Microbiology and Parasitology
Topicc: Epidemiology
Prepared by: Ma. Rosario M. Quejado, RMT,LPT, Ed.D
Epidemiology
- Is the study of the frequency and distribution of disease and contributing factors.
Morbidity Rate
- The number of new cases of a particular disease that occurred during a specified
period per a specified define population
Incidence
- A particular disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease in a
defined population over a specific period.
Endemic Disease
- Always present with the population of a particular geographic area. The number of
cases of the disease may fluctuate over time. But the disease never dies out
completely.
Epidemic Disease
- Endemic disease may on occasion become epidemic disease.
- Is defined as a greater than usual number of cases of disease in a particular region.
- Usually occurring within a relative short period.
- Involved a large number of people.
Pandemic Disease
- Disease that is occurring in epidemic properties in many countries simultaneously.
Sporadic Disease
- One that occurs only occasionally with in the population of a particular geographic
area.
Zoonotic Disease
- infectious disease that human acquire from animal source.
Communicable disease
- The infectious disease that is transmissible from one human to another.
Contagious Disease
- A communicable disease that is easily transmitted to one person to another.
-
Chain of infection
-> etiologic agent àReservoir (source)àportal of exitàmethod of transmissionà
portal of entryà susceptible host ->
Six components in infectious disease:
- There must first a pathogen.
- There must be a source of the pathogen.
- There must be a portal of exit.
- There must be a mode of transmission.
- There must be a portal of entry
- There must be a susceptible host.
Modes of Transmission
1. Direct
a. Skin to skin
b. Handshaking
c. Kissing
d. Sexual intercourse
2. Indirect
a. Contamination of food and water.
b. Food handlers
c. Vector
d. Fomites that been contaminated.
Common Routes of Transmission of infectious disease
1. Skin
-skin dischargeàairàrespiratory tract
- skin to skin
2. Respiratory
- Aerosol droplet inhalation
- Nose or mouth
- hand or object
3. Salivary
-direct salivary transfer
4. Gastrointestinal
- feces - mouth - soil
- water - hand - food
5. Genital Secretion
-urethral or cervical secretion.
6. Blood
-needles
- insect bite
•Zoonotic
- animal bite
Factors Pertaining to the pathogen
1. Virulence of the pathogen
2. Is there a way for the pathogen to enter the body.
3. Number of organisms that enter the body.
Factors pertaining to host
1. Health status
2. Nutritional status
Factors Pertaining to Environment
1. Physical factors such as geographic location, climate, heat, cold humidity and
season of the year.
2. Availability of appropriate reservoir.
3. Sanitary and housing conditions, adequate waste disposal.
4. Availability of potable water.
Reservoir
- Site where the pathogen can multiply or merely survived until it is transferred to a
host.
- The source of pathogens
It can be a living things or a non living things.
Living Reservoir
1. Human
2. Animals
3. Insects
4. arachnids
Non living reservoir
1. Air
2. Soil
3. Dust
4. Food
5. Water
6. fomites
Types of Carrier
1. Passive carrier
2. Incubatory carrier
3. Convalescent carrier
4. Active carriers
Passive Carrier
- carry the pathogen without ever having had the disease.
Incubatory Carriers
- is a person who is capable of transmitting a pathogen during the incubation period.
Convalescent Carrier
- harbor and can transmit a particular pathogen while recovering from a disease.
Active Carrier
- have completely recovered from the disease but continue to harbor the pathogen
indefinitely.
