RESPIRATION
It is the process by which energy is generated from the breaking down of glucose in living cells.
Types of respiration.
Aerobic
Anaerobic
1.Aerobic respiration
The release of relatively large amounts of energy from the breaking down of glucose in the presence of oxygen.
Word equation of aerobic respiration:
Glucose + oxygen ENZYMES
carbon dioxide + water + energy
Symbol equation of aerobic respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ENZYMES
6CO2 + 6H2O + 2830kJ
Uses of energy released from respiration:
1. It is used to maintain a constant body temperature
2. It is used during active transport.
3. It is used in the synthesis of macromolecules from micromolecules e.g. synthesis of proteins from amino
acids
4. It is used during cell division which results in the growth and repair of an organism
5. It is used during transmission of nerve impulses
6. It is used during muscle contraction to produce movement.
Anaerobic respiration
It is the release of fairly small amounts of energy from the breaking down of glucose in the absence of oxygen.
Word & symbol equations of anaerobic respiration
(In plants)
Glucose ENZYMES
carbon dioxide + ethanol + energy
Symbol equation of aerobic respiration:
C6 H12 O6 + ENZYMES
2CO2 + 2C2H5OH + 118kJ
(In animals)
Glucose ENZYMES
lactic acid + energy
C6 H12 O6 ENZYMES
2C3 H6O3 + 150kJ
Difference between Aerobic & Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration
1.Occurs in the presence of oxygen Occurs in the absence of oxygen
2.Occurs in the mitochondrion Occurs in the cytoplasm
3.Releases large amounts of energy Releases small amounts energy
4.Releases CO2 and H2O as by-products Releases ethanol & lactic acid as a by product
Fermentation
It is the release of fairly small amounts of energy from breaking down of glucose by extra -cellular enzymes of
microorganisms in the absence of oxygen
Both the word & symbol equation of fermentation are similar to that of anaerobic respiration in plants.
Glucose ENZYMES
carbon dioxide + ethanol + energy
C6 H12 O6 ENZYMES
2CO2 + 2C2H5OH + 118kJ
ACTIVITY; Experiment to show fermentation of flour by yeast
Oil
Glucose +
Yeast Lime water
suspension
Procedure
1. Boil the water to expel the all dissolved O2 and allow it cool
2. Use boiled water make a solution of 5% glucose & 10% suspension of yeast
3. Place 5cm3 of glucose solution in a test tube
4. Add 1ml of yeast suspension to the glucose in the test tube
5. Add a layer of paraffin / oil to exclude atmospheric O2
6. Connect the apparatus as shown above
7. Follow the same instructions to prepare a control experiment. This time use yeast suspension that has been
boiled to kill yeast cells & denature enzymes
8. Wait for 15minutes before taking observations. The start of the experiment may be shown by bubbles escaping
into lime water
- In the case the experiment takes long to commence, warm the mixture in a warm water bath for 5minutes at 30 0C
Results:
The bubbles of the gas from the fermenting mixture will turn lime water milky white/ cloudy showing that
How Lactic CO
Acid isreleased.
2 is produced in muscles during exercise
During exercise,
In thethecontrol
O2 supply may
set the bewater
lime insufficient
will nottoturn
meetmilky
the energy
becausedemand. Wheninthis
the enzymes thehappens thewere
yeast cells cells denatured
produce
energy by anaerobic
by boilingrespiration, lactic
therefore no acid is produced
fermentation as a by product. The accumulation of lactic acid causes
took place
muscles fatigue. This shortfall of oxygen is called “Oxygen debt” and can be repaid by increased by O2 intake. i.e. the
person will continue to breathe fast and deep in order to draw more O2 into the lungs. This O2 will be used to oxidize
/breakdown lactic acid to carbon dioxide, water and energy.
The Graph Showing Effect of Exercise on the Lactic Acid Concentration of Blood.
Normal period of O2 debt normal
