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Impact of Houseplants on Reducing Indoor Air Pollution

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2024, Volume 12, Issue 3, Pages: 1-13

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Impact of Houseplants on Reducing Indoor Air

Pollution
Amirreza Talaie 1,2,3*, Mohanadoss Ponraj 4
1. Department of Civil Engineering, Jami Institute of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
2. Plant Design Department, Pars Abnoos Sanat Consulting Engineering Company, Shiraz, Iran
3. Department of Natural Sciences, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030012, Kazakhstan
4. Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, JamboDrive, P. O. Box: 21692,
Kitwe, Zambia

Received: 05/04/2024 Accepted: 12/08/2024 Published: 20/09/2024

Abstract
Houseplants provide a natural and effective solution for improving indoor air quality and enhancing human health. They help purify the
air by absorbing pollutants such as formaldehyde, benzene, and trichloroethylene, while increasing oxygen levels and humidity. The
evapotranspiration process from plant leaves raises indoor humidity, which can alleviate respiratory issues, reduce skin dryness, and minimize
static electricity. In addition, houseplants serve as natural filters, capturing airborne particles and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Beyond their physical benefits, houseplants positively influence psychological well-being by reducing stress, improving mood, and boosting
productivity. They create a calming, aesthetically pleasing environment that fosters a connection to nature. Effective houseplants for air
purification include Aloe Vera, Sansevieria, Pothos, and Peace Lily, each with specific abilities to remove indoor pollutants. Overall,
incorporating houseplants into indoor spaces provides a holistic approach to enhancing air quality, health, and well-being.

Keywords: Indoor Air Quality, Houseplants, Pollutant Removal, Psychological Benefits

1 Introduction1 hexane, heptane, octane, decane), halogenated hydrocarbons

Houseplants are an effective and natural way to improve (e.g., trichloroethylene, methylene chloride), and terpenes (e.g.,
indoor air quality. These plants can absorb pollutants, increase alpha-pinene, d-limonene) (7). Due to their toxic effects,
oxygen levels, and raise humidity through different mechanisms. pollutants such as benzene, toluene, octane, trichloroethylene,
In addition to removing trichloroethylene, benzene, and and alpha-pinene are considered major indoor air pollutants (8).
formaldehyde, houseplants can help eliminate several other Plants can remove VOCs from indoor air through processes
common indoor air pollutants Indoor air quality is vital for human like stomatal uptake, absorption, and adsorption on their surfaces
health, especially in developed countries where people spend (9). Some indoor plant species have been tested for their ability
more than 90% of their time indoors (1). Studies show indoor air to remove benzene, with some able to eliminate 40 to 88 mg per
can be 2 to 50 times more polluted than outdoor air (2). Indoor cubic meter per day (10). These plants also reduce other VOCs
pollutants typically come from building materials, human like toluene, TCE, m-xylene, and hexane (9). The effectiveness
activities, and outdoor air entering the building (3). This problem of VOC removal varies greatly among plant species (Yoo et al.,
has worsened in newer, energy-efficient buildings with lower 2006) and depends on the molecular properties of each pollutant.
ventilation rates. Common indoor pollutants include VOCs, Currently, only a few indoor plant species have been studied for
particulate matter, ozone, radon, lead, and biological their pollutant-removing abilities. Moreover, the range of
contaminants. Exposure to these pollutants can lead to short-term pollutants tested remains limited. A more thorough study of
health issues like asthma and nausea, as well as long-term different indoor plant species and their ability to purify a wider
diseases, such as cancer, and various chronic conditions that variety of pollutants would help improve our understanding of
affect the immune, neurological, reproductive, developmental, phytoremediation and its potential to enhance indoor air quality.
and respiratory systems (4). VOCs in indoor air are emitted from This paper provides a detailed analysis of the role of
items like paints, varnishes, adhesives, furniture, clothing, houseplants in improving indoor air quality by reducing pollution
solvents, construction materials, combustion appliances, and even levels. It examines how plants absorb and break down harmful
potable water (5). VOCs harm indoor air quality (6). They are pollutants, such as VOCs and particulate matter, and their
classified into four groups: aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, potential to reduce indoor air contaminants. The review also looks
toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene), aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., at recent studies on various plant species and their efficiency in

* Corresponding author: Amirreza Talaie, (1) Department of Civil Engineering, Jami Institute of Technology, Isfahan, Iran; (2) Plant
Design Department, Pars Abnoos Sanat Consulting Engineering Company, Shiraz, Iran; and (3) Department of Natural Sciences, West
Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030012, Kazakhstan, E-mail: [email protected]

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2024, Volume 12, Issue 3, Pages: 1-13

absorbing specific toxins, highlighting which plants are most 0.3 ppm for 8-hour shifts, with a short-term limit of 1 ppm (29).
effective in different indoor settings. Additionally, the paper For residential spaces, the EPA advises keeping formaldehyde
discusses the physiological processes in plants that contribute to below 0.1 ppm (100 µg/m³) to minimize health risks, as higher
pollutant removal, including stomatal uptake, adsorption on leaf levels can be particularly harmful for sensitive individuals (30).
surfaces, and microbial interactions in the soil. Studies have shown that certain indoor plants significantly
reduce formaldehyde levels in closed environments. For instance,
2. Indoor Air Pollutants research on Spider Plant (Chlorophytum comosum) indicates it
Houseplants play a crucial role in improving indoor air can remove around 90% of airborne formaldehyde, making it a
quality by absorbing and removing various air pollutants through top choice for natural air purification (31). Similarly, Boston Fern
specialized structures in their leaves, stems, and roots. These plant (Nephrolepis exaltata) can reduce formaldehyde by about 60%
structures help to capture, absorb, and break down harmful under optimal conditions (32). The Peace Lily (Spathiphyllum
chemicals, such as VOCs, which are commonly found in indoor spp.) can eliminate 60% to 70% of formaldehyde in well-
environments due to everyday activities and materials (11). The ventilated areas, while the Areca Palm (Dypsis lutescens) reduces
process occurs through a combination of physical absorption by formaldehyde by 50% to 60% (9, 31, 33). The Rubber Plant
the leaf surfaces, chemical breakdown in the roots, and uptake of (Ficus elastica), Dracaena species, and Snake Plant (Sansevieria
pollutants through stomata. Some of the most important trifasciata) also effectively absorb formaldehyde, although the
pollutants that plants can remove include formaldehyde, benzene, Snake Plant is less effective, reducing levels by about 20% to 30%
toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene, among others. By utilizing (9, 11). (34) examined ornamental plants and found that Ficus
their natural biological processes, houseplants not only reduce the species achieved a 92.8% formaldehyde removal rate, with
concentration of these harmful substances but also contribute to Hedera helix showing the lowest rate at 56.86%. This study also
healthier indoor spaces, offering a natural and cost-effective highlighted the role of stomatal density and conductance in
method for improving air quality in homes, offices, and other formaldehyde removal, noting that thick cuticles and epidermis
enclosed environments. hinder this process. (35) demonstrated that inoculating plants with
Ochrobactrum bacteria significantly increased formaldehyde
2.1 Formaldehyde removal, with treated Chlorophytum comosum removing 62.88%
Formaldehyde (CH₂O) is a colorless gas with a strong, sharp more formaldehyde at night than untreated plants. (36) reviewed
odor, used widely due to its unique properties (12). It acts as an plant-based formaldehyde remediation and emphasized the
adhesive in plywood, MDF, and particle board, and is commonly impact of plant physiology and environmental conditions, such as
found in building materials, textiles, and household products that humidity, on removal efficiency, pointing out that real-world
contribute to indoor air pollution. Additionally, it is used to make applications may differ from lab conditions. (37) explored plant
wrinkle-resistant fabrics for clothing, and in the chemical metabolism and formaldehyde remediation, noting that
industry, formaldehyde is involved in producing resins, plastics, rhizosphere activity, temperature, and humidity affect
and polymers (13). It also functions as a disinfectant in labs and effectiveness, and stressed the importance of plant species in
medical settings (14). Formaldehyde is present in household maintaining indoor air quality standards. (38) studied botanical
products like cleaners, paints, and cosmetics, including nail polish biofilters, showing that low airflow (0.8 L/s) with formaldehyde
(15). Despite its utility, formaldehyde exposure has significant concentrations of 0.3 mg/m³ achieved a single-pass removal
health risks. It can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat and cause efficiency (SPRE) of 99.99%, though higher airflow rates reduced
respiratory issues at higher concentrations (16). Long-term efficiency, indicating a need for improvement in real-world
exposure is linked to an increased risk of certain cancers, making applications. (39) found that stems of Epipremnum aureum and
it crucial to handle formaldehyde with care, especially in Rohdea japonica removed formaldehyde effectively, with
environments where it is frequently present. Sources of indoor purification rates of 40.0% and 61.6%, respectively, and observed
formaldehyde are varied, making it a widespread air pollutant CO₂ increases correlating with formaldehyde decreases,
(17). Wood products, particularly furniture made from plywood indicating purification efficiency. Further research by (40) on
and MDF, often contain urea-formaldehyde and phenol- Chlorophytum comosum showed recovery within 15 days after 7
formaldehyde resins (18). Other contributors include building days of formaldehyde exposure, although efficiency dropped by
materials like insulation, flooring, and wall coverings, which can 35–50% with repeated fumigation, suggesting resilience but with
release formaldehyde over time (19). Wrinkle-resistant clothing limitations.
and certain cleaning products also emit this gas, as do cigarette
smoke and indoor heaters or fireplaces (20). To reduce 2.2. Benzene
formaldehyde levels indoors, strategies include good ventilation, Benzene (C₆H₆) is a colorless and flammable compound with
choosing low-formaldehyde materials, and introducing a sweet odor that is widely used in industry (41). It serves as a
houseplants that can improve air quality naturally (21). raw material for producing chemicals like styrene and toluene,
Formaldehyde concentrations indoors vary with the presence essential in manufacturing plastics, synthetic fibers, cosmetics,
of emitting products and ventilation conditions (22). Indoor levels paints, coatings, and pharmaceuticals (42). However, despite its
typically range from 0.1 to 0.5 ppm (100 to 500 µg/m³), but in industrial utility, benzene is harmful to human health. Classified
spaces with more formaldehyde-emitting products, such as as a carcinogen, prolonged exposure significantly increases the
certain furniture and flooring finishes, concentrations can be risk of leukemia, a type of blood cancer, and is linked to other
higher (23-25). These levels sometimes exceed 1 ppm (1,000 health issues, including headaches, dizziness, and immune system
µg/m³) soon after new installations (26, 27). OSHA sets the weakening (43). Given these risks, it is crucial to manage benzene
permissible exposure limit (PEL) for formaldehyde in workplaces carefully in workplaces and industries to protect workers and
at 0.75 ppm averaged over 8 hours and 2 ppm for short-term (15- surrounding communities. Regulatory agencies such as the
minute) exposure (28). The ACGIH recommends a threshold of OSHA have set permissible exposure limits for benzene in

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2024, Volume 12, Issue 3, Pages: 1-13

occupational settings, with OSHA’s limit at 1 ppm, or about 3.2 air quality, especially for VOCs like benzene, highlighting how
mg/m³ averaged over an 8-hour workday (44). The ACGIH factors like light and temperature influence benzene removal
recommends a lower threshold of 0.5 ppm (45). Meanwhile, EPA efficiency. (56) compared benzene and formaldehyde removal by
suggests that residential indoor benzene levels be minimized as Sansevieria trifasciata to air purifiers. The study found that
much as possible, ideally below 1 µg/m³ to protect sensitive Sansevieria absorbed VOCs more effectively than purifiers. This
populations (46-48). result highlights plants’ superior VOC removal potential over
Benzene is also a significant indoor air pollutant, with sources mechanical purifiers in indoor settings.
including vehicle exhaust, tobacco smoke, and household Other studies explore advanced techniques for enhancing
products such as cleaners and paints (49). Indoor concentrations benzene removal. For example, (57) experimented with titanium
vary widely depending on the presence of these benzene- dioxide modified with copper oxide and graphene under LED
containing products, indoor pollution sources, and ventilation lighting, achieving benzene degradation rates three times higher
levels, generally ranging from 0.1 to 10 µg/m³ (50). However, in than standard titanium dioxide, indicating that innovative
homes with attached garages, industrial areas, or spaces with materials combined with plants could improve indoor air safety.
extensive tobacco use, benzene concentrations may reach several (58) developed a predictive model for VOC removal using
hundred micrograms per cubic meter (51). To address this indoor Zamioculcas zamiifolia, demonstrating that adequate leaf area
pollutant, recent research suggests that specific houseplants can could reduce pollutants like ethylbenzene and styrene by 0.23–
help absorb benzene and improve indoor air quality. Plants 4.14%, depending on ventilation, providing a basis for estimating
remove pollutants through phytoremediation, a process where plant coverage needed for indoor air improvements. The
they absorb harmful substances through their leaves and roots, predictive model developed by (58) to estimate the VOC removal
breaking down or storing these pollutants. In particular, plants can efficiency of Zamioculcas zamiifolia takes into account several
metabolize benzene through bioremediation, which involves key environmental factors. These factors include the plant's leaf
enzymatic activity that converts benzene into less toxic area, which directly affects the plant's capacity to absorb VOCs,
compounds. the ventilation rate of the indoor space, which influences the
Research supports the effectiveness of various plants in concentration of pollutants, and the plant's efficiency in absorbing
absorbing benzene. For instance, (52) reviewed studies on indoor specific VOCs. The model is designed to quantify how these
air phytoremediation, finding that Chlorophytum comosum factors interact and predict the plant’s ability to reduce VOC
(Spider Plant) demonstrated the broadest pollutant removal range, concentrations such as ethylbenzene and styrene. The core
while Epipremnum aureum (Devil's Ivy) was especially effective equation for VOC removal is expressed as R=(A⋅E⋅C)/(V+A),
for benzene removal. The review also highlighted that inoculating where R represents the removal rate of VOCs (in %), A is the leaf
plants with Bacillus cereus increased their efficiency in pollutant area of the plant (m2), E is the plant’s absorption efficiency (in
absorption, suggesting that a combination of plant species might %), C is the concentration of VOCs (in ppm or µg/m³), and V is
further enhance indoor air purification. Hu et al. (2023) conducted the ventilation rate (in m³/s or air changes per hour). This equation
fumigation tests on Tradescantia zebrina and Epipremnum integrates these variables to estimate the VOC removal
aureum, observing benzene removal rates that varied with plant efficiency, showing that an increase in leaf area and plant
transpiration levels, emphasizing the role of gas exchange in efficiency enhances removal, while ventilation moderates this
benzene uptake. Similarly, (53) studied the use of plants in a 74.7 effect. The model offers a basis for estimating how much plant
m³ office space and found that 3 m² of greenery could reduce coverage is needed to improve indoor air quality effectively,
ventilation needs by up to 100% over seven hours, suggesting a depending on the specific conditions of the environment (58).
potential reduction in ventilation costs for indoor environments In an investigation of VOC interactions, (59) found that
with long-term plant use. Various plant species are particularly benzene presence decreased toluene removal by 50% in
effective in absorbing benzene and other indoor pollutants. The Epipremnum aureum and Dracaena fragrans, highlighting the
Peace Lily (Spathiphyllum spp.) is known for its low-light complex nature of phytoremediation when multiple pollutants are
suitability and ability to reduce pollutants while enhancing indoor present. (60) explored benzene removal by Tradescantia zebrina
aesthetics. The Spider Plant (Chlorophytum comosum), and Epipremnum aureum through fumigation tests. In air with
highlighted by (54), was effective in benzene removal even under benzene concentrations of 432.25–1314.75 mg·m⁻³, removal
microgravity, maintaining open stomata for gas exchange. This rates for T. zebrina ranged from 23.05 ± 3.07 to 57.42 ± 8.28
unique finding points to potential applications for plant-based air mg·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹ FW, and for E. aureum from 18.82 ± 3.73 to 101.58
purification in space environments. The Bamboo Palm ± 21.20 mg·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹ FW. Removal was linked to plant
(Chamaedorea seifrizii) and the Rubber Plant (Ficus elastica) are transpiration, highlighting its role in gas exchange for benzene
other excellent choices for removing benzene and other uptake (60).
pollutants, with the Bamboo Palm also adds beneficial humidity While valuable in industry, benzene poses significant health
to indoor air, improving respiratory health. Additionally, risks, especially as an indoor pollutant. Research indicates that
Dracaena spp. and the Gerbera Daisy (Gerbera jamesonii) have certain houseplants, through phytoremediation and
proven effective at absorbing benzene, with the Gerbera Daisy bioremediation processes, can effectively reduce indoor benzene
adding vibrant color to indoor settings. Other benzene-absorbing levels, making them a promising, natural solution to improving
plants include the Boston Fern (Nephrolepis exaltata), which also air quality. By incorporating these plants into our homes and
humidifies the air, the Areca Palm (Dypsis lutescens), and the workspaces, we can enhance air quality, promote health, and
Chinese Evergreen (Aglaonema spp.). The Devil's Ivy reduce dependence on mechanical ventilation systems while
(Epipremnum aureum) is notable for its durability and ability to creating a greener, more pleasant environment.
filter benzene in low-maintenance environments. (55) reviewed
indoor phytoremediation techniques and noted that potted plants
and green walls are cost-effective solutions for managing indoor

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2024, Volume 12, Issue 3, Pages: 1-13

2.3 Trichloroethylene condominium study. (69) investigated TCE uptake and transport
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an industrial chemical with many in plants like wheat, corn, and tomatoes, finding wheat absorbed
applications in various sectors. It is commonly found in some TCE most efficiently, with 2.39 ± 0.42 μg per gram of biomass
household cleaners, paints, lacquers, and chemical solvents (61). after 24 hours of exposure. This study highlighted that the
Additionally, TCE can be present in cigarette smoke and may presence of other pollutants can reduce TCE uptake. Plasma-
come from older equipment or industrial machinery (62). In older catalysis for TCE decomposition has also been researched. (70)
homes, residual trichloroethylene can gradually enter the indoor demonstrated that plasma combined with catalytic reactions
air due to outdated materials and chemicals. The typical effectively breaks down TCE, overcoming the limitations of non-
concentration of TCE in indoor environments usually ranges from thermal plasma. Technologies like dielectric barrier discharge and
0.1 to 10 µg/m³ of air (46). In some cases, particularly in areas corona discharge show promise for reducing TCE in indoor
where TCE-containing products are used or stored, spaces. (7) tested 28 ornamental plants for VOC removal, finding
concentrations can be significantly higher, sometimes reaching high TCE removal rates in species like Hemigraphis alternata,
levels of 100 µg/m³ or more (63, 64). Certain industrial or Hedera helix, and Hoya carnosa, with removal rates up to 44.04
commercial settings, such as dry cleaning facilities or factories mg·m⁻³·m⁻²·h⁻¹. (71) found Chlorophytum comosum notably
that use TCE in manufacturing processes, may also present much efficient in removing TCE, while Kalanchoe blossfeldiana was
higher indoor concentrations. The EPA and other health more effective for benzene. This suggests that combining plant
organizations classify TCE as a potential human carcinogen, species could improve indoor air quality.
underscoring the importance of reducing its levels in indoor air Innovative air purification methods are also being explored.
(65). Maintaining good ventilation and utilizing air-purifying (72) created a biofilter system with moss, hydroponic plants, and
strategies, such as incorporating certain houseplants, can help a scrubber for the removal of TCE, toluene, and formaldehyde.
minimize exposure to TCE. This biofilter reduced TCE by 10% and toluene by 50%, though
The maximum allowable level of exposure to TCE can vary TCE accumulated in the aquatic system, showing slower
based on guidelines set by different health and environmental breakdown than other VOCs. (51) examined TCE uptake in edible
agencies. According to the EPA, the recommended limits for TCE plants like spinach, carrots, and tomatoes. Spinach accumulated
exposure in residential indoor air are generally around 2 to 10 the most TCE, reaching levels of 580 ppb, and TCE transformed
µg/m³, although the agency does not establish a specific "safe" within the plant tissue, suggesting that it could be stored safely
level (66). OSHA has set a permissible exposure limit for TCE in without high toxicity.
occupational settings at 100 parts per million (ppm), which is
equivalent to approximately 540 milligrams per cubic meter 2.4 Xylene
(mg/m³) for an 8-hour workday (67). The ACGIH recommends a Xylene is a common indoor air pollutant found in many
threshold limit value of 25 ppm for TCE in a workplace setting household products, such as paints, varnishes, and solvents (73).
(67). Plants filter pollutants through bioremediation, a process in It can harm human health, causing symptoms like headaches,
which they absorb air through their leaves, and filter out toxins. dizziness, and respiratory issues (74). The concentration of xylene
They take in TCE and carbon dioxide through tiny openings in indoor environments varies widely, depending on factors like
called stomata, and then specialized enzymes in the plant convert the presence of xylene-emitting products and ventilation quality.
TCE into less harmful substances or store it in the plant tissue. Generally, xylene levels in homes range from 0.1 to 10 µg/m³ of
This makes certain houseplants effective in combating indoor air air (75). However, in spaces where xylene-containing products
pollution. are heavily used or stored—such as garages, workshops, or
Recent studies highlight specific plants that efficiently recently painted rooms—concentrations can exceed 100 µg/m³.
remove TCE. For instance, certain plants significantly lower TCE The maximum allowable level of xylene exposure varies
levels indoors. The Peace Lily (Spathiphyllum spp.) can reduce according to health and safety guidelines. The OSHA has set a
TCE concentration by up to 60% in controlled environments and permissible exposure limit of 100 ppm for workplace
grows well in low light. The Spider Plant (Chlorophytum environments, equal to approximately 435 mg/m³ for an 8-hour
comosum) is effective too, with studies showing it can lower TCE workday (75, 76). Similarly, the American Conference of
by over 80% within 2-3 days in a closed setting. The Bamboo Governmental and Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommends a
Palm (Chamaedorea seifrizii) has also demonstrated a 45% TCE threshold limit value (TLV) of 100 ppm for xylene, which is
reduction within 24 hours, while varieties of Dracaena (Dracaena generally considered safe for most workers during an 8-hour shift.
spp.) can decrease TCE by 70% over several days. Other effective For residential indoor air quality, the Environmental Protection
TCE-absorbing plants include the Rubber Plant (Ficus elastica), Agency (EPA) does not set a specific maximum safe level for
which reduces TCE by about 50%, the Boston Fern (Nephrolepis xylene but recommends minimizing exposure to volatile organic
exaltata) with a reduction of around 35%, and the Areca Palm compounds (VOCs) overall to maintain healthy indoor air.
(Dypsis lutescens), which decreases TCE by approximately 30% Ideally, typical indoor xylene levels should stay below 10 µg/m³
in indoor spaces. The adaptable Chinese Evergreen (Aglaonema to reduce health risks. It is important to note that prolonged
spp.) has also shown a 40% TCE removal rate. Adding these exposure to high levels of xylene can lead to health problems.
plants to indoor spaces can improve air quality and help reduce Maintaining good ventilation and using air-purifying plants can
harmful TCE levels. Proper ventilation and choosing products help mitigate xylene exposure. Many regulatory agencies advise
with fewer chemical solvents are essential steps, but houseplants minimizing xylene levels indoors to keep air quality safe for
offer a natural solution for air purification. Several studies also occupants.
focus on the factors affecting TCE levels in indoor environments Recent studies show that certain houseplants can effectively
and plant effectiveness. (68) found that TCE emissions from reduce xylene levels in indoor air, providing a natural method of
furniture can significantly raise indoor TCE levels, especially air purification. These plants absorb xylene through their leaves
when vapor intrusion systems are ineffective, as observed in a and roots, helping to improve indoor air quality. Several studies

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2024, Volume 12, Issue 3, Pages: 1-13

highlight the ability of specific plants to remove xylene from enter the plant through stomata, then move deeper into the
indoor environments. For example, recent scientific research has mesophyll tissue in the leaves. Due to its lipophilic nature, xylene
shown that the Spider Plant (Chlorophytum comosum) has an crosses cell membranes and reaches various parts of the plant,
exceptional ability to reduce xylene levels indoors. In controlled including the stem and roots. Once inside, xylene is metabolized
studies, the Spider Plant was able to lower xylene concentrations by enzymes like cytochrome P450, which convert it into less
by up to 85% within a few days in closed environments, making harmful compounds. These products then go through a process
it one of the most effective plants for air purification. This high called conjugation, resulting in water-soluble compounds that the
efficiency is due to both the plant’s biological mechanisms and plant can safely store or release. The Areca Palm may also release
its adaptability to various indoor conditions, including low light some breakdown products through its roots, where soil microbes
and variable humidity. help degrade any remaining pollutants. This symbiotic
The Spider Plant absorbs xylene through its stomata, tiny relationship with soil microbes enhances the plant’s ability to
openings on the leaf surface that regulate the intake of gases purify the air.
during the plant’s natural breathing process. As xylene molecules Lastly, the Rubber Plant (Ficus elastica) has shown the ability
come into contact with the plant, they enter through the stomata to reduce xylene concentrations by about 30% in enclosed spaces.
and diffuse into the mesophyll tissue, where further processing This plant is relatively easy to maintain and can adapt to various
occurs. Xylene’s lipophilic nature allows it to easily penetrate cell light conditions. The Rubber Plant absorbs xylene and other
membranes, moving through the plant’s cellular structure. Once VOCs through its broad leaves, utilizing metabolic processes to
inside, xylene is metabolized through a series of enzymatic cleanse the air. Although the exact mechanisms are not fully
reactions aimed at neutralizing harmful substances. Studies show understood, some scientists suggest that plants like the Rubber
that xylene breakdown in the Spider Plant occurs in two phases. Plant may temporarily store xylene before breaking it down.
In the first phase, oxidation, enzymes such as cytochrome P450 However, more research is needed to understand the complete
modify xylene by adding oxygen atoms, converting it into metabolic pathway of xylene in such plants. Nonetheless, the
intermediate products like methylbenzyl alcohol or tolualdehyde. Rubber Plant is still valuable for improving indoor air quality,
In the second phase, conjugation, these intermediate products particularly when used alongside other air-purifying plants.
combine with sugars or organic acids to form harmless, water- (52) reviewed the use of plants for indoor air
soluble compounds. The plant then either stores these in its phytoremediation, showing that Chlorophytum comosum has a
vacuoles or further processes them into carbon dioxide and water broad range of pollutant removal abilities, while Epipremnum
for cellular respiration. Additionally, the Spider Plant’s roots aureum is effective at xylene removal. Inoculating plants with
contribute to air purification. Research suggests that the roots Bacillus cereus was found to improve pollutant removal,
release breakdown byproducts into the surrounding soil, where suggesting that combining different plant species could enhance
soil microorganisms further degrade them. This interaction with xylene removal efficiency. (58) developed a model to predict
soil microbes completes the detoxification process. The combined VOC removal, focusing on Zamioculcas zamiifolia. This model
actions of the Spider Plant’s metabolic pathways and the demonstrated that plant leaf area and plant choice impact xylene
microbial activity in the soil make it highly effective in removing removal, supporting customized phytoremediation designs. (59,
xylene and other VOCs from the air. Due to its ease of care and 77) explored VOC interactions, finding that adding xylene
adaptability, the Spider Plant is an ideal choice for home and reduced toluene removal by 39%, indicating that VOC
office environments. It thrives in various light conditions, making interactions affect overall removal. (8) assessed mixed plant
it both practical and effective for improving indoor air quality. communities, finding that root zone bacteria like Microbacterium
Another effective plant for removing xylene is the Peace Lily and Rhodococcus contributed to xylene breakdown. (78) tested
(Spathiphyllum spp.). Research indicates that this plant can green wall systems, showing high xylene removal efficiency with
reduce xylene concentrations by about 60% within 24 hours. The microbial support. (79) demonstrated xylene reduction using
Peace Lily filters indoor air pollutants through a process called Sansevieria trifasciata, achieving a 72% reduction in plant-filled
phytoremediation, where pollutants are taken up and transformed rooms. (80) found Bougainvillea buttiana achieved a 53.1%
into harmless compounds within the plant tissues. In addition to xylene removal rate with support from leaf microbes like
its air-purifying properties, the Peace Lily’s flowers add beauty Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Other studies, including work by (81)
to indoor spaces. and (82), further support the effectiveness of biofilters, green
The Bamboo Palm (Chamaedorea seifrizii) is also notable for walls, and optimized root zones for enhanced VOC
its air-purifying abilities. Studies have shown that it can reduce phytoremediation.
xylene levels by approximately 50% within 48 hours. This plant
thrives in low-light indoor environments, adding a tropical 2.5 Toluene
aesthetic while effectively removing pollutants. The Bamboo Using houseplants to clean indoor air has gained attention in
Palm absorbs xylene through its leaves and roots, processing it recent decades. A common indoor pollutant is toluene, a VOC
through metabolic pathways to detoxify the air. found in many household products like paint, glue, and cleaning
The Areca Palm (Dypsis lutescens) is another plant with good agents (5). Toluene can cause various health issues, including
xylene removal capabilities. In one study, it was shown to reduce headaches, dizziness, and respiratory problems (83). Studies have
xylene levels by about 40% within a few days. The Areca Palm shown that certain houseplants can absorb and help reduce
works similarly to other plants by absorbing pollutants and toluene levels in indoor air, making them a valuable addition to
breaking them down into less toxic forms. Additionally, the homes and office spaces.
plant’s high transpiration rate increases humidity, which can Several studies indicate that specific plants are particularly
further contribute to its air-purifying qualities. When the Areca effective at removing toluene. For instance,
Palm absorbs xylene from the air, the pollutant undergoes several the Spatiphyllum (peace lily) is often highlighted for its air-
stages: uptake, transport, and metabolism. Xylene molecules purifying qualities (55). Research demonstrates that this plant can

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2024, Volume 12, Issue 3, Pages: 1-13

significantly lower toluene concentrations in controlled their efficiency over time. Research indicates that engaging with
environments. Another effective plant is the Chlorophytum plants has additional health benefits. They can improve mood,
comosum (spider plant). Studies show that it can thrive in low reduce stress, and enhance overall well-being. Incorporating
light and still purify air (84). Both of these plants are easy to care plants like the peace lily or spider plant into homes or workplaces
for, making them suitable for various indoor settings. Various can serve as both a functional and aesthetic improvement.
factors affect how well these plants can remove toluene. The
amount of light, temperature, and humidity in a room can all 2.6 Ammonia
influence a plant's effectiveness. For example, plants generally Ammonia (NH₃) is a colorless gas with a pungent odor,
perform better in bright, indirect sunlight. Certain studies suggest commonly found in indoor environments due to its widespread
that more leaves on a plant can lead to better absorption rates of use in agriculture, cleaning products, and household items (88). It
toluene and other VOCs. The surface area of the leaves is critical is primarily released from fertilizers, animal waste, cleaning
since more area means more space for absorption. agents, and even certain foods (89). In industrial and agricultural
In terms of data, some articles provide specific measurements settings, ammonia is used to make fertilizers, which are often
of toluene concentration before and after the placement of plants stored or transported, leading to its release into the air. It can also
in a room. For example, one study might report an initial toluene be present in household products such as cleaning agents,
level of 200 µg/m³, which could drop to 40 µg/m³ after a week detergents, and air fresheners, contributing to indoor air pollution
with a peace lily present. These figures underscore the potential (90). Additionally, ammonia is emitted by cigarette smoke and
for household plants to create healthier indoor air. In (85), human activity, such as cooking and exhalation (91). Despite its
researchers tested twelve plant species for their ability to absorb widespread presence, ammonia exposure can have harmful
toluene and ethylbenzene from the air. The study highlighted effects on human health, particularly at elevated concentrations.
Sansevieria trifasciata, commonly known as snake plant, as Short-term exposure can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat, while
particularly effective in removing toluene, while Chlorophytum long-term exposure may lead to respiratory issues such as asthma
comosum, or spider plant, excelled in ethylbenzene removal. and chronic bronchitis (92). High concentrations of ammonia in
Interestingly, the plants’ absorption of these pollutants was not indoor air have been linked to reduced lung function and
directly tied to stomatal density, suggesting that the wax layer on increased risk of chronic respiratory diseases (93). Sources of
the leaves plays a significant role. Specifically, the wax in indoor ammonia are diverse, with pet waste, household cleaning
Sansevieria trifasciata species was rich in hexadecanoic acid, products, and gas stoves being notable contributors (94).
which may help in binding and absorbing these pollutants. (85) To mitigate ammonia levels in indoor environments,
also studied how plants tolerate exposure to VOCs by measuring strategies such as increasing ventilation, using ammonia-free
chlorophyll fluorescence. They found that some plant species cleaning agents, and employing air purifiers are recommended
were able to withstand pollution without harming their (95). Plant-based approaches have also been studied for their
photosynthesis. potential to reduce ammonia concentrations indoors. Some
This data points to the potential of specific ornamental plants studies have shown that certain houseplants can absorb ammonia,
for improving indoor air quality in environments with low levels improving indoor air quality. For instance, the Spider Plant
of VOCs (85). A method was proposed by (86) to enhance (Chlorophytum comosum) has demonstrated some ability to
pollutant removal in Myrtus communis, or common myrtle, by remove ammonia, along with formaldehyde and other volatile
incorporating titanium dioxide (TiO₂) into the growth media. The organic compounds (96). Similarly, the Peace Lily
TiO₂-infused plants showed an increased capacity for breaking (Spathiphyllum spp.) is noted for its ability to purify ammonia,
down a variety of pollutants, including toluene, formaldehyde, along with other pollutants. Studies have shown that the Rubber
and benzene, when exposed in a controlled environment. This Plant (Ficus elastica), Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis), and Bamboo
approach combines phytoremediation with photocatalysis, as Palm (Chamaedorea seifrizii) are effective in reducing ammonia
TiO₂ enhances the degradation of VOCs under light exposure. levels in closed environments under controlled conditions (97).
Although this vombined method is not specific to home use, this Furthermore, various factors influence the effectiveness of plants
method could be adapted for spaces that require both ornamental in ammonia removal, including light, humidity, and temperature
value and air-purifying functionality (86). (87) takes a different (98). 86 plant species was screened by (99) to evaluate their
approach by focusing on toluene absorption via aqueous solutions ability to remove ammonia from indoor air in concentration of 7.0
with surfactants rather than plants. This study examined how mg/m³. Some plants such as Nephrolepis exaltata ‘Bostonniensis’
adding surfactants like sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and Plectranthus oertendahlii showed significant potential for
(SDBS) and sodium chloride to Tween-20 solution can improve ammonia removal (99).
toluene absorption. Although it is not directly related to Plants with higher stomatal density and efficient rhizosphere
ornamental plants, it offers insights into the chemical interactions activity can enhance ammonia absorption rates. In lab conditions,
that facilitate pollutant absorption. By understanding how some plants have been shown to remove up to 70% of ammonia
surfactants capture VOCs in water-based systems, researchers in controlled environments. However, real-world effectiveness
may further explore how plant-based systems or soil moisture can may vary, and it is often necessary to combine plant-based
similarly capture airborne pollutants. This study noted that adding solutions with other methods, such as ventilation, for optimal
specific chemicals to the solution enhanced toluene removal, indoor air quality management. In summary, ammonia is a
reaching up to 77% efficiency with a ternary solution (87). It is common indoor air pollutant with potential health risks, and
also essential to recognize limitations. While plants can help efforts to reduce its concentration through proper ventilation,
reduce VOCs, they are not a complete solution for air quality careful selection of household products, and natural purification
issues. High levels of toluene from persistent sources still require methods like houseplants can significantly improve air quality in
ventilation or air purification technology for full remediation. indoor spaces.
Moreover, variations in plant growth and health could impact

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2024, Volume 12, Issue 3, Pages: 1-13

2.7 Carbon Monoxide light conditions (111). Peace Lilies (Spathiphyllum spp.) are also
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless well-suited for indoor environments, thanks to their large leaf
gas that poses severe health risks due to its insidious nature (100). surface area, high transpiration rates, and ability to absorb
As it cannot be detected without specialized equipment, it remains pollutants such as CO, formaldehyde, and benzene (112).
one of the most dangerous indoor air pollutants. CO is primarily Similarly, the Areca Palm (Dypsis lutescens) efficiently removes
produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels CO from indoor air through its broad fronds, which facilitate gas
such as natural gas, oil, wood, and coal (101). Common indoor exchange (113). Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis) and Bamboo Palm
sources include stoves, fireplaces, water heaters, and automobiles (Chamaedorea seifrizii) are also noteworthy, especially in
left idling in attached garages. Additionally, CO can emanate environments with high light and humidity. Integrating these
from tobacco smoke, industrial emissions, and malfunctioning or plants into indoor spaces not only enhances air quality but also
poorly ventilated heating systems. Inadequate ventilation allows offers aesthetic and psychological benefits (114).
CO to accumulate, reaching dangerous concentrations that Environmental factors such as humidity, light, and
threaten human health. When inhaled, CO binds irreversibly to temperature significantly influence the effectiveness of plant-
hemoglobin in red blood cells, forming carboxyhemoglobin based CO mitigation. Plants with higher stomatal density and
(102). This reduces the blood's capacity to transport oxygen to larger leaf surfaces are generally more efficient at absorbing
vital organs and tissues. Prolonged exposure to even low levels of gases, as they provide a greater area for gas exchange (115). Root
CO can lead to symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, nausea, health is equally critical, as it supports the transport and
fatigue, and confusion (103). Severe exposure, particularly in processing of absorbed CO (116). Inoculating plants with
enclosed spaces, can result in unconsciousness, permanent beneficial soil bacteria, such as Pseudomonas species, has been
neurological damage, or death. Vulnerable populations, including shown to enhance their ability to metabolize CO (117). These
children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing heart or bacteria break down CO in the root zone, further increasing the
respiratory conditions, are particularly susceptible to the adverse overall purification efficiency of the plant system (118).
effects of CO exposure. Chronic exposure to low levels can The potential of plants to mitigate CO levels has been
exacerbate existing health conditions, leading to long-term extensively studied. (115) were among the first to quantify CO
cardiovascular and respiratory complications. absorption in plants, identifying species-specific differences in
The concentration of CO indoors depends on various factors, uptake rates. Recent advancements have built on this foundation,
including the number and type of combustion sources, ventilation incorporating plants into dynamic air purification systems. (113)
quality, and the building's design and materials. Generally, indoor developed the Dynamic Botanical Air Purifier (DBAP), which
CO concentrations range between 1 to 10 parts per million (ppm) combines plants, activated carbon, and blue light to enhance
under normal conditions (104-106). However, levels can spike pollutant absorption. Their system achieved a 40% reduction in
dramatically in poorly ventilated areas such as basements or CO levels, with additional improvements through active
garages, especially when combustion appliances or engines are filtration. (119) highlighted the benefits of orthogonal lighting
continuously used. Regulatory authorities have established strategies, demonstrating how tailored light environments can
exposure limits to mitigate health risks. For instance, the OSHA optimize plant growth and pollutant uptake. (114) used wavelet
prescribes a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 50 ppm over an analysis to monitor CO pollution trends, providing valuable
8-hour workday (107). The EPA recommends maintaining indoor insights for deploying plant-based systems in high-risk areas.
CO levels below 9 ppm to safeguard health, particularly for On a larger scale, (117) modeled the impact of urban
sensitive populations (105). Any concentration above these vegetation on CO levels in Makassar, Indonesia. Their simulation
thresholds is considered hazardous and requires immediate predicted an 8.93% reduction in annual CO emissions through
remediation. strategic planting of trees and shrubs, emphasizing the importance
Traditional methods for controlling CO levels include of vegetation density and diversity. (118) and (120) explored
ensuring proper ventilation, regular maintenance of combustion CO’s role as a signaling molecule in plants, revealing its
appliances, and installing CO detectors. While these strategies are importance in stress response and growth regulation. These
effective, they do not directly reduce CO concentrations. As a findings suggest that manipulating CO signaling pathways could
result, researchers have explored innovative approaches, further enhance plant resilience and pollutant processing
including the use of houseplants for natural air purification. capabilities. Complementary approaches integrate biological and
Although plants do not utilize CO in photosynthesis, they can mechanical systems to maximize air purification. (121) described
absorb and process the gas through other mechanisms. CO enters a hybrid system combining activated carbon with plants for
the plant through stomata, which are microscopic pores on the efficient filtration in industrial settings. While these
surface of leaves and stems (108). Once inside, CO can be stored advancements are promising, (122) underscored the need for
in the plant’s tissues or metabolized into less harmful compounds. systemic policies and incentives to encourage the adoption of CO
Specialized enzymes, such as carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, reduction technologies in both residential and occupational
facilitate the breakdown of CO into organic molecules, which are environments.
then incorporated into plant tissues (109). Healthy roots and high Plants offer a sustainable, cost-effective, and aesthetically
stomatal conductance enhance this process, as do certain soil pleasing solution for reducing indoor CO levels. Their ability to
microorganisms that degrade CO into inert compounds. The absorb and process CO, coupled with the support of soil
interaction between plants and beneficial soil bacteria in the root microorganisms and innovative hybrid systems, makes them an
zone significantly increases CO removal efficiency (110). attractive option for improving indoor air quality. Future research
Research has identified specific plant species with should focus on optimizing plant selection, refining hybrid
exceptional abilities to reduce indoor CO levels. The Spider Plant technologies, and expanding their application to diverse
(Chlorophytum comosum) is particularly effective, capable of environments. By integrating plants into air quality management
absorbing CO and other volatile organic compounds even in low-

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2024, Volume 12, Issue 3, Pages: 1-13

strategies, we can create healthier indoor spaces and mitigate the specific needs of each indoor environment, considering both the
health risks associated with CO exposure. types of chemical pollutants and the risk of microbial
contamination.
2.8 Microbial germs removal
Certain plants, in addition to their ability to absorb chemical 3 Oxygen Production
pollutants, also contribute to indoor environmental health by Houseplants improve indoor air quality primarily by
reducing microbial contamination. While VOCs like toluene absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen through
present significant health risks, biological pollutants such as photosynthesis. During this process, plants take in carbon dioxide
bacteria also impact indoor air quality and can lead to respiratory (CO₂) through tiny pores on their leaves, called stomata, and
and other health issues (123). One notable bacterium, absorb sunlight using chlorophyll, the green pigment in their
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, commonly thrives in damp indoor cells. In the presence of water, which plants draw up through their
spaces such as bathrooms, kitchens, and poorly ventilated areas roots, the energy from sunlight enables plants to convert CO₂ and
(124). This bacterium is known for its resistance to many water into glucose and oxygen. Oxygen is then released into the
antibiotics and can cause serious infections, especially in air, while the glucose is used as energy for the plant’s growth and
individuals with weakened immune systems (125). Its presence maintenance. This natural oxygen production helps create a
indoors, therefore, can be a hidden but significant health hazard. healthier, more comfortable environment for occupants by
Plants like the Boston fern (Nephrolepis exaltata) have been boosting indoor oxygen levels.
studied for their antibacterial properties, which may help mitigate Higher oxygen indoors has various positive effects on human
bacterial pollution, including that from Pseudomonas aeruginosa health. Enhanced brain function is one benefit, as the brain
(10). While plants are primarily known for their capacity to requires a significant amount of oxygen to operate efficiently.
absorb VOCs and purify air, certain species produce bioactive With increased oxygen, people may experience better
compounds in their leaves and roots that can act as natural concentration, improved memory, and reduced mental fatigue,
antibacterial agents. These bioactive compounds are part of the leading to heightened focus and alertness throughout the day.
plants’ defense systems, protecting them against soil and air- Increased oxygen levels also boost physical energy and reduce
borne pathogens, and in some cases, they can benefit surrounding fatigue. Sufficient oxygen allows body cells to perform metabolic
indoor environments by reducing bacterial loads (10). The Boston processes more efficiently, resulting in greater energy levels for
fern, in particular, is rich in compounds that may exhibit daily activities. Another benefit is improved sleep quality, as
inhibitory effects against certain bacteria. These properties could breathing oxygen-rich air promotes better rest by aiding the
reduce bacterial levels in indoor air and surfaces around the plant, body’s repair processes during sleep. Individuals may experience
creating a healthier environment. relief from sleep problems like insomnia, and waking up feeling
The exact mechanisms by which plants like the Boston fern refreshed and more energetic.
inhibit bacterial growth are complex and likely involve several Higher oxygen levels can also help reduce stress and anxiety,
biochemical processes. Studies suggest that certain plants release creating a sense of calm. The central nervous system functions
VOCs of their own—distinct from harmful VOCs like toluene— optimally with adequate oxygen, leading to a positive impact on
that have antimicrobial properties. In the Boston fern, these plant- mood and mental well-being. Additionally, an oxygen-rich
derived VOCs and other secondary metabolites may interfere environment strengthens the immune system, allowing immune
with bacterial cell walls, disrupt bacterial growth, or inhibit cells to combat infections more effectively, which means greater
replication (126). The antimicrobial action could also stem from resilience against illnesses. Both lung and heart function improve
root exudates, substances secreted by plant roots into the with more available oxygen, enhancing respiratory capacity and
surrounding soil, which can alter the microbial community (127). cardiac efficiency. This boost supports the overall health of the
In hydroponic or damp environments, these exudates might circulatory and respiratory systems, contributing to better
influence bacterial populations, potentially suppressing harmful physical well-being. To maintain high oxygen levels indoors,
species like Pseudomonas aeruginosa while promoting beneficial there are a few effective methods. Specific houseplants, such as
microorganisms (10). Aloe Vera, Snake Plant, Pothos, and Ficus Benjamina, naturally
The combined effect of these antibacterial and air-purifying increase oxygen production and create a more soothing, pleasant
properties points to a significant potential for certain plants in atmosphere. Proper ventilation, such as opening windows to
holistic indoor air purification systems. While plants like allow fresh air exchange, also raises oxygen levels by bringing in
Sansevieria and Chlorophytum excel at removing chemical outdoor air and removing carbon dioxide. Alternatively, oxygen
pollutants such as toluene (85), species like the Boston fern offer generators or air purifiers with oxygen-boosting capabilities can
an additional layer of protection by helping control microbial further improve indoor air quality for an overall healthier
contaminants (10). Integrating a variety of plant species that environment.
address both chemical and biological pollutants could optimize
indoor air quality and health benefits. For environments 4 Increasing Air Humidity
particularly prone to dampness and bacterial growth, such as
Houseplants can increase indoor air humidity through a
bathrooms or poorly ventilated spaces, combining traditional air-
natural process known as transpiration, where moisture is
cleaning plants with those known for antibacterial properties
released from the plants' leaves into the surrounding environment.
could create a balanced approach to maintaining indoor hygiene.
This added humidity can benefit indoor air quality and support
This multi-functional approach to plant-based air purification
health, particularly during colder seasons when indoor air tends
not only offers a natural and sustainable solution but also
to become dry. By increasing moisture levels, houseplants can
underscores the potential of plants as low-maintenance biofilters
help reduce dryness in the respiratory tract, which often leads to
capable of tackling a range of indoor contaminants. These
discomforts like sore throats and coughing. The added humidity
findings suggest that plant choice should be tailored to the
can also be advantageous for skin, helping to retain moisture and

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2024, Volume 12, Issue 3, Pages: 1-13

prevent issues like dryness and cracking. Another benefit of their blood pressure and heart rate decrease, and they experience
increased indoor humidity from houseplants is the reduction of a greater sense of calm. These positive effects on mental health
static electricity, which is common in dry environments. Reduced include improved mood and reduced anxiety. Plants create a
static electricity can make interactions with clothing and objects natural and serene space, which can provide individuals with a
more comfortable and can also enhance sleep quality by reducing better sense of well-being and help alleviate daily stress and
potential irritants in the air. However, increasing indoor humidity tension. In addition to reducing stress, the presence of plants can
with houseplants also has potential drawbacks. Excessive also enhance focus and productivity. Work environments with
humidity can create conditions favorable for mold and mildew plants are generally more attractive and pleasant, which can boost
growth, which may lead to respiratory issues and trigger allergies employee motivation and concentration. Plants create a lively and
in sensitive individuals. High humidity can also cause damage to dynamic atmosphere, making the workspace more enjoyable and
indoor materials like walls, floors, and wooden furniture, which potentially increasing individuals' efficiency and productivity.
may begin to rot or deform over time. Additionally, an increase Another benefit of having houseplants is the improved connection
in moisture may attract pests, adding another layer of concern. to nature. In today's world, where many people spend most of
The care and maintenance required for houseplants present their time indoors, having plants in the home or workplace can
another challenge. Regular watering, pruning, and other upkeep enhance the feeling of connection to nature. This sense of
can be time-consuming and costly, which may not be feasible for connection can have positive effects on mood and mental health,
all individuals. To gain the benefits of increased humidity from providing greater feelings of relaxation and satisfaction. Overall,
houseplants while minimizing the potential downsides, it is having houseplants in indoor spaces can improve air quality,
important to monitor and control indoor humidity levels. Using reduce stress, increase focus and productivity, and create a sense
humidity meters can help maintain an optimal balance, ensuring of calm and connection to nature. These benefits can positively
that the humidity level remains within a healthy range. Overall, impact physical and mental health, making living and working
while houseplants can be an effective way to improve indoor environments more pleasant and healthier.
humidity, careful management is essential to prevent problems
associated with excessive moisture. 7 Effective Houseplants
Table 1 provides an overview of the efficiency of various
5 Particle Capture houseplants in removing specific indoor air pollutants, including
The leaves of houseplants can act as natural filters, capturing benzene, toluene, TCE, xylene, and α-pinene. Among the plants,
airborne particles. This natural ability of plants is particularly Peace Lily (Spathiphyllum wallisii) and Pothos (Epipremnum
useful in indoor environments where air pollution may be an aureum) demonstrate high removal efficiencies across most
issue. Airborne particles can include dust, smoke, chemicals, and pollutants, making them particularly effective for improving
other pollutants that can degrade air quality and lead to respiratory indoor air quality. Similarly, Spider Plant (Chlorophytum
and allergy problems. Houseplants with large leaves and broad comosum) and English Ivy (Hedera helix) also perform well,
surfaces can effectively capture these particles. As air passes especially in benzene, toluene, and xylene removal. In contrast,
through the leaves of the plants, airborne particles adhere to the some plants, such as the Guzmania bromeliad and Cast Iron Plant
leaf surfaces, thus removing them from the surrounding air. This (Aspidistra elatior), show minimal pollutant removal efficiency.
process helps reduce air pollution levels and provides cleaner and Overall, the findings suggest that while certain plants are highly
healthier air. In addition to capturing airborne particles, some effective air purifiers, others may have limited impact,
houseplants can also absorb and break down VOCs. These emphasizing the need for selective choices based on specific air
compounds are typically released from household chemicals like quality goals.
paints, cleaning agents, and building materials, and can lead to
various health issues. Plants such as Ficus, Sansevieria, and Aloe 8 Conclusion
Vera can be effective in absorbing and breaking down these In conclusion, houseplants offer a multifaceted approach to
compounds. Using houseplants as natural air filters can improve improving indoor air quality and enhancing overall health and
indoor air quality and reduce the risks associated with air well-being. Their ability to absorb harmful pollutants, such as
pollution. This method not only helps clean the air but also adds carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, and particulate
beauty and freshness to the indoor environment, providing a matter, while simultaneously producing oxygen and increasing
better atmosphere for residents. Therefore, incorporating humidity, underscores their value as natural air purifiers.
houseplants into interior decor can be a simple and effective way Furthermore, specific plant species have shown promise in
to enhance indoor air quality and increase the health and comfort mitigating microbial contamination, providing both chemical and
of individuals. biological purification. Beyond their environmental benefits,
houseplants contribute to psychological and physiological health
6 Psychological and Physiological Effects by reducing stress, enhancing productivity, and fostering a sense
Houseplants not only help improve indoor air quality but can of connection to nature. Integrating houseplants into indoor
also have positive effects on individuals' psychological and spaces presents a sustainable, cost-effective, and aesthetically
physiological health. By evaporating water through their leaves pleasing solution for creating healthier and more comfortable
and capturing airborne particles and pollutants, houseplants clean environments. Future research and advancements in hybrid
and humidify indoor air. Beyond these benefits, houseplants can systems combining plants with innovative technologies could
also enhance individuals' mental and physical well-being. Studies further optimize their efficacy and broaden their applicability
have shown that having plants in work and home environments across diverse settings.
can reduce stress. When people are in an environment with plants,

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2024, Volume 12, Issue 3, Pages: 1-13

Table 1: Effectiveness of Various Indoor Plants in Removing Common Air Pollutants: Comparison of Species by Family, Leaf Area, and
Efficiency in Absorbing Benzene, Toluene, TCE, Xylene, and α-Pinene
Benzene Toluene Xylene α-Pinene
TCE Removal
Family Latin Name Common Name Removal Removal Removal Removal Citations
Efficiency
Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency

Codiaeum variegatum
Euphorbiaceae Croton Moderate Low Low Low Low (52)
(L.) Blume

Chlorophytum
Araceae comosum (Thunb.) Spider plant High High Moderate High Low (52)
Jacq.

Fittonia argyroneura
Acanthaceae Silver-net leaf Moderate Low Low Low Low (79)
Coem.

Guzmania
Bromeliaceae Guzmania sp. Low Low Low Low Low (79)
bromeliad

Spathiphyllum wallisii
Araceae Peace lily High High High High Moderate (128)
Regel

Anthurium andraeanum
Araceae Flamingo flower Moderate Moderate Low Low Low (129)
Linden

Hoya carnosa (L.f.) Variegated wax

Asclepiadaceae Moderate Low Low Moderate Low (79)
'Variegata' plant

Schefflera
Araliaceae elegantissima Lowry & False aralia Moderate Moderate Low Low Low (128)
Frodin

Howea belmoreana
Palmaceae Sentry palm Low Low Low Low Low (129)
Becc.

Schefflera arboricola Variegated

Araliaceae Moderate Low Low Moderate Low (79)
Merr. 'Variegata' schefflera

Araceae Epipremnum aureum Pothos High High High High Moderate (52)

Philodendron scandens Heart leaf

Araceae High Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate (128)
ssp. oxycardium philodendron

Acknowledgments Competing interests

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that
Department of Natural Sciences at West Kazakhstan Marat would prejudice the impartiality of this scientific work.
Ospanov Medical University for their invaluable support in the
development of this paper. Special thanks to the faculty and staff Authors’ contribution
for their continued guidance, encouragement, and assistance All authors of this study have a complete contribution for data
throughout this research. Their dedication to fostering academic collection, data analyses and manuscript writing.
growth and advancing scientific understanding has played a
crucial role in the successful completion of this study. References
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