Ribosomes

👉Ribosomes are also called "organelle within an organelle" and protein factory of the cell.
👉Ribosome is small sub-spherical granular organelles not enclosed by any membrane.
👉Each ribosome is made up with two unequal subunits which join together only at the time
👉They are made up with r-RNA and proteins. At the time of protein synthesis, they attach
of protein synthesis in the presence of Mg?+ ions in specific concentration.

👉In prokaryotes the two subunits are 30S and 50S (together 70 S) and in eukaryotes they
with m-RNA and form polyribosome.

are

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40S and 60S (together 80S).
Most ribosomes occur in clusters of two to six, attached to messenger RNA (m-RNA)
called
polyribosomes or polysomes.

Endoplasmic reticulum
👉ER is a three dimensional complicated and interconnecting system of membrane lined
👉 It remains continuous with the plasma membrane, nuclear envelope and Golgi body.
channels that run through the cytoplasm.

👉ER is made up of cisternae, vesicles and tubules. Depending upon the nature of the
👉SER is engaged in the synthesis and storage of glycogen, fat and steroids and
membrane it is of two types-smooth ER and rough ER.

detoxification

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of drugs and poisons.
RER is associated with protein synthesis because of ribosomes present on its surface.

Golgi body
👉In 1898 Camillo Golgi discovered this apparatus in nerve cell of owl and cat.
👉In animal cell it is localized near the nucleus but in plant cell it is in the form of
unconnected

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units called dictyosomes.
It is composed of cisternae, vesicles, tubules and vacuoles. Golgi body is single

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membrane bound.
Functions of Golgi body are-secretion, formation of carbohydrates, glycoproteins, cell

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wall,cell membrane, lysosomes, acrosome of sperm and cell plate formation.
Cisternae are stacked one above the other and form shallow bowl like structure.

Lysosomes
👉Lysosomes were first reported by Christian de Duve in 1955. They occur in most animal
👉Lysosomes are tiny, membrane-bound, vesicular structures of the cytoplasm which
cells. They are absent in prokaryotes.

👉They are polymorphic (i.e. of four types)- primary lysosomes, secondary lysosomes,
performintracellular digestion of the cell.

residual bodies, and autophagic vacuoles.

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ofdigesting proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Lysosomes are involved in the digestion of microorganisms such as bacteria entering the

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cell by phagocytosis.
In certain conditions, lysosomes start to digest the old or dead cell organelles of cells and

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this process is known as autophagy. Hence, lysosomes are called digestive bags.
Lysosomes are sometimes called suicide bags because the enzymes they contain could
digest
the whole cell if they burst. Old cells are removed by autolysis.

Mitochondria
👉It is popularly known as powerhouse of the cell or ATP generation site.
👉It is enclosed in double membrane envelop. Outer membrane is smooth but inner
membrane

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surrounds a fluid filled central cavity called matrix.
The inner membrane is infolded into the matrix as incomplete partition called cristae,
which

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increase the surface area.
Cristae bear small tennis racket like particles called elementary particles, Fo-F1 particles

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or oxysomes.
These particles are associated with respiration and formation of energy in the form of

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ATP (adenosine tri phosphate) so mitochondria are called as power house of the cell.
Mitochondria is a semi-autonomous body because it has its own DNA and ribosome and
can self-replicate.

Plastids
👉Plastids are semi-autonomous organelles having DNA and double membrane envelope.
👉Depending upon colour, plastids are of three types-leucoplasts, chromoplasts and
👉Leucoplast is colourless and used to store proteins (Aleuroplast), oil (Elaioplasts) and
chloroplasts.

👉Chromoplast are colored and contain pigments other than green.

👉Chloroplast is green which takes part in the synthesis of organic food (by photosynthesis).
👉The ground substance is called stroma, number of membranous structures called
thylakoids run throughout the stroma. Thylakoids have chlorophyll and are placed one

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above the other like stack of coins to form grana.
Main functions of plastids are photosynthesis, storage of fats, proteins and starch.

Vacuoles
👉Vacuoles are membrane boundnon-cytoplasmic sacs that
contain non living liquid or solid contents. They are common fluid filled vacuoles which occur

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in both plant and animalcells. In animal and young plant cells, sap vacuoles are small.
In mature plant cells, there is a large central vacuole occupying 50-90% of cell volume.
The covering membrane of the vacuole iscalled tonoplast. The fluid content of the vacuole is
called cell sap.Plant Cell
👉Vacuole stores salts, sugar, amino acid, organic acids and some proteins.
👉It is also a dump for waste products in plant cells. Vacuole helps in maintaining turgidity
👉In some organisms, contractile vacuole is found. For example, in Amoeba, Paramecium
and rigidity of the cell.

etc. contractile vacuole performs the function of excretion and osmoregulation

#made by Ishan