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Pushdown Automata

Pushdown Automata (PDA) are computational models that extend finite automata by incorporating a stack for dynamic memory, enabling them to recognize context-free languages. They differ from finite automata by handling nested structures and utilizing a transition function based on current states and stack contents. PDAs are essential in programming language design, particularly in syntax analysis and parsing techniques like LL and LR parsing.

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34 views13 pages

Pushdown Automata

Pushdown Automata (PDA) are computational models that extend finite automata by incorporating a stack for dynamic memory, enabling them to recognize context-free languages. They differ from finite automata by handling nested structures and utilizing a transition function based on current states and stack contents. PDAs are essential in programming language design, particularly in syntax analysis and parsing techniques like LL and LR parsing.

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rimshaiub
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Pushdown Automata

Exploring the structure and applications of Pushdown Automata in automata theory.


Introduction
A step beyond finite automata.
01
Basics
Definition of Pushdown
Automata
● Pushdown Automata (PDA) are a type of computational model.
● They extend finite automata by including a stack for memory.
● This stack allows PDAs to store and retrieve data dynamically.
● PDAs can recognize context-free languages, unlike finite automata.
● The stack gives PDAs more power and flexibility in processing input.
Difference from Finite
Automata
● Both PDAs and Finite Automata recognize input patterns.
● Finite Automata rely only on a finite set of states (no memory).
● PDAs use a stack, allowing for unbounded memory.
● PDAs can handle nested or hierarchical structures (e.g., parentheses).
● Finite Automata cannot process such nested patterns.
Components of
Pushdown
Automata
● Q → Finite set of states
● Σ (Sigma) → Input alphabet (symbols from input
string)
● Γ (Gamma) → Stack alphabet (symbols that can be
pushed/popped)
● δ (Delta) → Transition function
Determines next state based on current state,
input symbol, and stack top
● q₀ → Initial state (starting point of computation)
● Z₀ → Initial stack symbol (optional to include)
● F → Set of accepting (final) states
02
Applications
Use in Context-Free
Languages
Pushdown Automata are crucial for recognizing context-free languages, which
are essential in programming language design and implementation. They are
used in syntax analysis where they parse expressions into their hierarchical
structures. PDAs can effectively manage constructs that involve recursion and
nested patterns, making them suitable for compilers and interpreters.
Parsing Techniques
In parsing, PDAs are employed to implement algorithms such as LL and LR
parsing techniques. LL parsers utilize the top-down approach and make decisions
based on the current input and stack contents to derive a parse tree. LR parsers,
on the other hand, work bottom-up, constructing parse trees in reverse by
finding the rightmost derivation. These techniques are foundational in compiler
design.
Thank you!

Group no. 19 :

1.Ali Hassan Zahid (1001)


2.M.Hassaan Sadiq(1067)
3.Muhammad Ahmad(1021)
4.Faizan Shahid(1094)

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