Loops
Loops in programming are used to repeat a block of code until the specified
condition is met. A loop statement allows programmers to execute a statement
or group of statements multiple times without repetition of code.
There are mainly two types of loops in C Programming:
1. Entry Controlled loops: In Entry controlled loops the test condition is
checked before entering the main body of the loop. For Loop and While
Loop is Entry-controlled loops.
2. Exit Controlled loops: In Exit controlled loops the test condition is
evaluated at the end of the loop body. The loop body will execute at least
once, irrespective of whether the condition is true or false. do-while Loop is
Exit Controlled loop.
3.
Loop
Type Description
first Initializes, then condition check, then executes the body and at
for loop
last, the update is done.
while first Initializes, then condition checks, and then executes the body, and
loop updating can be inside the body.
do-while
do-while first executes the body and then the condition check is done.
loop
For Loop
For loop in C programming is a repetition control structure that allows
programmers to write a loop that will be executed a specific number of times.
for loop enables programmers to perform n number of steps together in a single
line.
Syntax:
for (initialize expression; test expression; update expression)
{
//
// body of for loop
//
}
Example:
for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
{
printf("Body of for loop which will execute till n");
}
In for loop, a loop variable is used to control the loop. Firstly we initialize the
loop variable with some value, then check its test condition. If the statement is
true then control will move to the body and the body of for loop will be
executed. Steps will be repeated till the exit condition becomes true. If the test
condition will be false then it will stop.
Initialization Expression: In this expression, we assign a loop variable or
loop counter to some value. for example: int i=1;
Test Expression: In this expression, test conditions are performed. If the
condition evaluates to true then the loop body will be executed and then an
update of the loop variable is done. If the test expression becomes false then
the control will exit from the loop. for example, i<=9;
Update Expression: After execution of the loop body loop variable is
updated by some value it could be incremented, decremented, multiplied, or
divided by any value.
Example:
// C program to illustrate for loop
#include <stdio.h>
// Driver code
int main()
{
int i = 0;
for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
printf( "Hello World\n");
}
return 0;
}
Output
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
While Loop
While loop does not depend upon the number of iterations. In for loop the
number of iterations was previously known to us but in the While loop, the
execution is terminated on the basis of the test condition. If the test condition
will become false then it will break from the while loop else body will be
executed.
Syntax:
initialization_expression;
while (test_expression)
{
// body of the while loop
update_expression;
}
// C program to illustrate
// while loop
#include <stdio.h>
// Driver code
int main()
{
// Initialization expression
int i = 2;
// Test expression
while(i < 10)
{
// loop body
printf( "Hello World\n");
// update expression
i++;
}
return 0;
}
Output
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
do-while Loop
The do-while loop is similar to a while loop but the only difference lies in the
do-while loop test condition which is tested at the end of the body. In the do-
while loop, the loop body will execute at least once irrespective of the test
condition.
Syntax:
initialization_expression;
do
{
// body of do-while loop
update_expression;
} while (test_expression);
// C program to illustrate
// do-while loop
#include <stdio.h>
// Driver code
int main()
{
// Initialization expression
int i = 2;
do
{
// loop body
printf( "Hello World\n");
// Update expression
i++;
// Test expression
} while (i < 1);
return 0;
}
Output
Hello World
Above program will evaluate (i<1) as false since i = 2. But still, as it is a do-
while loop the body will be executed once.
Loop Control Statements
Loop control statements in C programming are used to change execution from
its normal sequence.
Name Description
the break statement is used to terminate the switch and loop statement. It
Break transfers the execution to the statement immediately following the loop
or switch.
continue statement skips the remainder body and immediately resets its
continue
condition before reiterating it.
Go to goto statement transfers the control to the labeled statement.
Infinite Loop
An infinite loop is executed when the test expression never becomes false and
the body of the loop is executed repeatedly. A program is stuck in an Infinite
loop when the condition is always true. Mostly this is an error that can be
resolved by using Loop Control statements.
Using for loop:
// C program to demonstrate infinite
// loops using for loop
#include <stdio.h>
// Driver code
int main ()
{
int i;
// This is an infinite for loop
// as the condition expression
// is blank
for ( ; ; )
{
printf("This loop will run forever.\n");
}
return 0;
}
Output
This loop will run forever.
This loop will run forever.
This loop will run forever.
...
Using While loop:
// C program to demonstrate
// infinite loop using while
// loop
#include <stdio.h>
// Driver code
int main()
{
while (1)
printf("This loop will run forever.\n");
return 0;
}
Output
This loop will run forever.
This loop will run forever.
This loop will run forever.
...
Using the do-while loop:
// C program to demonstrate
// infinite loop using do-while
// loop
#include <stdio.h>
// Driver code
int main()
{
do
{
printf("This loop will run forever.\n");
} while (1);
return 0;
}
Output
This loop will run forever.
This loop will run forever.
This loop will run forever.
...
