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1.3 Data Compression

The document outlines data storage units, including bits and bytes, and their conversions using the IEC system. It explains how to calculate file sizes for images and sound, and distinguishes between lossy and lossless data compression methods, highlighting their applications. Key takeaways emphasize the importance of using IEC units and the differences in file size calculations and compression techniques.

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smritiagarwala1985
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33 views2 pages

1.3 Data Compression

The document outlines data storage units, including bits and bytes, and their conversions using the IEC system. It explains how to calculate file sizes for images and sound, and distinguishes between lossy and lossless data compression methods, highlighting their applications. Key takeaways emphasize the importance of using IEC units and the differences in file size calculations and compression techniques.

Uploaded by

smritiagarwala1985
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Crisp Notes: Data Storage and Compression

1. Data Storage Units

• Bit: Smallest unit (0 or 1).

• Byte: 8 bits = 1 byte; 4 bits = 1 nibble.

• Memory Size (IEC System):

o 1 KiB (kibibyte) = 1024 bytes (210)

o 1 MiB (mebibyte) = 1024 KiB (220)

o 1 GiB (gibibyte) = 1024 MiB (230)

o 1 TiB (tebibyte) = 1024 GiB (240)

Conversion:

• Bytes → KiB → MiB → GiB: Divide by 1024.

• GiB → MiB → KiB → Bytes: Multiply by 1024.

2. Calculating File Sizes

A. Images:

Size (bits) = Resolution (pixels) × Colour Depth (bits)

Example: 2048 × 2048 image, 16-bit depth:

2048 × 2048 × 16 = 67,108,864 bits = 8,388,608 bytes [bits / 8 = bytes]

B. Sound (Mono):

Size (bits) = Sample Rate (Hz) × Resolution (bits) × Time (s)

Example: 44.1 kHz, 8-bit, 20s → 44,100 × 8× 20 = 7,056,000 bits

= 8,82,000 bytes

= 861.3281KiB

Stereo Sound: Double the bits (2 channels).

3. Data Compression

Why Compress?

✓ Saves storage, speeds up transfers, reduces bandwidth/costs.

A. Lossy Compression:

• Irreversible; discards "less important" data.


• Formats: JPEG (images), MP3 (audio), MP4 (video).
• Techniques: Reduce resolution, color depth, or sample rate.

B. Lossless Compression:

• Reversible; no data lost (e.g., ZIP, PNG).


• Example: Run-Length Encoding (RLE)
▪ Compresses repeated data (e.g., "aaaaabbbcddddd" → "5a3b1c5d").
Key Takeaways

• Use IEC units (KiB, MiB) for memory.

• Image size: Resolution × Colour Depth.

• Sound size: Sample Rate × Resolution × Time (×2 for stereo).

• Lossy: Smaller files, permanent data loss.

• Lossless: No data loss, reversible.

Applications:

• JPEG/MP3/MP4 = Lossy (streaming, storage).

• PNG/ZIP = Lossless (critical data like spreadsheets).

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