Objective:

The objective of this C++ program is to swap the values of two variables using two different
methods:

1. Call by Value:

○ A function is called with copies of the original values.

○ The changes inside the function do not affect the original values.
2. Call by Reference:

○ A function is called with references to the original variables.

○ The changes inside the function directly modify the original values.

Q12. Write a C++ program to swap the content of two variable

1. Call by Value
2. Call by Reference
#include
<iostream> using
namespace std;
void swapByValue(int x, int
y) { int temp = x;
x = y;
y = temp;
cout << "Inside swapByValue: a = " << x << ", b = " << y << endl;
}
void swapByReference(int &x, int
&y) { int temp = x;
x = y;
y = temp;
cout << "Inside swapByReference: a = " << x << ", b = " << y << endl;
}
int main()
{ int a,
b;
cout << "Enter two
numbers: "; cin >> a >> b;

cout << "\nBefore swapping: a = " << a << ", b = " << b << endl;

// Swapping using Call by

Value swapByValue(a, b);
cout << "After swapByValue (No effect in main): a = " << a << ", b = " << b << endl;

// Swapping using Call by Reference

swapByReference(a, b);
cout << "After swapByReference (Changes reflect in main): a = " << a << ", b = " <<
b << endl;

return 0;
1
}

Output:
Enter two numbers: 5 10

Before swapping: a = 5, b =
10 Inside swapByValue: a =
10, b = 5
After swapByValue (No effect in main): a = 5, b =
10 Inside swapByReference: a = 10, b = 5
After swapByReference (Changes reflect in main): a = 10, b = 5

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Name : Nikhil Parmar course : BCA
Roll no. : 36 section : D1

Objective:
The objective of this C++ program is to calculate the sum of the first n
natural numbers using a formula and a loop
Q13. Write a C++ program to calculate sum of n natural numbers.
#include

<iostream> using

namespace std; int

main() {

int n, sum_formula, sum_loop =

0; cout << "Enter a positive

integer (n): "; cin >> n;

if (n < 1) {

cout << "Please enter a positive integer!" <<

endl; return 1;

sum_formula = (n * (n +

1)) / 2; for (int i = 1; i <=

n; i++) {

sum_loop += i;

cout << "Sum using formula: " << sum_formula

<< endl; cout << "Sum using loop: " <<

sum_loop << endl;

return 0;

}
Output:

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Name : Nikhil Parmar course : BCA
Roll no. : 36 section : D1
Enter a positive integer (n):

10 Sum using formula: 55

Sum using loop: 55

Objective:
The objective of this C++ program is to check whether a given number is an Armstrong
number or not.

Q14. Write a program to check whether a given number

is armstrong or not.
#include

<iostream>

#include <cmath>

using namespace

std;

bool isArmstrong(int num) {

int originalNum = num, sum = 0,

digits = 0; int temp = num;

while (temp > 0)

{ temp /= 10;

digits++;

temp = num;

while (temp >

0) {

int digit = temp %

10; sum +=

pow(digit, digits);

temp /= 10;

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Name : Nikhil Parmar course : BCA
Roll no. : 36 section : D1
}

return (sum == originalNum);

int main()

{ int

num;

cout << "Enter a

number: "; cin >> num;

if (isArmstrong(num))

cout << num << " is an Armstrong number."

<< endl; else

cout << num << " is NOT an Armstrong number." <<

endl; return 0;

Output 1:
Enter a number: 153

153 is an Armstrong number.

Output 2:
Enter a number: 123

123 is NOT an Armstrong number

5
Name : Nikhil Parmar course : BCA
Roll no. : 36 section : D1

Objective:
The objective of this C++ program is to print the first 50 prime numbers efficiently.

Q15. Write a program to print first 50 prime

numbers.
#include
<iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace
std; bool
isPrime(int num) {
if (num < 2) return false;
for (int i = 2; i <=
sqrt(num); i++) { if (num
% i == 0)
return false;
}
return true;
}

int main() {
int count = 0, num = 2;
cout << "First 50 prime
numbers:\n"; while (count <
50) {
if (isPrime(num)) {
cout << num << " ";
count++;
}
num++; }

cout <<
endl; return
0;
}

Output:
First 50 prime numbers:
2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67 71 73 79 83 89 97 101 103 107
109 113 127
131 137 139 149 151 157 163 167 173 179 181 191 193 197 199 211 223 227 229

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Name : Nikhil Parmar course : BCA
Roll no. : 36 section : D1

Objective:
The objective of this C++ program is to print the Fibonacci
series up to n terms, where n is entered by the user.

Q16. Write a program to print fibonacci series

upto n terms.
#include
<iostream> using
namespace std;
void
printFibonacci(int
n) {
int first = 0, second
= 1, next; cout <<
"Fibonacci Series: ";
for (int i = 0; i < n;
i++) {
cout << first
<< " "; next =
first + second;
first = second;
second =
next;
}

cout << endl;

}

int
main()
{ int
n;
cout << "Enter the number
of terms: "; cin >> n;

if (n <= 0) {
cout << "Please enter a positive number!" << endl;

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Name : Nikhil Parmar course : BCA
Roll no. : 36 section : D1
} else {
printFibonacci(n);
}

return 0;
}

Output 1:
Enter the number of terms:
10 Fibonacci Series: 0 1 1 2
3 5 8 13 21 34

Output 2:
Enter the number of
terms: -5 Please enter a
positive number!

8
Name : Nikhil Parmar course : BCA
Roll no. : 36 section : D1

Objective:
The objective of this C++ program is to calculate the sum of the series:

S=1+12∗2+13∗2+14∗2+...+1n∗2S = 1 + \frac{1}{2*2} + \frac{1}{3*2} + \

frac{1}{4*2} + ... +
\frac{1}

{n*2}S=1+2∗21+3∗21+4∗21+...

+n∗21 where n is entered by the

user.

Q17. Write a program to calculate sum of

the series 1+½2+⅓*2+¼*2…..1/n*2.
#include
<iostream> using
namespace std; int
main() {
int n;
double sum = 0.0;
cout << "Enter the number of terms
(n): "; cin >> n;

if (n <= 0) {
cout << "Please enter a positive integer!" <<
endl; return 1; // Exit the program
}

for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {

sum += 1.0 / (i * 2); // Using 1.0 to ensure floating-point division
}

cout << "Sum of the series up to " << n << " terms is: " << sum
<< endl; return 0;
}

Output 1:
Enter the number of terms (n): 5
Sum of the series up to 5 terms is: 0.783333

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Name : Nikhil Parmar course : BCA
Roll no. : 36 section : D1
Output 2:
Enter the number of terms
(n): -3 Please enter a positive
integer!

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Name : Nikhil Parmar course : BCA
Roll no. : 36 section : D1

Objective:
The objective of this C++ program is to calculate the factorial of a given number
using both iteration (loop) and recursion

Q18. Write a program to calculate factorial of a given number.

#include

<iostream> using

namespace std;

long long

factorialRecursive(int n) { if

(n == 0 || n == 1)

return 1;

return n * factorialRecursive(n - 1);

long long factorialIterative(int

n) { long long fact = 1;

for (int i = 1; i <= n; i+

+) { fact *= i;

return fact;

int main()

{ int

num;

cout << "Enter a

number: "; cin >> num;

if (num < 0) {

cout << "Factorial of a negative number is not defined!" << endl;

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Name : Nikhil Parmar course : BCA
Roll no. : 36 section : D1

} else {

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Name : Nikhil Parmar course : BCA
Roll no. : 36 section : D1

cout << "Factorial (Using Loop): " <<

factorialIterative(num) << endl; cout << "Factorial (Using

Recursion): " << factorialRecursive(num) << endl;

return 0;

Output 1:
Enter a number: 5

Factorial (Using Loop):

120

Factorial (Using Recursion): 120

Output 2:
Enter a number: -4

Factorial of a negative number is not defined!

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