GLOBALIZATIO
N
Planetary process involving increasing liquidity and growing multidirectional flows, as
well as the structures they encounter and create
Globalization is the process by which the world,
previously isolated through physical and
technological distance, becomes increasingly
interconnected. It is manifested by the increase in
interaction between peoples around the world that
involves the sharing of ideas, cultures, goods,
services and investment.
TRANSNATIONALISM
Process that interconnects individuals and
social groups across geo-political borders
TRANSNATIONALITY
The rise of new communities and the formation of new
social identities and relations that cannot be defined
through the traditional reference point of a nation-state
Mexican immigrants in the US sending remittances to
family members in Mexico
Immigrants who move from one country to another
continue to be involved in various ways with the country
from which they came
Baseball is played in Japan, Taiwan, Cuba and the
Dominican Republic. It is not global but transnational.
Soccer is a global sports. There are 200 nations who are
member of the FIFA.
Olympics is likewise global
Transnational
Alliances in the labor movement (US
workers, Honduran labor union,
Bridgestone-Firestone in Liberia)
APPROACHES
TO STUDY
GLOBALIZATIO
N
The Economic Dimension of Globalization
The philosophy of consumerism encourages the
acquisition of goods and services in an increasing amount.
But this economic dimension in globalization also
involves ecological dimension to show the relationship of
the environment with the unabated increasing population
affecting humanity socially, politically, economically, and
psychologically as well.
The Political Dimension of Globalization
Steger, in his 2017 book, defines political globalization as the
intensification and expansion of political interrelations around the
world.
Hyper-globalizers believe that the political globalization is
principally driven by economic and technological forces.
On the other hand, globalization sceptics, totally disagree with
hyper-globalizers. They believe that is political in nature. It has
originated with neoliberal government’s political decisions to
remove international trade restrictions on capital.
The Cultural/Social Dimension of
Globalization
Cultural globalization is the intensification and expansion
of cultural flows across the globe.
The hyper-globalizers consider the political globalization
that is driven by economic and technologic forces see it as
cultural imperialism.
But if culture means the way of life, and the people have
embraced the economic technology, it cannot be called
imperialism for the very fact that they have embraced and
accepted the technology.
The Cultural/Social Dimension of
Globalization
Cultural hybridization also refers to the mingling of cultures as a
result of globalization intended to create a new and unique hybrid
cultures that are not reducible to either local or global culture.
Cultural hybridization in the Philippines is one good example
because this country had been colonized by Spain, America, and
Japan in different periods... and we have also traded with them.
The concept of individualism in the cultural dimension of
globalization gives emphasis to human independence, self-reliance,
and liberty.
The Ecological Dimension of Globalization
The ecological dimension of globalization studies the global effects
of the social, political and economic unions on environment issue.
According to Manfred Steger, Ecological Globalization refers to
worldwide environmental issues which include population growth,
access to food, and global reduction in biodiversity, the gap between
rich and poor as well as between the global north and the global
south, human induced climate change, and global environmental
degradation.
Steger (2017) further claims, “the deteriorating ecological
health of our planet will become the most pressing global
problem by mid-century at the latest.
UNDERLYING PHILOSOPHIES AND
IDEOLOGIES IN GLOBALIZATION
MARKET GLOBALISM
Market globalism pursues to grant globalization with
neoliberal meanings and free-market norms.
Market globalists promise a consumerist, neoliberal,
free-market world. This ideology is advocated by some
powerful individuals, who claim, among other things, that
globalism spreads democracy and benefits everybody.
Steger considers market globalism the dominant ideology
of our time, and believes that it has six major ideological
claims:
1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global
integration of markets.
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.
3. Nobody oversees globalization.
4. Globalization benefits everyone.
5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the
world.
6. Globalization requires war on terror.
JUSTICE GLOBALISM
This ideology from the political Left contests market
globalism. Political Left or Left-wing politics is that which
supports social equality egalitarianism and usually in
opposition to social hierarchy.
Justice globalism critique of market globalism includes the
claim that “liberalization and global integration of free markets
lead to greater social inequalities, environmental destruction,
the escalation of global conflicts and violence, the weakening
participatory form of democracy, the proliferation of
self-interest and consumerism, and the further marginalization
of the powerless around the world” (Steger 2017)
RELIGIOUS GLOBALISM
Religious globalism endeavors for a global religious
community with dominance over secular structures. These
globalism fight against both market globalism and justice
globalism as they seek to champion religious beliefs and
values that are said to be severe attack by the powers of
consumerism and secularism in the globalized world.
