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The document discusses the principles of thermodynamics, focusing on fundamental relationships and equations governing energy, heat, and work in various systems. It explores concepts such as the first law of thermodynamics, thermodynamic potentials, and specific processes like Joule-Thomson expansion. The text also delves into the implications of these principles for understanding energy conversion and efficiency in thermodynamic systems.
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Chap RG, Mhccs
We S Qn Vs oe 2 Tg 4).) 2 oO
tesa “the Heleolts mckon F< Uons ,
(A-R), = (Ur \) — TCS- %), . dy
From @ amt &) w, & Fi- Dye 2 GO
Thus A -macdamum wos done S40 29% 4 eral
Zo te Aecrese bn Hebrhehts function of the Stn,
Thezmocdynari cal potential, or Gibly function:
>
The Gubbs function of 4 Agen ts girem 5
GF U-TS+*PV
Conpider a System tkod can do atken formes of WOR
an Badin Bo Pidv week weesuck ay Vothsi ¢ coll.
In core fgVotnie call, the eleckile woek is —E.dT
Simtoaly for a magnetic mater! ap, dee magnetic
won Ib ath In gomorah, the WEEK WL Be gure
by Pv sere PLS a sum of Armd each -bevg the
Prodick- TE intensive Vaclable such os PEom at
Are differential of gn ottmsive Mactable suchas
AV, AT ard MH. Im are of yolhate coll | the nto re,
vacichle 4 E ard Atfferensial of oxtosive veelad ly ie AF, > 2
2 7 . Paez
& SF Suppese., in gonenol, im addition A PAV the Imlmnive
Voriahhe i h om® Afforortiat of exbrrive variable ude.
The work done ton Ory, rove ribls ercoco®,”
Sw= pay +yde
[piv fg
y \ 3, a
we . ’
Taki = a Leen preocerS wh
aking. f gd A and contr nae ee,
Ahe System wots ak contend prress ure PR, and the clheoge
sam vume Neo My
Me
ry - Pav= Be Cu- x)
We BLY-vjyra nc
for. a Aaptom Bhod ertehangos herd mith a meson vale
Aompedtune owe @.- TC Sy- 8) &
BLM-M)+ 8 <€(0,- Y,)-EC5,- 8) ++
on AL (-)-B C4 Ot BLY) -@
Lek ws COmider a specific process, where the snitial and
tre fir stodes of the sy%tom ancl the surcourdingg oe
ab Ake amt Semperdtinre(T,) ancl Fressure C,),
ae T=T gd BoP
tom eyrtines we get
Aor < w,- Ve na TCS > Don a ply,- ae “2
But, fon the Gills duactin swe Know
Gaz U=TS3PV.-:-@
wv od eo
Cy
Therefme , fer two epi Kbrcium rates ad tie forme oe ‘
prasme ont romp dbne, =
Gre CU) a E @
From — @molion (HY ack (6)
. 4 (1 Ge pee oo ’ @
Thus the Afferemae te Rarcon Gigbe function of a Sedom
Re dveen wo eq ui tibrsivm Stple, the moa'mum Lt £o
he warn am adduction to PAV yric prrowtlad the Pitot
and ake finet Rates at at the sarc priesture arel
Aomperatwre amd the —aysrlom exchanges hat whet
A slnete Rend reserve. HW
En thot
Eathaley B defined os the sum af the trtewnel socts
ard the prodmeR of pressure ard voluwe . alte an
ot towsive theemodoamc, geopecks end) denoted yk.
Prtholpa he UPN 2 Cb
To stady the propecties of Phis function, assume had he
apron soe Gm in initesimel PRC from am tniBiok
GW Anum state toa fine equrtl briuon state.
From @ ake dutphe vp -- @
fee AH= AU+ PIV -- 2 @
dhe SHtVAP = ~~. ®
pividing, ty. AT ao
o> gh St a var © yang
AS cowsdant pressure
7
sub E>, > & O,
7 @e) - det
From aquihen (4) , jaon Asoborie proces , AP =o
~ en ot
on ge 42 He
©
@
Th ene-fore chomae tn enthadpy duning, an drabgrie prrocoys vs
easel Be tse ovmound orf head Arar fertecd clung hetrone®
Tn a Pero tting pro cevs, applying. fired Law of hemody namics
We U,- U; +W
Hee yh =0 art WF Me — Py ME
-t ae Ups Th —fMi*
= Vy + Pe Xs
he
Thore-foree ~im a Fiotthina process , there 4 no Changes
tm entkabpy. of the System,
The tnitiat ant Line on thokpies aaa apelin”
adinladiec
ASeRmeranh Proced
om V+ i
om h, = ye
The specie heod at contest + pressure and temperature
We re dfie ee i constant prrersure Cay Are APE CIF
Freot ah consti Volume Cy, avo owls - Kelvin cone fie,
Ore de fined 0 — fo Lows:
7 9)
P
cy Ee -
A= (3 7
hee Ahnee quartiitio, one detired en stoems of a
Ahermodprorme propedkics Ae pressure, volume, Aepeiine
Finndernel -onenga, art omnthales . Homac @ Cp Cy art
one alo aAheemecha na mle prropectios af a —substem ac, Basmati. We eelo&on bebweon Cy AC,
Secale hank ak corerkomt Rese Cy” % ameh
Ape fe heo® af constant volume Cy = -[2H
Bub BN= TSG, Hence Cp = ray an oe rae),
conmdering endrory, 3 ah a Sanction of Tarek V west
= ee dn +(38) av
Swe
a &) “Ble nia
ae ae Be bs 2 (BE
eS re a ace eye a)
becondt Ro Mar well 5 es cadakey
oe ae store a
— Cy = rE (3%), --
contig rR we got
as TS on aye CB), AV +@P), at
es TH 150 Brom Se) Apo.
tence C 33, BY Ge oi 20 PBA +CAz0
oe ~ C, Soe C2 = GD, Dae
ae a) 2 BLOG
OF Bre ON Fy (35), ~--@)
Aree miderng’ V0} 0 fmcinof Bank
wey st rs 7 +
A= Ban Bah oll Buk ob corryhand- vom av=0 tone (2¥ ap + (2 dP =0
2-6 2), (GY > 62) 0 »
ages senc Rat (ah e4yr@ @ ve get
ae +/G),
ee 2 ay (ar) -@
i ) ee
We Kmaw tre voluone OX RRHAEY coe erm ad
compan MeBBwr2_ ag a. + CH
It”
“Gh -
ees ak oth-enmad QeLO cor Vodune chaskieity
oar: ~®,
= BD > Kj
Podtiongy Aone values Ondo ean (A wegok—
Ce os ee =)
oe ae TEXV, (rove) a
Aprule-thowson effect :
Ty qoule?s experiment, a quankety of compressed gar was
abhowed oe expanch Um bo a vacuo pace witkoud Soi
exeXernal work, Wo chomge of Aomperctare of the goswes
Ackected after extrammton, The come uowae of Ais wos
GS) aed ane (35 ae
Thus ab conmbarnt shemporstine , U & nok a function oF
Pad V. Bt mush tere fone S62 function of Tory,
In Ake Ypile- Tomson experiment, Are gas tnrtecd of
Poning Suttons ik wacutom wes alowed to Plow continent
From & megion of Rigt"te a region of Sow Prerure.
years Lp -
Wn it is Bar |
Fig ts Schemébic regnerentahion of Joule -Thenson ae
Plug. experiment -
Figure 4 shows a cylinder separcatect Linke Doro chambers A ant B
dg a podlistion walt Performed widk @ voy dine Role. teh Pont
Tp, Py ad Ty be preestures amd stomperctures of the ges im tre
chambers A ard B respectively ond tet fF, 7 Fa. bah Vy aed Vp
Ae Bre see ciffe Volumes of the gos um the Ave chambers
A ard B. Wham Ake gas is force -thriowgth Ahe hole, the
Winckic meray. of the Qos converb-e tmte Leak 9 flick
drichion: The Aemperatime of othe chamber B will be Higher
on buen Lepenaiing om iste nalimme of gaa,
Pay
1
ta
1 v s
Letus follow Are changes Prod cack tn tee Unk net 4
> as IEW forceed from re clamber A to charter B, yr .
Suppose the pltom M expose fo prrevsure Py tm Here forcivany “
Aire chin 40 05 Ao BWeeP OWL & Volume Vy im theChambern .
The veo Aone by the piston b PVa. Tre mors of gas
Bey ewes mother piston Nn tre chamber B expred
ke press fy tn the ontwend Mection to as to +weepaut
BNokum Ves Tre won done by the unt mars of the gos
Om the piston NIA PVp Led Up ard Ug te thetstemel
menogics cf Uplt ames ef tee Qos tm the chambers A
ard &. 9E Aa be Ake quombity of het absor ed from
outside toy. the unt mass of gor, tren
aAa= dutaw
on BQ = (- U6) + Ca Ma- YD)
“1 daz On Pray — C U, + Po ™s)
on das Hy- Ne == @
where Hy ant He Gog the apcettle on thalies of tee gas
ain tee chambers A and B, respectively, 94 the process
adie, has o
ae tues Ha= Ho Sin o
Henee Ake emttalpicy remain corrkant, thos hn also called
PreoPVing, peocess,
Let @, te the Hee clfic Teak of the gos aE consstond Volume.
then x Com +e witon as
JCv@,- 7.) = %Ye— BMa > dm tae o(@ ,
2 page’?
hom eqpedin Gy Led us nan tre following conricerekios:
oD de m= Ty, then Yao Py Ve
AHLs ‘a Ah Same rresuth nf qouters ore gineh CxPorrmntrt, BA holds
ony fon the cage of porfe cd Gees,
» 44 T| 7s , stren Py Ve Fy Va
armourdof
wis means that tre gos door neater work tham
Wher ures done upon tb Inthe chainber A,
3) $< ) Ben PYe < mh
Bn Ans core , Are gas veitds ony a pak of wonk
done upon tk 4m the chamber A,
whe exe dene Blom Of ebore units that Lao molecules
On & gor may, wei then atlract on repeal each, other,
Qf the mole cntes attract , the WRK will 4a Rave Ao be
done on tre gos Ae mage Ak eccpand, On the otter
Rand, 44 Are molecules epel each other, the warck
wi be done #g, are JS om exepambion. Mese wens
ase added Fo on BP substractel -from the trdecal onogy
Hence “Joule- thomsen cooling effeckss procs ced $3.
Hmternel work done on or Aone by the gas motecules
mn tat preoceys of LL PeamAAON « Prods chin of ew Rempecdune 3 |
Frrodu akin of ow Nonpecature VB & Proce Ff re frigeratic S
Refrigerotion Ve defined 3 the poo of cooling. oF Rosier 4
ot fluids to temp ecole Lowen thom those available ~
dn cthve sue Coundings> Xa park ewan time amd pace .
ga a Ayre of canting, thed & a head Aeams fer p00
CAown @ a Aempccatune gration, ‘hb cam Se a natural ,
Bportoneows proces . How ever, ne frig enchin tg nod a sportoneouy
Proce , as Ak equines ettendirte of e#209 4 This coohing,
Of 6 hop cup Ff coffee Boe spor tamcos tile cad whe
Comverting 2 Poss of usder from room aempuatine to Saq,
A book oF 4ta,k @ Teafnig-cnotion Po ces, Ad nefrigeati,
PROCS Involve cooking, eke aU coolkng. procotes need
NOP ynvo bee refrkectin :
RefrigercRion can be Gobiored by Beverol ym obheds.
PL methods amvolve producing shemprcties Dow enonyh,
fon Theat AnowSn cto Ane piece from the SysHfem being,
Teefnig eractect to te system Akad is Prokalng ee frufention,
Me thods of producing. Dow sJermperctunes:
1) Sensible cooking, 44, Colot meckiuon
D Emaligithoonie wioxng of -substanees
2) Phase change processes
AD Brepmsion of Liquichs
>) Boe panat on of gases a)
6D Thermo ede dhic wefrigenattion
FD Pdichet'n Aemngnekseton ,
By Ahnosthling, 4) 8yecren ofa ee ~—
——
Heod and Pryemediynanien
Pratlems of Treemectynoamicd — ‘aisle 2, Anancarney
Calculate Bre change in embrcory. whon Lo gm A Atco ak Of
We converted Tymto wer at the Home hom perctnve
cols Ags SH. Aonsoced 2 2:93 calfK
T ZR
hoe
Cokewdote the change & tn -enlrro Bp Whon stg, of wrod ts
comrenteR Arto steom at the Same shempencine
eee = Sf = a = #240 cab/K
Deduee the CRapeg rors Aehend ‘head eqyodion a= Maxwell 5
dl
Promodgrarnicat melabiors, OR Stoo bret SE = TOE) :
4. Show thod for atromogeneous Ftaid oy-ty= BR) (35),
Show from the corsdecadion oF Mast ells Aheamodynarnt ced
rebohehs thet 1 for oe Cp Cy= RR od
wo fora robe
Cp- Cy =
eet dowels ~equdton
6. Deuve tre specific Read ere C,-Cy 7 HP Ex'y
: : : : ¢ = os
J. Using Maccuetl's Arernobyimics ran ast = rT 3)
& Caleulste the change dn Sp of water ob 22°C.
Sol ee) =-7 sy) Wore mean value of Ge =) 2 o'o0001=16"
dpe Ladm= 40% o.&s unk
Ac, =-ae +(e *) tye
