CARE OF OLDER ADULTS

FINALS REVIEWER
TITLE

INFLUENCES ON QUALITY OF LIFE

● UNDERSTANDING PAIN
● BARRIERS TO PAIN MANAGEMENT
A. NUTRITION ● PAIN ASSESSMENT

F. INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION

● NUTRITIONAL RISK IN OLDER ADULTS
● DRUG – NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS
● DEHYDRATION ● THE CHAIN OF INFECTION
● NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY ● IMMUNOCOMPETENCE
● MALNUTRITION ● COMMON PROBLEMS AND CONDITIONS
● ORAL HEALTH
ASSESSING OLDER ADULT
B. SLEEP AND ACTIVITY

TAILORING ASSESSMENT IN THE OLDER ADULT

● BIOLOGIC COMPONENT
● STAGES OF SLEEP
● CIRCADIAN RHYTHM ● Provide adequate space
● INSOMNIA ● Minimize noise and distractions
● AGE RELATED CHANGES IN SLEEP ● Set a comfortable and warm temperature
● FACTORS AFFECTING SLEEP ● Use diffuse lighting
● SLEEP DISORDERS ● Avoid glossy and highly polished surfaces
● Placed in a very comfortable sitting position
C. SAFETY ● Ensure proximity to Restroom
● Keep water or other preferred fluids available
● Maintain absolute privacy
● FALLS
● HOME ENVIRONMENT SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS AFFECTING ASSESSMENT
● SEASONAL SAFETY ISSUES
● DISASTERS
● MEDICATIONS STORAGE 1. Interrelationship Between Physical and Psychosocial
● LIVING ALONE Aspects of Aging
● AUTOMOBILE SAFETY
a. Reduced ability to respond to stress
D. SEXUALITY AND AGING b. Multiple losses
c. Physical changes related to normal aging

2. Nature Of Disease and Disability

● NEEDS FOR SEXUALITY AND INTIMACY
● NURSES’ RELUCTANCE TO MANAGE THE ISSUE 3. Age Related Changes
● CHANGES IN THE SEXUAL RESPONSE
● PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS 4. Atypical Presentation of Illness
● ENVIRONMENTAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL
BARRIERS 5. Cognitive Assessment

E. PAIN TAILORING ASSESSMENT IN THE OLDER ADULT …

 ● Plan the assessment including the energy level of the ● Hospice care is centered on a patient's care, comfort,
library and quality of life as they near the end of a
● Be patient, relax and unhurried life-threatening illness. A major sickness may
● Allow plenty of time to relax and respond eventually be incurable, or a patient may decide not to
● Maximize the use of silence receive a certain treatment. Hospice is intended for
● Be alert to signs and symptoms of fatigue circumstances like this.
● Conduct the assessment of patient’s peak energy ● Home health remains one way to help the older adult
who has physical or cognitive impairment stay in the
THE HEALTH HISTORY home.
● Because of changes in reimbursement for federal
programs that provide services for older adults and
limited funds for state programs, home health nurses
● The Interviewer
are challenged to use interventions that are both
● The Patient ( the profile, family profile, occupational
effective and cost efficient.
profile, living environment profile, recreation, support
system, routinary day, present health status, drugs, FACTORS AFFECTING THE HEALTH CARE NEEDS OF
immunizations, allergies, nutrition , previous health NONINSTITUTIONALIZED OLDER ADULTS
status, family history, review of systems.
● Functional Status
HEALTH CARE TRANSITIONS ● Cognitive Function
● Housing Options for Older Adults

HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SETTINGS AND OLDER CONTINUITY OF CARE

ADULT
● Enhancement of the continuum of care from hospital
to home is a goal shared by both hospital and home
care personnel.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACUTE CARE ● Continuity of care involves assisting older adults to
ENVIRONMENT remain in the home and avoid institutionalization by
having available resources that are responsive to their
It is a challenge for caregivers to attend to the diverse needs of
needs.
each individual admitted to the acute care setting. The older
● The PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE
adult is nor likely to be admitted to the hospital until a high level
CARE ACT (2010) endorsed a move towards the
of acuity or complications exist.
Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) model with
1. Philosophy of Care reimbursement incentives for PCMH care. The result
2. Risks of Hospitalization of this is to ensure that a continuum of care exists
a. Adverse Drug Reactions from hospital to home. Health care providers should
b. Falls follow the “Plan, Do, Check, Act Cycle”
c. Infection
d. Hazards of Immobility
3. Safety Features
● The environment may be modified in many ways for
older adult patients. Some modifications require
additional resources, but some changes require
minimum creativity.

NURSING IN THE ACUTE CARE SETTING

● Nursing Specific Competency and Expertise

○ Assessment is the priority at the beginning.
○ Nursing expertise is needed in the acute
care setting to guide the staff in
understanding the unique needs of older CANCER IN OLDER ADULTS
patients and enhancing their skill in
managing common geriatric syndromes
● Critical Care and Trauma Care INCIDENCE

HOME CARE AND HOSPICE

● Refers to new cases in a specified period , usually a ● Older adults are less likely to offer clinical trials for
year, in the general population cancer
● The leading type of cancer in men are lung , prostate,
colorectal cancers QUALITY OF LIFE OF OLDER ADULTS WITH CANCER
● The Leading cause of cancer in women are lung,
breast, and colorectal cancers
● Mortality is the rate of deaths per number of incidence
● Ethical issues
● Many persons survive cancer; some have high
● Economic issues
incidence of survival
● Sociocultural issues
● Spirituality
CONSIDERATIONS
● Functional status
● Psychological issues

● RACIAL AND ETHNIC PATTERNS DEPRESSION

● AGING AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CANCER
● AGING AND CANCER PREVENTION

● Depressive mode can result from side effects of

COMMON CANCER IN OLDER ADULT medications that are used to treat other illnesses
● Assess risk for depression ( sense of well-being,
interpersonal relationships, , and self fulfillment
● LUNG CANCER ● Individualized nursing care that may include
● BREAST CANCER supportive interventions,, cognitive intervention,
● PROSTATE CANCER psychotherapy, and psychopharmacology
● COLORECTAL CANCER
GRIEF AND LOSS
OTHER SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

● Older adults may experience losses such as loss of

● SCREENING AND EARLY DETECTION energy, loss of a body part, loss of functional ability,
● MAJOR TREATMENT MODALITIES loss of self esteem, and loss of control
○ SURGERY ● May overlaps with loss of a spouse, friends or family,
○ RADIATION changes in living arrangements, and physical losses
○ CHEMOTHERAPY of vision, hearing or mobility
○ TARGETED CANCER THERAPY ● The intensity of grieving is measured based on the
○ IMMUNOTHERAPY gravity of weight being put on losses.
● DABDA
COMMON PHYSIOLOGIC COMPLICATIONS
INTERVENTIONS TO GRIEVING

● BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION

● INDUCED ANEMIA ● Giving the person time
● NEUTROPENIA ● Pointing out signs of sadness or change in behavior
● THROMBOCYTOPENIA ● Spending time with the person
● NAUSEA/VOMITING ● Talking about the loss
● ORAL MUCOSITIS ● Watching for further signs of prolonged grieving that
● ANOREXIA will lead to depression
● DIARRHEA ● Talk about separate loss
● ALOPECIA
SOCIAL ISOLATION
OLDER ADULT EXPERIENCE OF CANCER

● The sense of being cut off from people and things of

● Cancer in the context of aging importance
● Perspectives : younger person – recover, return to ● It could be voluntary or involuntary
normal state (less lived) ; older adult – close to end of
life (mostly lived)
 ● They may withdraw because they may perceive transfer, rest, sleep, pain, respiratory management,
others as uncomfortable with them or people are and cognitive and behavioral functioning
avoiding because of the cancer ● Nursing strategies for assisting dying older persons
● Nurses should evaluate the older adult’s needs of include delivering excellent physical care, using good
interactions communication skills, conducting a life review, and
● Determine the resources and support educating and supporting family caregivers
● Hospice programs help dying persons live as fully as
LOSS AND END-LIFE ISSUES possible on a day to day basis by providing symptom
control, addressing the psychological needs of
patients supporting family caregivers, dealing with
environmental problems and assisting patients with
DEFINITION OF TERMS
spiritual concerns.
● LOSS
● BEREAVEMENT CHRONIC ILLNESS & REHABILITATION
● GRIEF
● MOURNING
CHRONICITY

HIGHLIGHTS

● GRIEF is the acute reaction to one’s perception of ● Chronic disease – non communicable illnesses that
loss, MOURNING is the longer process of resolving are prolonged in duration, do not resolve
acute grief reactions, and BEREAVEMENT is the spontaneously, and are rarely cured completely
state of having experienced a significant loss. ● Chronic illness – all impairments or deviations from
● Grief involves many changes over time, is a natural normal that have one or more of the following
response to all kinds of losses, and is based on one’s characteristics:
unique perception of loss
● Grief is an active process, involving the following 4 permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by
tasks of mourning: nonreversible pathological alterations, require special training
of the client for rehabilitation and may be expected to require a
1. accepting the reality of the loss. long period of supervision , observation, or care.
2. working the pain of grief,
PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC ILLNESS
3. adjusting to an environment;

4.emotionally relocating the disease and moving on

● The bulk of chronic conditions occur in adults 65
with life)
years old or older
● The most frequently occurring chronic diseases in
● Human beings respond as a whole person, and their
older adults include hypertension, hyperlipidemia,
grief manifests itself in physical
heart disease, arthritis, diabetes, chronic kidney
symptoms,psychological responses, changes in
disease, ischemic heart disease, , dementia, COPD,
socialization patterns, spiritual issues concerning life’s
and depression
meaning
● Individuals with chronic conditions typically have
● Complicated grief reaction may manifest as one of
repeated hospitalizations to treat exacerbations of
four types of reactions: ( chronic, delayed,
illness
exaggerated, or masked)
● Nursing care activities that assist in the grieving
process include helping in the survivor expressed OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
feeling, providing time to grieve, explaining normal
grieving behaviors, examining defense and coping
styles, identifying pathologic conditions, and making ● THE ILLNESS EXPERIENCE
appropriate referrals ● HEALTH WITHIN ILLNESS
● Sociocultural and religious background, physical and ● CULTURAL COMPETENCY
functional status, social isolation and loneliness and ● QUALITY OF LIFE AND HEALTH RELATED
the meaningfulness of everyday life are all important QUALITY OF LIFE
factors in determining a person’s approach to ● Adherence in chronic illness
impending death
● Age related changes predispose older persons to
PSYCHOSOCIAL NEEDS OF OLDER ADULTS WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS
greater potential problems in areas such as in
hygiene and skin care, nutrition, mobility, elimination,
 ● ADAPTATION ● Health promotion incentives that are important to
● CHRONIC ILLNESS & QUALITY OF LIFE older adults are fitness, health , independence, and
● TRAJECTORY FRAMEWORK socialization.
● CHRONIC CARE MODEL
● POWERLESSNESS
● STIGMA INFLUENCES ON HEALTH AND ILLNESS
● SOCIAL ISOLATION
● NSG INTERVENTIONS TO ASSIST
PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION I. CULTURAL INFLUENCES

II. FAMILY INFLUENCES

PHYSIOLOGIC NEEDS OF CHRONICALLY ILL OLDER
ADULTS III. SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES

I. CULTURAL INFLUENCES
● PAIN
● FATIGUE
● IMMOBILITY AND ACTIVE INTOLERANCE
A. CULTURALLY SENSITIVE GERONTOLOGIC NURSING
● SEXUAL ACTIVITY
CARE

OTHER FACTORS ● The diversity of values, beliefs, languages, and

historical life experiences of older adults today
challenge nurses to gain new awareness, knowledge
● EFFECT OF CHRONIC ILLNESS ON FAMILY AND and skills to provide culturally and linguistically
CAREGIVERS appropriate care.
● NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF CAREGIVER STRESS ● To give the most sensitive care, it is necessary to step
outside of cultural bias and accept that other cultures
have different ways of perceiving the world that are as
REHABILITATION
valid as one’s own.
● Therefore, increasing awareness, knowledge, and
skills are the tools needed to begin to overcome the
● CARE ENVIRONMENTS barriers to culturally compassionate care to reduce
● REIMBURSEMENT ISSUES health disparities.
● PUBLIC POLICY & LEGISLATION
● ENHANCEMENT OF FITNESS AND FUNCTION AWARENESS
● FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT ( KEYS FOR
COMPLETING A FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT) ● Awareness of one’s thoughts and feelings about
● HEALTH PROMOTION others who are culturally different from oneself is
● MANAGEMENT OF DISABLING DISORDERS necessary.
● LIFE ISSUES ● Awareness is also enhanced through the acquisition
of new knowledge about cultures and the common
barriers to high-quality health care too often faced by
SUMMARY
persons from ethnically distinct groups.

CULTURAL AWARENESS
● Health care providers need to understand the unique
illness experience of the older adult and his chronic Self-Assessment
condition
● It is important to recognize that health may exist 1. What are my personal beliefs about older adults from
within illness different cultures?
● Regular, comprehensive assessment, both physical 2. What experiences have influenced my values, biases,
and psychosocial, is a central principle of the care of ideas, and attitudes toward adults from different
older adults cultures?
● Assessing what is meaningful; to older adults helps 3. What are my values as they relate to health illness,
the nurse plan interventions to support psychosocial and health-related practices?
adjustment to a chronic condition or illness 4. How do my values and attitudes affect my clinical
● Rehabilitation of older adults focuses on improving judgments?
functional ability 5. How do my values influence my thinking and
behaving?
 6. What are my personal habits and typical ● E Elicit culturally relevant information and Explain
communication patterns when interacting with others? your perception of the situation
How would these be perceived by older adults of ● A Acknowledge the similarities and differences
different cultures? between your perceptions and theirs
● R Recommend options/alternatives and Respect the
2. KNOWLEDGE person and their choices
● N Negotiate agreement
● Increased knowledge is a prerequisite for culturally
appropriate care given to all persons, regardess of 4. THE ETHNIC MODEL (Levin, Like, & Gottlieb 2000)
race or ethnicity.
● Developing cross-cultural knowledge is essential for E Explanation (How do you explain your illness?)
the delivery of sensitive care.
● Frustration and conflict among older adult patients, T Treatment (What treatment have you tried?)
nurses and other health care providers can be
lessened or avoided. H Healers (Have you sought any advice from folk healers?)

3. CULTURAL CONCEPTS N Negotiate (mutually acceptable options)

1. CULTURE - a universal phenomenon. (An example I Intervention (agree on)

of this is the importance of filial responsibility in many
C Collaboration (with patient, family, and healers)
cultures.)
2. ACCULTURATION - the process that occurs when a
member of one cultural group adopts the values, II. FAMILY INFLUENCES
beliefs, expectations and behaviors of another group.
(Ex.: Ethnic older persons emigrate to join their 1.Common Late-Life Family Issues and Decisions
children’s families who have been living in a new
homeland. Their children may live two cultures that of ● Changes in Living Arrangements
their parents and that of the community. ) ● Deciding About A Care Facility
3. RACE - is the outward expression of specific ● Financial and Legal Concerns
geneticaly influenced heriditary traits. ● End of Life Health Care Decisions
4. ETHNICITY - defined as a social differentiation of ● The Issue of Driving
people based on group membership, shared history, ● Family Caregiving
and common characteristics
5. ETHNIC IDENTITY - an individual’s identification with 2. Interventions to Support Family Caregivers
a group of persons who share similar beliefs and
values. ● Education
● Respite Programs
B. HANDSHAKE AND EYE CONTACT ● Support Groups
● Family Meetings
C. CULTURAL COMPETENCE FRAMEWORKS
3. Working with Families of Older Adults; Considerations
1.LEININGER'S THEORY OF CULTURAL CARE DIVERSITY and Strategies

● Cultural care preservation or maintenance ● Identifying who the patient is and who is the family is
● Cultural care accommodation or negotiation Assessing the Family
● Cultural care repatterning or restructuring ● Encouraging Families to Plan in Advance of Need
● Involving the older person in decision making
2. THE EXPLANATORY MODEL by Kleinman ● Validating Feelings
● Addressing Feelings of Guilt
● Emphasizing Goodness of Intent of Actions
● Recognizing the Nurse’s Role as Permission Giver
● Recommending a Decision-Making Model Families
○ Step 1: Gathering Information
○ Step 2: Formulating Options
○ Step 3: Evaluating Options
○ Step 4: Creating a Plan
3. THE LEARN MODEL (Berlin & Folkes 1992) ○ Step 5: Implementing the Plan
○ Step 6: Reassessing
● L Listen with empathy and understanding to the
person’s perception of the situation
 The right to self-determination has a long-standing basis
III. SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL
common or case law and has roots under the right of liberty
INFLUENCES
guaranteed by the u.s. constitution. These common law rights,
to a significant extent, have been codified, acted on by
legislatures, and enacted into statutory law.
SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS
The right to self-determination covers all decisions about one’s
To be an effective advocate, the nurse must understand the
care and treatment, including the removal of life support or
factors that shape the older consumer’s perceptions of
life-sustaining treatments and life-prolonging or life-saving
environment, socioeconomic status and access to health care.
measures. These issues are particularly relevant to older
adults. Although individuals of all ages are concerned with
● Age Cohorts
these matters and young persons do die, incapacity and
● Income Sources
infirmity are more common in old age. Therefore, more
● Poverty
frequent discussion of the need to preserve the right to
● Education
self-determination occurs among older adults.
● Health Status
● Insurance Coverage
The doctrine and standards of informed consent are intended
● Support Systems
to apply the decision-making capability of one who is
● Benefits
competent to make such a decision. In this context, the term
● Area Agencies on Aging
competent refers to the ability to understand the proposed
● Conservators and Guardians
treatment or procedure and thereby make an informed
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES decision.

Environment contributes to a person’s perception of life. when a person is not competent, a surrogate may make the
Although the environment might not be noticeable unless it is decision. This is known as “substituted” judgment.
uncomfortable, it does significantly affect emotional and
physical health and well-being.
DO NOT RESUSCITATE ORDERS
● Geographic Location of Residence
● Transportation The order instructs health care providers not to use or order
● Housing specific methods of life-saving therapy, referred to as
● Criminal Victimization cardiopulmonary resuscitation (cpr).

GUIDELINES FOR DNR POLICIES IN NURSING FACILITIES

INTRODUCTION TO GERONTOLOGIC NURSING: LEGAL
AND ETHICAL ISSUES If a facility does develop a dnr policy, the following guidelines
should be considered. whatever policies are adopted should be
well communicated to the staff and should be adhered to
AUTONOMY AND SELF-DETERMINATION scrupulously. the policy should indicate:

The right to self-determination has its basis in the doctrine of ● that a facility must have competently trained staff
informed consent. available 24 hours a day to provide cpr.

informed consent – is the process by which competent ● whether cpr will be performed unless a dnr order
individuals are provided with information that enables them to exists.
make a reasonable decision about any treatment of
intervention to be performed on them. ● the conditions under which the facility will issue dnr
informed consent has developed from strong judicial deference orders. These factors should be in compliance with
toward individual autonomy, reflecting a belief that individuals applicable state law; thus, it is necessary to examine
have a right to be free from non-consensual interference with the dnr provisions of the jurisdiction. considerations
their persons, and the basic moral principle that it is wrong to include required health care provider consultations
force others to act against their will. regarding medical conditions and documented
discussions with the patient and family members.
The judicial system’s strong deference toward individual
autonomy in the medical context was articulated long ago by ● that competency is established, again with proper
justice benjamin cardozo: every human being of adult years documentation or medical consultation, as may be
and sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done indicated by applicable state law.
with his own body.
 ● the origin of consent for the order; by the patient, ↓
while competent; by an advance medical directive
(amd); or by a substitute or surrogate decision maker. 2010 - The revised Scope and Standards of Gerontological
Nursing Practice not only reflected the nature and scope of
● provision for renewal of dnr orders at appropriate current gerontologic nursing practice but also incorporated the
intervals with ongoing documentation of the condition concepts of health promotion, health maintenance, disease
to note charges. prevention, and self care (ANA, 2017)

OVERVIEW OF 2017 - the ANA revised its statement incorporating the

GERONTOLOGICAL NURSING Nursing: Scope & Standards of Practice and the Code of
Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements

FOUNDATIONS OF THE SPECIALTY OF ROLES

GERONTOLOGIC NURSING
The Generalist Nurse

● has completed a basic entry-level educational

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION
program and is licensed as a registered nurse (RN)
● A generalist nurse may practice in a wide variety of
● Burnside (1988)
settings, including home and the community.
○ conducted an extensive review of historical
● The challenge of the gerontologic nurse generalist is
materials related to gerontological nursing.
to identify older adult’s strengths and assist them to
○ between 1900 and 1940, she found 23
maximize their independence.
writings with a focus on older adults covered
such topics: (rural nursing, almshouses and
The Clinical Nurse Specialist
private duty nursing)
○ An anonymous American Journal of Nursing ● They use advanced diagnostic and assessment skills
editorial in 1925 is though to be one of the and nursing interventions to manage and improve
earliest calls for a nursing specialty in older patient care.
adult care (”Care of the Aged”, 1925) ● Functions as a clinician, educator, consultant,
administrator, or researcher to plan care or improve
PROFESSIONAL ORIGINS
the quality of nursing care for adults and their families.
● In 1966 the ANA established the Division of Geriatric
The Nurse Practitioner (Adult Gerontologic Nurse
Nursing Practice and defined geriatric nursing as
Practitioner)
“concerned with the assessment of nursing needs of
older people; planning and implementing nursing care ● The AGNP conducts health assessments; identifies
to meet those needs; and evaluating the effectiveness nursing diagnosis; and plans, implements and
of such care.” evaluates nursing care for adult and older patients.
● In 1976, the name The Division of Geriatric Nursing ● The AGNP has knowledge and skills to detect and
Practice was changed to the The Division of manage limited acute and chronic stable conditions;
Gerontologic Nursing Practice. coordination and collaboration with other health care
● The divisions came to be called The Council of providers is a related essential function
Gerontologic Nursing in 1984.
TERMINOLOGIES
STANDARDS OF PRACTICE
The following are the most commonly used terms and
In 1969 a committee appointed by the ANA Division of definitions:
Geriatric Nursing Practice completed the first Standards of
Practice for Geriatric Nursing. 1.GERIATRICS - from the Greek geras, meaning “old age”,
geriatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with diseases
↓ and problems of old age.

1976 - Standards of Gerontological Nursing Practice 2.GERONTOLOGY - from the Greek geron, meaning “old man,
” gerontology is the scientific study of the process of aging and
↓
the problems of older adults; (biologic, sociologic,
psychological, and economic aspects.
1981 - A Statement on the Scope of Gerontological Nursing
Practice was published.
3. GERONTOLOGIC NURSING - this specialty of nursing
involves assessing the health and functional status of older
adults, planning, implementing health care services to meet ● Nurses in the acute care workforce of today are
identified needs and evaluating the effectiveness of such care. caring for frail, high-risk, older adults, they need to
recognize that they should quickly acquire the
4.GERONTIC NURSING - connotes the nursing of older necessary knowledge skills for delivering timely, age
persons -- the art and practice of nurturing, caring, and appropriate care -- knowledge that includes:
comforting. ○ an understanding of normal aging and
abnormal aging, strong assessment skills to
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE OLDER POPULATION detect subtle changes that indicate
impending, serious problems; excellent
communication skills; a keen understanding
of rehabilitation principles as they apply in
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), the
older adults sensitivity and patience so that
number of Filipinos aged 60 years and above has doubled to
older adults are treated with dignity and
9.22 million in 2020 from only 4.6 million in 2000.
respect.

Factors That Affect the Health, Well-being, and Life

Expectancy of Older Adults

1.GENDER

2.RACE AND ETHNICITY

3.LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

4.GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

5.EDUCATION

6.INCOME POVERTY

7.EMPLOYMENT

HEALTH STATUS OF OLDER ADULTS

1.Estimates indicate that most adults over 65 have one or

more chronic conditions.

2.Three leading causes of death among older adults are

cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and COPD.

3.The most common diseases experienced by older Filipinos

are hypertension, arthritis, cataracts, diabetes, angina and
heart disease, and renal and urinary tract illness.

ACUTE CARE SETTINGS