Typescript:
Typescript is used to provide static datatyping to JS. Typescript is a superset of
javascript. In 2012, microsoft launched the typescript and make it as open source.
current version of typescript is 5.8.
why do we need typescript?
i. Typescript is open source
ii. it simplifies js code and provide static typing like other languages
iii. it saves developers time and helps us to avoid painful bugs
iv. Typescript is nothing but javascript with some added datatypes/features.
Installation:
To install or uninstall any library/package, we need npm(node package
manager). To install npm, we need to install 'nodejs'
i. goto nodejs.org/en/download
ii. download .msi windows file
iii. after installing, verify by going to "cmd" and type commands "npm -v" and
"node -v"
iv. Type in "cmd"
--> npm install -g typescript@latest
v. verify version by cmd "tsc -v"
To Practise or learn , goto the link "https://www.typescriptlang.org/play"
1. Datatypes declaration:
In Typescript, Datatypes can be declared in two ways
i. Typescript inference
ii. Typescript annotation
Typescript inference: it means typescript will infer(guess) the data type based
on value and will make it as static.
eg: // Typescript inference
let a="prasad"
a=35;
The aboves code gets an error, "type number is not assignable to type string "
Typescript annotation: it will suggest datatypes by user followed by colon to the
variable(:)
eg: let b:number=25;
It is always preferable to annotate the type for clean and easy code
2. Different Datatypes:
i. number : it is used for any numerical value
eg: let a:number=60;
ii. string: it is used for any alphanumerical values. they are repesented by ''
or "" or ``
eg: let str:string="prasad"
iii. boolean: it is used to represent true or false
eg: let x:boolean=true;
iv. undefined : it is used to represent accidental absence of value.
eg: let z:undefined=undefined;
v. null : it is used to represent intentional absence of value (null)
eg: let k:null =null;
union operator: union operator helps us to define datatype to an element with
multiple datatypes. it is represented by '|'
for eg: let a:number|string = 25;
vi. arrays: array is collection of similar datatype elements
let x:number[]= [5,4,3]
let j:(number|string)[]=[5,"raj"]
vii. Tuple: Tuple is a array of elements with fixed length and each element's
datatype will be mentioned manually.
let k:[number,string,number]=[25,"raj",25]
viii. Enum : enum is used to define constant values
enum days{
sunday,
monday,
tuesday
}
ix. any: any means any datatype. 'any' will toggle off typescript
let x:any =true;
Functions: functions are used to do a particular task.
syntax:
function function-name(parameter:datatype,...):return type
{
//body
}
eg: function sum(a:number,b:number):number
{
return a+b;
}
sum(5,3)
x. void: void is the datatype of functions which won't return. it is return type
eg: function display():void
{
console.log("hello world")
}
xi. never : never is return type used for functionss that are not supposed to
return , indicates values that will never occur
function display2():never{
throw new Error("my error")
}
xii. type Alias : it is a custom type that can be created using user defined
syntax.
type emp = {
eid:number,
ename:string,
salary:number
}
let x:emp = { eid:4, name:"raj",salary:25000 }
xiii. interfaces: it is used to represent objects. it provides structure to the
objects
interface obj{
eid:number,
ename:string,
salary:number
}
interfaces uses keyword 'interface' and interefaces can do inheritance using
'extends' keyword. Type aliases uses keyword 'type' and cannot perform inheritance.
we can connect interfaces to classes using 'implements' method.
class x implements obj{
eid:number,
ename:string,
salary:number
}
