ Established: In 1986. It is a protected area in the Gangetic plains of Uttar
Sanctuary Pradesh.
★ Area: It covers an area of 2073 sq km across Meerut, Muzaffarnagar,
Ghaziabad, Bijnor and Amroha districts. It is the largest wildlife sanctuary in
UP. (UPPCS M 2004)

Kachhua (Turtle) Wildlife ★ Established: In 1989 in Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh under Ganga Action
Sanctuary Plan.
★ Species found: Kachhua Sanctuary is meant for rearing tortoises. Here many
varieties of tortoises can be witnessed.

Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary ★ Established: In 1982 in Mirzapur and Sonbhadra districts.

Mahavir Swami Wildlife ★ The sanctuary is spread over an area of 5.41 km2. Jhansi provides for a
Sanctuary wonderful gateway to the Bundelkhand region and has been rendered
famous by the legendary Rani Laxmi Bai.
★ It was established in 1977

Kishanpur Wildlife ★ The Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary is a part of the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve near
Sanctuary Mailani in Uttar Pradesh in Lakhimpur Kheri and Shahjahanpur districts. It
covers an area of 227 km2 and was founded in 1972.
★ It lies along the banks of the Sharada.
★ The forests of Dudhwa National Park and Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary are not
contiguous and there is agricultural land in between.

Ranipur Wildlife ★ Ranipur Wildlife Sanctuary, which was founded in 1977, is one of the
Sanctuary attractions of Chitrakoot district in Uttar Pradesh. It is spread over 230 sq.km.
★ The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has given its nod to the
Ranipur wildlife sanctuary in Chitrakoot as a Tiger Reserve.
★ This will be the fourth tiger reserve in the state to be developed, after
Dudhwa, Pilibhit, and Amangarh

Sohagi Barwa Wildlife ★ Sohagi barwa WildLife Sanctuary, carved out of the Old Gorakhpur Forest
Sanctuary Division in 1987, is situated in the Maharajganj district of Uttar Pradesh. Its
area is 428 sq. km.
★ The sanctuary, on the border area of the State, has the international
Indo-Nepal border in the North and interstate U.P. – Bihar border to the East.

Suhelwa or Suheldev ★ Located in Shravasti, Balrampur and Gonda districts of Uttar Pradesh,
Wildlife Sanctuary Suhelwa was declared a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1988.
★ At present it is one of the important places where the Bhabar-Terai
Ecosystem area, rich in biodiversity is visible.
★ It is situated on the Indo-Nepal International Border.

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Bird Sanctuaries in Uttar Pradesh

Bakhira Bird Sanctuary ★ Established: In 1990.

★ Area: It covers an area of 28.94 sq km.
★ Features:
o It is the largest natural floodplain wetland of India in Sant Kabir Nagar
district of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. (UPPCS Pre 2008)
o It provides a wintering and staging ground for a number of migratory
waterfowls and a breeding ground for residential birds
o This is also used for farming activities as it is connected to Bakhira Canal
o The Siberian birds travel across 5,000 km to get to these wetlands at the
time of winter.

Okhla Bird Sanctuary ★ Established: In 1990

★ Area: 4 sq. km.
★ Location: Okhla barrage over Yamuna river. It is situated in Noida, Gautam
Buddh Nagar district.

Patna Bird Sanctuary ★ Established: In 1990.

★ Location: Etah district of Uttar Pradesh.
★ Area: It is the smallest bird sanctuary in Uttar Pradesh with a wetland.

Parvati Araga Bird ★ Established: in 1997

Sanctuary ★ Location: Gonda district.
★ Area: 10.84 sq. km.

Jai Prakash Narayan ★ Established: In 1991.

Bird Sanctuary ★ Location: Ballia district.
★ Area: 34.32 sq km.
★ Feature: Generally, foreign and local migratory birds visit this sanctuary
during winters. It is also known as Surha Taal Bird Sanctuary. (UPPCS M
2004)

Lakh Bahosi Bird ★ Established: In 1998.

Sanctuary ★ Location: Farrukhabad district.
★ Area: 80.24 sq km.
★ Features:
o It is the largest bird sanctuary in the state. This sanctuary is home to
various migratory birds from November to March.

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Ramsar Sites (Wetland) in India

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

★ The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands is an international treaty for “the conservation and
sustainable use of wetlands”. It is also known as the Convention on Wetlands.
★ The convention is named after the city of Ramsar in Iran where it was signed on 2nd of February
1971. Since then, the 2nd of February each year is celebrated as World Wetlands Day.
★ The number of parties to the Ramsar Convention (COP) is 172.
★ At the centre of the Ramsar philosophy is the “wise use” of wetlands.
★ Wise use: maintenance of ecological character within the context of sustainable development.
★ The countries with the most Ramsar Sites are the United Kingdom with 175 and Mexico with 142.
★ Bolivia has the largest area under Ramsar protection.

India
★ India has increased its tally of Ramsar sites (Wetlands of International Importance) to 85 from the
existing 80 by designating five more wetlands as Ramsar sites.
★ Ramsar Site certificates were given away to:
○ Nagi Bird Sanctuary, Bihar
○ Nakti Bird Sanctuary, Bihar
○ Tawa Reservoir, Madhya Pradesh
○ Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu
○ Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu

Ramsar Site State

Kolleru Lake Andhra Pradesh

Deepor Beel Assam

Kanwar (Kabar) Taal Bihar

Nagi Bird Sanctuary Bihar

Nakti Bird Sanctuary Bihar

Nanda Lake Goa

Khijadia WLS Gujarat

Nalsarovar BS Gujarat

Thol Lake Gujarat

Vadhvana Wetland Gujarat

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Bhindawas WLS Haryana

Sultanpur NP Haryana

Chandra Taal Himachal Pradesh

Pong Dam Lake Himachal Pradesh

Renuka Lake Himachal Pradesh

Ranganathituu BS Karnataka

Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve Karnataka

Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve Karnataka

Aghanashini Estuary Karnataka

Ashtamudi Wetland Kerala

Sasthamkotta Lake Kerala

Vembanad-Kol Wetland (Longest Lake in India) Kerala

Bhoj Wetland Madhya Pradesh

Sakhya Sagar Madhya Pradesh

Sirpur wetland Madhya Pradesh

Yashwant Sagar Madhya Pradesh

Tawa Reservoir Madhya Pradesh

Lonar Lake (Impact Crater Lake) Maharashtra

Nandur Madhameshwar Maharashtra

Thane Creek Maharashtra

Loktak Lake Manipur

Pala Wetland Mizoram

Ansupa Lake Odisha

Bhitarkanika Mangroves Odisha

Chilika Lake (Oldest Ramsar Site in India) Odisha

Hirakud Reservoir Odisha

Satkosia Gorge Odisha

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Tampara Lake Odisha

Beas Canal Reservoir Punjab

Harike Wetland Punjab

Kanjli Wetland Punjab

Keshopur-Miani Punjab

Nangal WLS Punjab

Ropar Wetland Punjab

Keoladeo National Park Rajasthan

Sambhar Lake Rajasthan

Chitrangudi BS Tamil Nadu

Gulf of Mannar Marine BR Tamil Nadu

Kanjirankulam BS Tamil Nadu

Karikili BS Tamil Nadu

Koonthankulam BS Tamil Nadu

Pallikaranai Marsh Reserve Forest Tamil Nadu

Pichavaram Mangrove Tamil Nadu

Point Calimere WLS & BS Tamil Nadu

Suchindram Theroor Wetland Complex Tamil Nadu

Udhayamarthandapuram BS Tamil Nadu

Vaduvur BS Tamil Nadu

Vedanthangal BS Tamil Nadu

Vellode BS Tamil Nadu

Vembannur Wetland Complex Tamil Nadu

Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu

Longwood Shola Reserve Forest Tamil Nadu

Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu

Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu

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Rudrasagar Lake Tripura

Hokera Wetland UT of JK

Hygam Wetland UT of JK

Shallbugh Wetland UT of JK

Surinsar-Mansar Lakes UT of JK

Wular Lake UT of JK

Tso Kar (High Altitude Ramsar Site) UT of Ladakh

Tsomoriri (High Altitude Ramsar Site) UT of Ladakh

Bakhira WLS Uttar Pradesh

Haiderpur Wetland Uttar Pradesh

Nawabganj BS Uttar Pradesh

Parvati Arga BS Uttar Pradesh

Saman BS Uttar Pradesh

Samaspur BS Uttar Pradesh

Sandi BS Uttar Pradesh

Sarsai Nawar Jheel Uttar Pradesh

Sur Sarovar (Keetham Lake) Uttar Pradesh

Upper Ganga River (Brijghat to Narora) Uttar Pradesh

Asan Barrage Uttarakhand

East Kolkata Wetlands West Bengal

Sundarban Wetland (Largest Ramsar Site in West Bengal

India)

★ Number of Ramsar Sites : Tamil Nadu ( 18) > Uttar Pradesh (10) > Odisha (6).
★ Area under Ramsar Sites : West Bengal > Odisha > Tamil Nadu.
★ Largest Ramsar Site in India : Sundarban Wetland ( WB)
★ Smallest Ramsar site in India: Reneka Lake ( Himachal Pradesh)

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Ramsar Sites (Wetland) in Uttar Pradesh

1. Upper Ganga River (Brijghat to Narora Stretch): The river provides habitat for IUCN Red listed
Ganges river dolphin (EN) and critically endangered gharial.
2. Sur Sarovar, Agra.
3. Sarsai Nawar Jheel, Etawah.
4. Sandi Bird Sanctuary, Hardoi.
5. Samaspur Bird Sanctuary, Raebareli.
6. Saman Bird Sanctuary, Mainpuri.
7. Parvati Araga Bird Sanctuary, Gonda
8. Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary, Unnao.
9. Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary, Sant kabir nagar.
10. Haiderpur Wetland, Bijnor.

TIGER & TIGER CENSUS IN INDIA

Tiger

★ Tiger became the national animal of India in 1973 as the lion was a national animal before.
★ Jim Corbett National Park was created in 1936 for tiger conservation.
★ Classified as Endangered as per IUCN Red Data Book.
★ Schedule 1 animal as per Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
★ Tiger can be killed under two conditions:
- Diseased or disabled beyond recovery
- The threat to human life
Largest Tiger Reserve in India– Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana)
Smallest Tiger Reserve in India– Bor Tiger Reserve (Maharashtra)

A tiger reserve is demarcated on the basis of ‘core-buffer strategy’ which includes:

(i) Core zone
(ii) Buffer zone
The world celebrated Global Tiger Day on July 29.

Tiger Census
★ The Prime Minister of India has released the figures of the 5th cycle of India’s Tiger Census 2022,
revealing 6.7% in the increase in the past four years.
★ The PM released the Census while inaugurating the International Big Cat Alliance (IBC) in
Karnataka’s Mysuru, organized to mark 50 years of Project Tiger(1973).

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★ Population has grown by 200 from 2018 to 2022. The current tiger population in India is 3,167, up
from 2,967 in 2018.
★ The growth rate slowed to 6.7% in the four years from 2018 to 2022, from around 33% during
2014-2018.
★ The highest population of Tigers in India is in the state of Madhya Pradesh, with 526 Tigers,
followed by Karnataka, with 524 Tigers and Uttarakhand with 442.
★ First Census on Tiger: 2006
★ Shivalik Hills and Gangetic Plains saw a significant increase in the tiger population
★ The Nilgiri cluster (Nagarahole to Biligiriranga Hills) is the largest tiger population in the world.
★ Tiger occupancy in Northeast Hills, Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Telangana showed a
decline.
★ There is a decline in the status of Palamu, Dampa tiger reserve.

TIGER RESERVES IN INDIA

State Tiger Reserves

Andhra Pradesh ★ Nagarjunsagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve

Arunachal Pradesh ★ Pakke Tiger Reserve

★ Namdapha Tiger Reserve
★ Kamlang Tiger Reserve

Assam ★ Orang Tiger Reserve

★ Nameri Tiger Reserve
★ Manas Tiger Reserve
★ Kaziranga Tiger Reserve

Bihar ★ Valmiki Tiger Reserve

Chhattisgarh ★ Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve

★ Indravati Tiger Reserve
★ Achanakmar Tiger Reserve
★ Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve

Jharkhand ★ Palamau Tiger Reserve

Karnataka ★ Nagarahole Tiger Reserve

★ Dandeli-Anshi (Kali) Tiger Reserve
★ Biligiri Ranganatha Temple Tiger Reserve
★ Bhadra Tiger Reserve
★ Bandipur Tiger Reserve

Kerala ★ Periyar Tiger Reserve

★ Parambikulam Tiger Reserve

Madhya Pradesh ★ Satpura Tiger Reserve

★ Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Reserve
★ Pench Tiger Reserve

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★ Panna Tiger Reserve
★ Kanha Tiger Reserve
★ Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve
★ Veerangana Durgavati Tiger Reserve

Maharashtra ★ Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve

★ Sahyadri Tiger Reserve
★ Pench Tiger Reserve
★ Navegaon-Nagzira Tiger Reserve
★ Melghat Tiger Reserve
★ Bor Tiger Reserve

Mizoram ★ Dampa Tiger Reserve

Odisha ★ Similipal Tiger Reserve

★ Satkosia Tiger Reserve

Rajasthan ★ Sariska Tiger Reserve

★ Ranthambore Tiger Reserve
★ Ramgarh Vishdhari Tiger Reserve
★ Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve

Tamil Nadu ★ Srivilliputhur Mudumalai Tiger Reserve

★ Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
★ Mudumalai Tiger Reserve
★ Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve
★ Anamalai Tiger Reserve

Telangana ★ Kawal Tiger Reserve

★ Amrabad Tiger Reserve

Uttar Pradesh ★ Ranipur Tiger Reserve

★ Pilibhit Tiger Reserve
★ Dudhwa Tiger Reserve

Uttarakhand ★ Rajaji Tiger Reserve

★ Corbett Tiger Reserve

West Bengal ★ Sunderbans Tiger Reserve

★ Buxa Tiger Reserve

Tiger Reserves in Uttar Pradesh

Dudhwa Tiger Reserve ★ Location: It is a protected area spread across the Lakhimpur-Kheri and
Bahraich districts and comprises Dudhwa National Park, Kishanpur Wildlife
Sanctuary and Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary.
★ It shares the North-Eastern boundary with Nepal. Established: Declared as
tiger reserve in 1987.

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Pilibhit Tiger Reserve ★ Location and Estd: In 2008, in Pilibhit district, Lakhimpur-Kheri district and
Bahraich district of UP. It lies along Indo-Nepal border in the foothills of
Himalayas and plains of the Terai in UP

Amangarh Tiger Reserve ★ Location: Amangarh in Bijnor district.

★ Established: It was declared in 2012
★ Amangarh Tiger reserve was originally a part of the famed Jim Corbett
National Park. After the state of Uttarakhand was carved out of Uttar
Pradesh, Jim Corbett went to Uttarakhand and Amangarh remained in
Uttar Pradesh.
★ It is a tiger reserve under Project Tiger in India. The other two Tiger Ramsar
Sites (Wetland) in Uttar Pradesh Tiger Reserves in Uttar Pradesh reserves in
Uttar Pradesh are Dudhwa Tiger Reserve and Pilibhit Tiger Reserve.

Ranipur Tiger Reserve ★ Uttar Pradesh (UP) approved the notification of the state’s fourth tiger reserve
in the Ranipur Wildlife Sanctuary (RWS) in Chitrakoot district in 2022.
★ This is the 53rd Tiger Reserve in India.
★ A Ranipur Tiger Conservation Foundation will also be established for the
protection and conservation of tigers in the region.
★ It has no resident tiger. However, it is an important corridor for the movement
of tigers, according to the Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India
report by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
★ The Ranipur Tiger Reserve is the fourth in UP. It will also be the first in the
Bundelkhand region of the state

BIOSPHERE RESERVES IN INDIA

UNDER MAB PROGRAMME

Biosphere Reserve States Covered Other Protected Areas Other Information

Nilgiris (1986) Tamil Nadu, Kerala ★ National Parks: Nilgiris ★ Nilgiri Sub-Cluster is part
and Karnataka (1986) Aralam, of Western Ghats [UNESCO
Mudumalai, Mukurthi, World Heritage Site].
Nagarhole, Bandipur, ★ Ecoregions (3): South
Silent Valley Tamil Nadu Western Ghats moist
Kerala and Karnataka deciduous forests, South
Wildlife Western Ghats montane
★ Sanctuaries: Wayanad, forests, and South Deccan
Karimpuzha, Plateau dry deciduous
Sathyamangalam forests.
★ Tiger Reserve:
Nagarhole, Bandipur,
Mudumalai

Gulf of Mannar (1989) Tamil Nadu ★ National Park: Gulf of Global Environmental
Mannar Marine National Facility provided support to
Park establish biosphere reserve,

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and Gulf of Mannar
Biosphere Reserve Trust,
which is responsible for
coordination of the
management plan for the
biosphere reserve.

Sunderbans (1989) West Bengal ★ National Park: ★ UNESCO’s World

Sunderban National Park Heritage Site.
★ Sanctuaries: Sundarbans ★ Largest delta and
West, Sundarbans South contiguous mangrove
and Sundarbans East forest in the world (along
★ Tiger Reserve: with Bangladesh).
Sunderban

Nanda Devi (1988) Uttarakhand ★ National Park: Nanda ★ Valley of Flowers is a

Devi and Valley of world heritage site.
Flowers ★ It is drained by the Rishi
★ Sanctuary: Nanda Devi Ganga river

Nokrek (1988) Meghalaya ★ National Park:Nokrek ★ The entire area is

National Park mountainous and Nokrek
is the highest peak of the
Garo hills,rising up 1,412
meters.

Panchmari (1999) Madhya Pradesh ★ National Park: Satpura ★ Highest peak –

★ Sanctuary: Pachmarhi Dhoopgarh
Bori, ★ The Pachmarhi Plateau is
★ Tiger Reserve: Satpura also known as the
Tiger Reserve ‘Queen of Satpura’,
because it contains
valleys, marshes,
streams and waterfalls.

Similipal (1994) Odisha ★ National Park:Similipal ★ Highest peak: Kiriburu

★ Sanctuary: Hadgarh,
Kuldiha
★ Tiger Reserve: Similipal
★ Elephant Reserve:
Mayurbhanj

Achanakmar Amarkantak Chhattisgarh [major ★ Sanctuary: Achanakmar ★ It is considered to be one

(2005) part] and Madhya Wildlife Sanctuary of the major watersheds
Pradesh of peninsular India. It
separates the rivers that
drain into the Arabian
Sea and the Bay of
Bengal.

Great Nicobar (1989) Andaman and Nicobar ★ National Parks: ★ Indira Point:
Islands Campbell Bay, Galathea Southernmost point of
Sanctuary: Galathea India, was submerged in
2004 due to Tsunami.

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Agasthyamalai (2001) Kerala and Tamil ★ Sanctuaries:Shendurney, ★ Tribes: Kanikaran [one of
Nadu Peppara and Neyyar the oldest surviving
ancient tribes in the
world]

Khangchendzonga (2000) Sikkim ★ National Park: ★ One of the world’s 34

Khangchendzonga biodiversity hotspots and
a world heritage site.

Panna (2011) Madhya Pradesh ★ National Park: Panna ★ Most sacrosanct

★ Sanctuary: Gangau pilgrimage for the
★ Tiger Reserve: Panna followers of the Pranami
★ Critical Tiger Habitat sect world over.
Area: Panna National
Park + 3 parts of Gangau
Sanctuary

OTHER BIOSPHERE RESERVES

Manas (1989) Assam ★ National Park, Wildlife ★ Located in Eastern

Sanctuary, Tiger Himalayan foothills.
Reserve : Manas ★ Contiguous with Royal
Manas NP, Bhutan. In
1992, UNESCO declared it
as a world heritage site in
danger due to heavy
poaching and terrorist
activities. However, it was
removed in 2011 due to
preservation efforts.

Dihang-Dibang (1998) Arunachal Pradesh ★ National Park: Mouling ★ It covers high mountains of
★ Sanctuary: Dibang Eastern Himalaya and
Mishmi Hills.

Great Rann of Kutch Gujarat ★ Sanctuary: Narayan ★ It is an extension of the

(2008) Sarovar, Kutch Bustard Thar Desert.
Sanctuary, Wild Ass
sanctuary [Little Rann],
Kachchh Desert Wildlife
Sanctuary [Great Rann]
★ Wetland: Chari Dhand
Wetland

Cold Desert (2009) Himachal Pradesh ★ National Park: Pin Valley ★ Famous for Snow Leopard
★ Sanctuary: Kibber,
Sarchu, Chandratal

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Environmental Legislation in India

Legislation Year

Indian Forest Act 1927

The Wildlife Protection Act 1972

The Water ( Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974

The Forest (Conservation ) Act 1980

The Air ( Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981

The Environment Protection Act 1986

National Forest Policy 1988

The Biological Diversity Act 2002

Schedule Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers 2006

(Recognition of Forest Rights) Act

Solid Waste Management Rules 2016

Hazardous and Other Wastes(Management and 2019

Transboundary Movement) Amendment Rules

Construction and Demolition Waste Management 2016

Rules

Bio-medical Waste Management Rules 2016

E-Waste Management Rules 2022

Plastic Waste Management Rules 2022

ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTIONS IN INDIA

Name Year Headquarter

Botanical Survey of India 1890 Kolkata

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Zoological Survey of India 1916 Kolkata

Animal Welfare Board of India 1962 Ballabhgarh (earlier Chennai)

Central Pollution Control Board 1974 New Delhi

Forest Survey of India 1981 Dehradun

Central Zoo Authority 1992 New Delhi

National Afforestation and 1992

EcoDevelopment Board

National Biodiversity Authority 2003 Chennai

National Board for Wildlife 2003 New Delhi

Wildlife Crime Control Bureau 2006 New Delhi

National Tiger Conservation 2006 New Delhi

Authority

National Ganga River Basin 2009 New Delhi

Authority

National Green Tribunal 2010 New Delhi

Genetic Engineering Advisory 2010 New Delhi

Committee

INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS

Name Year of Establishment Features

Ramsar Convention 1971 ★ It is called the Convention on Wetlands

★ It was adopted in the city of Iran,
Ramsar in 1971.
★ It came into force in 1975.

CITES 1973 ★ It is a convention on International

Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora
★ It was adopted in 1963.
★ It came into force in 1975.

Bonn Convention 1979 ★ It is a convention on the Conservation

of Migratory Species of Wild Animals.
★ It was adopted in 1979.
★ It came into force in 1983.

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Vienna Convention 1985 ★ It is a convention for the Protection of
Ozone Layers.
★ It was adopted in 1985.
★ It came into force in 1988.

Montreal Protocol 1987 ★ It is an international

environment protocol on substances
that deplete the Ozone Layer.
★ It was adopted in 1987.
★ It came into force in 1989.

Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 ★ It is a convention for the conservation of

biological diversity.
★ It was adopted in 1992
★ It came into force in 1993.

Stockholm Convention 2001 ★ It is a convention on Persistent Organic

Pollutants (POPs)
★ It was adopted in 2001 in Geneva,
Switzerland.
★ It came into force in 2004.

ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS IN INDIA

Name Year Region Leaders

Save Silent Valley 1978 Kerala Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad (KSSP)
Movement Dr. Salim Ali

Chipko Movement 1973 Uttarakhand Chandi Prasad Bhatt, Sunderlal

Bhauguna

Bishnoi Movement 1700s Rajasthan Amrita Devi Bishnoi

Appiko Movement 1983 Karnataka Panduranga Hegde

Narmada Bachao 1985 Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh Medha Patkar

Andolan and Maharashtra

Jungle Bachao Andolan 1982 Singhbhum district of Tribals of Singhbhum

Jharkhand

Tehri Dam Movement 1990 Singhbhum district of Sundarlal Bahuguna

Jharkhand

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RESEARCH INSTITUTES IN INDIA

Name Location

Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Almora

Development

Indian Institute of Forest Management Bhopal

Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute Bengaluru

Wildlife Institute of India Dehradun

Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education & Dehradun

Forest Research Institute

Advanced Research Centre for Bamboo and Rattan Aizawl

Arid Forest Research Institute Jodhpur

Centre for Forest Based Livelihood and Extension Agartala

Centre for Forestry Research and Human Resource Chhindwara

Development

Centre for Social Forestry and Eco-Rehabilitation Prayagraj

Himalayan Forest Research Institute Shimla

Institute of Forest Biodiversity Hyderabad

Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Coimbatore

Institute of Forest Productivity Ranchi

Institute of Wood Science and Technology Bengaluru

Rain Forest Research Institute Jorhat

Tropical Forest Research Institute Jabalpur

Centre for Ecological Science (CES) Bengaluru

National Institute of Nutrition Hyderabad

National Institute of Ayurveda Jaipur

National Institute of Naturopathy Pune

Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute Jhansi

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Central Arid Zone Research Institute Jodhpur

Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi

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